Mass transport in Animals 3.3.4.1

Question 1

What is the primary function of haemoglobin?

Answer 1

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

Question 2

True or False: Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

How many polypeptide chains make up a haemoglobin molecule?

Answer 3

Four

Question 4

What are the two types of polypeptide chains found in adult haemoglobin?

Answer 4

Alpha and beta chains

Question 5

Fill in the blank: Each haemoglobin molecule can bind to ___ oxygen molecules.

Answer 5

Four

Question 6

What is the name of the iron-containing group in haemoglobin?

Answer 6

Heme group

Question 7

True or False: The heme group is responsible for the red color of blood.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What type of bond allows haemoglobin to change shape when binding to oxygen?

Answer 8

Cooperative binding

Question 9

What is the significance of the allosteric properties of haemoglobin?

Answer 9

They enhance the efficiency of oxygen transport.

Question 10

What is the effect of carbon dioxide on haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

Answer 10

Carbon dioxide decreases haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Question 11

Define the term ‘oxygen saturation’ in relation to haemoglobin.

Answer 11

The percentage of haemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen.

Question 12

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 12

The phenomenon where increased carbon dioxide concentration leads to decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin.

Question 13

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of haemoglobin? A) Oxygen transport B) Carbon dioxide transport C) Nutrient absorption

Answer 13

C) Nutrient absorption

Question 14

What structural feature allows haemoglobin to bind oxygen effectively?

Answer 14

The presence of heme groups with iron ions.

Question 15

True or False: Haemoglobin can also transport nitric oxide.

Answer 15

True

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in relation to haemoglobin?

Answer 17

It decreases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

Question 18

What impact does temperature have on haemoglobin’s function?

Answer 18

Higher temperatures decrease haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Question 19

How does pH affect haemoglobin’s oxygen binding?

Answer 19

Lower pH (more acidic) decreases haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Question 20

What is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin?

Answer 20

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits into a functional protein.

Question 21

True or False: Haemoglobin’s structure remains unchanged when it binds to carbon dioxide.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What is the relationship between haemoglobin and myoglobin?

Answer 22

Both are oxygen-binding proteins, but myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen and is found in muscle tissue.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The different forms of haemoglobin, such as fetal haemoglobin, have different ___ for oxygen.

Answer 23

Affinities

Question 24

What does the term ‘sickle cell haemoglobin’ refer to?

Answer 24

A mutation in the beta chains of haemoglobin that causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape.

Question 25

Multiple choice: Which condition can be caused by abnormal haemoglobin? A) Sickle cell disease B) Cystic fibrosis C) Diabetes

Answer 25

A) Sickle cell disease

Question 26

how many oxygens can bind to each haemoglobin molecule

Answer 26

4

Question 27

what type of protein is haemoglobin

Answer 27

globular protein

Question 28

what is meant by the term affinity in terms of haemoglobin

Answer 28

the strength of attraction or binding ability between molecules haemoglobin has a high affinity to oxygen

Question 29

what is formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

Answer 29

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 30

what is dissociation

Answer 30

process where red blood cells reach the tissues in the body and oxygen is released from the oxyhaemoglobin

Question 31

what is partial pressure simply

Answer 31

concentration of a single gas

Question 32

what is the case if partial pressure of oxygen is high

Answer 32

haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen and binds to it

Question 33

what is cooperative binding

Answer 33

change in shape of haemoglobin caused by binding of the first oxygen making the binding of further oxygens easier

Question 33

what is the case if there is low partial pressure of oxygen in a cell

Answer 33

haemoglobin has low affinity for oxygen so oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin

Question 34

describe the structure of haemoglobin (4 main points)

Answer 34

globular water soluble four polypeptide chains each with one haem group quaternary structure

Question 35

3 factors affecting oxygen-haemoglobin binding

Answer 35

-partial pressure/concentration of oxygen -partial pressure/concentration of carbon dioxide -saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

Question 36

how does partial pressure of oxygen affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding

Answer 36

increasing partial pressure, increases affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen lowering partial pressure causes haemoglobin to release haemoglobin

Question 37

what is the name of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide affect on oxygen-haemoglobin binding

Answer 37

Bohr effect

Question 38

describe the Bohr effect

Answer 38

as partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase, conditions become more acidic and haemoglobin changes shape affinity for haemoglobin for oxygen decreases, oxygen is released into surrounding tissue

Question 39

3 reasons why oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the lungs

Answer 39

-partial pressure of oxygen is high -low concentration of carbon dioxide in the lungs, so high affinity -positive cooperativity, after first oxygen molecule binds, binding becomes easier

Question 40

why is oxygen released from haemoglobin in respiring tissues

Answer 40

-partial pressure of oxygen is high -high concentration of carbon dioxide so affinity decreases

Question 41

how does carbon dioxide affect the position of an oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 41

curve shift right because affinity for oxygen decreases

Question 42

how are arteries related to their function

Answer 42

-thick walls to handle high pressure without tearing -muscular and elastic to control blood flow

Question 43

how are veins adapted to their function

Answer 43

-thin walls due to lower pressure -valves to ensure no backflow -less muscular and elastic tissue as they don't have to control blood flow

Question 44

what happens during cardiac diastole

Answer 44

-heart is relaxed -blood enters the atria, increasing pressure and pushing open atrioventricular valves -allows blood to flow into the ventricles -pressure in the heart is lower than in the arteries so semilunar valves remain closed

Question 45

what happens during atrial systole

Answer 45

-atria contract -pushing any remaining blood into the ventricles

Question 46

what happens during ventricular systole

Answer 46

-ventricles contract -pressure increases closing the atrioventricular valves to prevent backflow and opening semilunar valves -blood flows into the arteries

Question 47

where is the sinoatrial node (SAN)

Answer 47

wall of right atrium

Question 48

where is atrioventricular node (AVN)

Answer 48

between the two atria

Question 49

define myogenic

Answer 49

the heart's contraction is initiated from within the muscle itself, rather than by nerve impulses

Question 50

structure of capillaries and why suited

Answer 50

-walls are one cell thick - short diffusion pathway -very narrow - can permeate tissues and red blood cells can lie flat against wall and effectively deliver oxygen to tissues -numerous and highly branched, providing a large surface area

Question 51

what is tissue fluid?

Answer 51

watery substance containing glucose, amino acids, oxygen ect... supplies these to cells and removes waste materials

Question 52

how is tissue fluid formed

Answer 52

blood is pumped through increasingly small vessels hydrostatic pressure is created which forces fluid out of the capillaries it bathes the cell and then returns to the capillaries when hydrostatic pressure is low enough

Question 54

Cardiac output equation

Answer 54

CO = stroke volume x heart rate