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A-level biology > Topic 2 A cell structure and division > Flashcards

Topic 2 A cell structure and division Flashcards

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1
Q

list all organelles of an animal cell

A

cell-surface membrane
nucleus
chromosomes
mitochondria
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosome

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2
Q

where is chromatin found

A

contained in the nucleaus

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3
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

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4
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria (3 points)

A

contains an enzyme rich liquid known as the matrix

surrounded by a double membrane
with a folded inner membrane folded to form cristae

contains their own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes

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5
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

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6
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes (3 points)

A

made up of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

consist of a large and a small subunit

not surrounded by membrane

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6
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis involved in the process of translation

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7
Q

what is the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

contains fluid-filled membrane-bounds sacs known as cisternae

contain smaller vesicles

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8
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

process and package lipids and proteins into vesicles

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9
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space known as cisternae

the surface of the cisternae is covered with ribosomes making it

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10
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis, store and transport of lipids and carbohydrates

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11
Q

what is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space known as cisternae

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12
Q

what are the structures of lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes

surrounded by a membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cytoplasm of the cell

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13
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes

A

enzymes breakdown macromolecules and recycle waste

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14
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

(mostly multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells like animals, plants, fungi and protists

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15
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms made up of prokaryotic cells like bacteria

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16
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus

A

contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes

contains a structure known as a nucleolus

surrounded by a nuclear envelope

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17
Q

what are the 5 subsections within the nucleus of a eukaryote

A

the nucleus envelope
nuclear pores
nucleoplasm
chromosomes
nucleolus

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18
Q

describe what the nucleus envelope

A

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. It controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus and contains the reactions taking place within it

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19
Q

describe what the nuclear pores do

A

allow the passage of larger molecules (such as messenger RNA)

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20
Q

describe what the nucleoplasm does and what they are

A

jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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21
Q

describe the structure and function of the nucleolus

A

spherical structure within the nucleoplasm

manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

(there are many more than one nucleolus in a nucleus )

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22
Q

what are the 8 subunits of the chloroplasts

A

outer membrane
inner membrane
granum
lamella
starch grain
stroma
thylakoid
ribosomes

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23
Q

what is the internal structure of a cell specific to help suit its job

A

ultrastructure

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24
what is the plant cell wall made of
cellulose
25
what is the fungi cell wall made of
chitin
26
job of the plasma membrane
controls the entrance and exit of molecules
27
what organelles do only plant cells have and briefly describe their functions
vacuole (a repository of cell sap) chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis) cell wall (made of cellulose contains plasmodesmata, through which cells exchange substances with each other)
28
what are the two differences between organelles in plant cells in comparison to fungi
fungi do not have chloroplasts fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin not cellulose
29
how are muscle cells specialised for their function (1)
-contains lots of mitochondria to produce ATP
30
how are red blood cells specialised for their function (3)
-biconcave structure and no nucleus to maximise oxygen -lots of haemoglobin
31
how are palisade cells adapted for their function
long upright shape lots of chloroplasts (with chlorophyll) for sunlight absorption
32
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
pores in the nuclear envelope control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
33
what is the nuclear envelope made of
(they are made of phospholipid bilayers) -a phospholipid is a lipid molecule with glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group
34
where is chromatin and the nucleolus found within the nucleus
the nucleoplasm
35
what are the fluid filled membrane sacs in chloroplasts called? and expand on how they connect ect...
thylakoids! each stack of thylakoids is called granum (grana plural) grana are linked by lamellae
36
what are lamella
structures that link grana together they are flat, thin parts of thylakoid membrane
37
what is the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana?
the stroma
38
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
39
what do lysozyme enzymes do
aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and old organelles
40
what is the RER responsible for (easy)
processing and folding proteins
41
what is the SER responsible for
making and processing lipids
42
what is the function of plasma membrane
controls the passage of inorganic molecules, ions, water and oxygen into and out of the cell allows for waste products to leave the cell (co2 and ammonia)
43
what is the function of the cytoplasm
site for many metabolic reactions
44
what is the nuclear envelope and its structure
-a double membrane that has many pores surrounding the nucleus -has an inner and outer layer which are both phospholipid bilayers
45
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
-its pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
46
what organelle produces ATP
mitochondria
47
what are cristae and which organelle have them
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria
48
what is the area surrounded by folds in the mitochondria called
mitochondrial matrix
49
where are ribosomes attached to on the endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasmic side
50
what is the RER responsible for
processing and folding proteins
51
what is the SER responsible for
making and processing lipids
52
explain 4 step process of binary fission
.prokaryotes carry out replication of genetic material (of plasmids) .two sets of genetic material migrate to opposite poles .cytoplasm begins to divide .formation of daughter cells
53
attributes of viruses
.cannot reproduce independently .not regarded as living .made up of nucleic acids surrounded by protein called a capsid
54
how to viruses bind to host cells
have attachment glycoproteins that bind to complementary receptors on host cell
55
describe what a cell is doing in interphase
-cell prepares to divide -DNA is replicated so there is now 2 copies -organelles are also replicated -more ATP is produced to be used in cell division
56
describe what a cell is doing in prophase
-nuclear envelope breaks down and nucleolus disappears -chromosomes coil tightly -centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell -microtubules form the mitotic spindle between the centrioles
57
what is the cell doing during metaphase
-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell -they are attached to the spindle by centromere
58
what is the cell doing in anaphase
-chromosomes break into two chromatids and separate at the centromere -spindle fibbers contract and pull chromatid to opposite poles of the cell
59
what happens during telophase
-chromatids begin to decondense (into chromosomes) -nuclear envelope form around the two chromosomes
60
what is the common mechanism that causes cancer
uncontrolled cell division
61
what is a mutation
change in the structure of a gene due to the alteration of single base units in DNA resulting in variation
62
what is G1
a phase in interphase that produces new organelles and causes the cells to grow in size
63
what phases do the two types of cancer treatment that target cell cycle
G1-phase in interphase that produces new organelles and causes cells to grow in size S phase- stage in interphase that causes DNA to replicate
64
what phase in interphase produces new organelles and causes the cells to grow in size
G1
65
what phase of the cell cycle are G1 and S-phase found in
interphase
66
what does it mean for the plasma membrane to be selectivley permeable
the membrane allows for some materials to freely enter or leave the cell/organelle, while other materials cannot move freely
67
what is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane
cholesterol make the membrane more rigid it helps to maintain the shape of animal cells
68
what are phospholipids made of
glycerol two fatty acids phosphate
69
what are three factors that effect the permeability of cell membranes
solvent concentration temperature PH
70
how does solvent concentration effect the permeability of cell membranes
-the more easily the phospholipid bilayer is dissolved the more permeable the membrane is
71
how does temperature effect the permeability of cell membranes
-higher temperatures increase the fluidity of the membrane, increasing its permeability
72
how does PH effect the permeability of the cell membrane
-PH affect the protein structure in the cell membrane
73
75
What does binary fission infer
Replication of circular DNA and of plasmids Division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells each with single copy of circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids
76
77
Mitotic index equation
Number of cells undergoing mitosis / total number of cells
78
How do non living things replicate
Injection of nucleus acid into infected host cell replicates yhe virus particles
79

A-level biology (13 decks)

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