Master PRAXIS Deck

Question 1

__ __ is a french psychologist who created the first intelligence test.

Answer 1

Alfred Binet

Question 2

__ is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

Answer 2

intelligence

Question 2

__ __ is determined by a test. It corresponds to how well they did compared to other students their age

Answer 2

mental age

Question 2

__ __ conducted studies to determine the average performance levels for different school aged groups. He put together a test that focuses on things that were not explicitly taught in schools (i.e. attention, memory, and problem solving skills). Doing this would remove teacher bias and to identify at-risk students

Answer 2

Alfred Binet

Question 2

__ __ is a persons innate ability. It is calculated by dividing a person’s mental age group by their chronological age

Answer 2

IQ

Question 2

the average score of an IQ test is __

Answer 2

100

Question 2

__ __ disliked Binet’s idea of intelligence and believed it left out many students who arent traditionally book smart. He created the theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 2

Howard Gardner

Question 2

__ __ is the examinee’s actual age

Answer 2

chronological age

Question 2

__ __ is a principal beyond eugenics, resulted in artificial rather than natural selection for traits deems more acceptable by high-status Americans. It is unfair treatment of racial minorities

Answer 2

social darwinism

Question 2

__ __ was interested in heredity, kinship, and the differences between people on a variety of characteristics. His theory was that individual specific characteristics are related to each other and this co-relations would be apparent in the way in which certain characteristics either appeared with others or changed with other

Answer 2

Francis Galton

Question 2

the term eugenics was coined by

Answer 2

sir francis galton

Question 2

__ __ is the American psychologist who sough out to limit the immigration of supposedly “inferior” people into the U.S. He began to test immigrants from Ellis Island

Answer 2

Henry Goddard

Question 2

__ __ believed that intelligence tests should measure more than a single quantity. He created tests that were divided into 2 main sections - verbal based questions and nonverbal tasks

Answer 2

David Wechler

Question 2

__ is the “movement” that refers to good genes and how the goal is to improve the genetic makeup of a population by reducing or eliminating allegedly inferior genes

Answer 2

eugenics

Question 3

__ __ __ __: people can have many types of these (spatial, musical, body/kinesthetic, mathematical, interpersonal); they have different strengths and different ways of problem solving

Answer 3

the theory of multiple intelligences

Question 4

the WISC is based on __ __ __ __: states thats cognitive tests tend to be positively correlated with one another, which suggests that performance on cognitive tests was determined by a common __ __ that was causing all cognitive tests to correlate

Answer 4

-Spearman’s General Intelligence Theory
-latent trait

Question 5

__ __ __ __: is the direct opposite of Spearman’s theory; suggests that factor analysis is used to support that intelligence was made up of a rather large number of primary abilities

Answer 5

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities

Question 6

Is Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities hierarchical in nature?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

what are some of the primary mental abilities as listed by Thurstone?

Answer 7

1. Spatial/visual imagery
2. Perceptual Speed
3. Number (speed and accuracy in making arithmetic computations)
4. Verbal Meaning (understanding ideas and meanings of words)
5. Word Fluency (Speed in manipulating single and isolated words)
6. Memory (Rote memory of words, numbers, letters, and other materials)
7. Inductive Reasoning (Ability to abstract a rule common to a set of particulars).

Question 8

What model is based off of belief that Spearman’s g and Thurstone’s primary
mental abilities were not mutually exclusive: Gf or fluid intelligence represented Spearman’s g in that it affects all types of problem solving? This model is also more related to physiological factors and more highly influenced by
genetic factors.

Answer 8

Cattell’s Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Question 9

What theory is very similar to the Cattell-Horn theory of intelligence but it suggests a three-stratum structure of
cognitive abilities, with g at the top (Stratum III), followed by 8 Stratum II Broad factors, and then many narrow, or Stratum III factors?

Answer 9

Carroll’s Tour de Force/Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities

Question 10

What are the eight broad stratum II factors?

Answer 10

1. Fluid intelligence
2. Crystallized intelligence
3. General Memory and learning
4. Broad visual perception
5. Broad auditory perception
6. Broad retrieval ability
7. Broad cognitive speediness
8. Processing Speed

Question 11

What theory defines intelligences as “the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings?”

Answer 11

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Question 12

What are the seven different intelligences proposed by Gardner?

Answer 12

1. Linguistic
2. Logical-mathematical
3. Musical
4. Spatial
5. Bodily-kinesthetic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal

Question 13

the __ __ __ __ __ is a cognitive ability scale that is based on a theory that emphasizes general intelligence, like Spearman. Intelligence is composed of four main abilities: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed ability; it is used from ages 6:0 to 16:11

Answer 13

weschler intelligence scale for children

Question 14

__ __ includes abilities such as auditory comprehension (listening and answering questions), word knowledge (providing definitions of words), verbal reasoning (identify how two words are similar), and verbal expressive abilities (retrieving and explaining general factual knowledge).

Answer 14

verbal comprehension

Question 15

__ __ is an area that involves analyzing and synthesizing abstract stimuli (interpret pictures of block designs), visual-motor coordination (rearrange blocks according to designs), categorical reasoning (identifying common characteristics in pictures), visual information processing (completing patterns), and concentration (identifying missing details).

Answer 15

perceptual reasoning

Question 16

__ __ is the ability to use short-term memory, attention, and sequencing skills to mentally manipulate information, such as remembering and repeating a string of digits forwards or backwards, or doing math calculations without pen and paper.

Answer 16

working memory

Question 17

__ __ involves the ability to use short-term memory, attention, and motivation to complete visual-motor and memory tasks within a short time period.

Answer 17

processing speed

Question 18

the __ __ ___ is derived from a combination of ten core subtests and is considered the most representative estimate of global intellectual functioning.

Answer 18

Full Scale IQ

Question 19

the __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is is a cognitive ability scale that is based on a theory that intelligence is composed of three main abilities: verbal ability, performance ability, and processing speed; it is used for ages 2:3 to 7:3

Answer 19

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Question 20

__ __ on the WPPSI is derived from three subtest scores and includes abilities such as auditory comprehension and accessing background knowledge (listening and answering vocabulary questions), word knowledge (providing definitions of words), and word reasoning (ability to maintain attention, analyze, and synthesize information to complete missing information; example item: “something you use to cover a cut on your finger”).

Answer 20

verbal ability

Question 21

__ __ on the WPSSI is an area that involves analyzing and synthesizing abstract stimuli (interpret pictures of block designs), visual-motor coordination (rearranging blocks according to designs), categorical reasoning (identifying common characteristics in pictures), and visual information processing (completing patterns).

Answer 21

performance ability

Question 22

__ __ on the WPPSI involves the ability to use short-term memory, attention, and motivation to complete visual-motor and memory tasks within a short time period.

Answer 22

processing speed

Question 23

the WPPSI also provides a __ __ composite score which reflects a student’s ability to recognize, comprehend, and identify verbal directions and vocabulary, as well as access long-term memory for word retrieval.

Answer 23

general language

Question 24

the __ __ __ provides a composite measure of conceptual and reasoning abilities, known as the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score.

Answer 24

Differential Ability Scale (DAS)

Question 25

The chief aim of the ___ was to produce subtests that are individually interpretable and can stand technically as separate, specific measures of various abilities

Answer 25

DAS

Question 26

the cognitive battery of the DAS consists of 3 main clusters: __ __, __ __ __, and __ __

Answer 26

verbal ability nonverbal reasoning ability spatial abilities

Question 27

the __ __ cluster of the DAS examines verbal knowledge, verbal reasoning, and concept identification (receptive and expressive language); it measures the same dimension as the verbal subtests of the Wechsler scales and can be considered to represent the Horn-Cattell crystallized intelligence (Gc) factor.

Answer 27

verbal ability

Question 28

the __ __ __ cluster of the DAS is the core area examines pattern recognition skills, inductive reasoning, and information processing.

Answer 28

nonverbal reasoning ability

Question 29

the __ __ cluster of the DAS assesses visual-spatial processing and the ability to reproduce spatial relationships of blocks and shapes from memory.

Answer 29

spatial abilities

Question 30

the __-__ uses verbal and nonverbal routing, which increases the measurement precision by tailoring the difficulty of the items to the examinee’s level of cognitive functioning.

Answer 30

SB-V

Question 31

the __ is a test that is meant to estimate intelligence of individuals who experience undue difficulty in language or fine motor skills; measures analogical reasoning, categorical classifications, and sequential reasoning

Answer 31

CTONI

Question 32

the __ is a non-traditional cognitive processing test that assumes human conscious activity is a complex functional system that integrates four essential cognitive activities of the PASS theory (Naglieri).

Answer 32

Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)

Question 33

What are the four essential processing components of the CAS?

Answer 33

Planning, Attention, Simultaneous Processing, and Successive Processing abilities (both information processing types).

Question 34

__ on the CAS is the mental process of developing and using strategies to solve problems or organize information.

Answer 34

planning

Question 35

__ on the CAS is a mental process whereby an individual must focus on particular stimuli for a period of time while inhibiting responses to distractions, such as selectively paying attention to one variable while excluding irrelevant information.

Answer 35

attention

Question 36

___ processing on the CAS is a mental process by which an individual must integrate parts into a comprehensive whole, such as seeing several how pieces fit together or understanding how concepts are related.

Answer 36

simulatenous

Question 37

__ __ on the CAS refers to the ability to work with stimuli in a specific order or comprehend ideas and information in a chain-like progression.

Answer 37

successive processing

Question 38

the __ __ __ __ is a scale that can be used to identify children at risk for reading difficulties; It is designed to be used with children in kindergarten through fifth grade (5-10 years of age) and it is composed of five main subtests: Rapid Automatic Naming-Letters (RAN-Letters), Phonological Processing, Speeded Naming, Word Reading, and Pseudoword Decoding.

Answer 38

early reading success indicator (ERSI)

Question 39

the __ __ __ assess behaviors like: oppositional, cognitive/inattention problems, hyperactivity, anxious/shy, perfectionism, social problems, DSM-IV ADHD symptoms, family problems, emotional problems, conduct problems, anger control problems

Answer 39

conners' rating scale

Question 40

the ___ is an integrated assessment system used to gather information about a child’s social, emotional, and behavioral functioning; assess externalizing problems, internalizing problems, school problems, adaptive skills, behavioral symptoms

Answer 40

BASC

Question 41

the __ is an assessment tool that provides measures of phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming; these three kinds of phonological processing abilities are important because they are instrumental in learning to read.

Answer 41

comprehensive test of phonological processing (CTOPP)

Question 42

what are some examples of school/system-wide interventions that can be put in place?

Answer 42

Promoting safe school environments Positive behavioral support Bullying prevention School climate assessment Policy development

Question 43

what are some classroom organization and management strategies we can implement?

Answer 43

Time management Classroom rules Physical environment

Question 44

what are some individual and small group interventions we can implement?

Answer 44

social skills training conflict resolution

Question 45

what are some examples of school based intervention skills and techniques?

Answer 45

counseling (individual/group) behavioral modification and ABA techniques developmentally appropriate interventions

Question 46

what are some crisis intervention and prevention strategies?

Answer 46

-planning of school/district-wide crisis management responses -characteristics of safe schools

Question 47

what are some child and adolescent psychopathology interventions we can implement?

Answer 47

symptom recognition educational impact support and interventions basic knowledge of psychopharmacology sign and symptoms of substance abuse

Question 48

__ believes we cannot fully understand development without considering how a person fits into each of these levels: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem

Answer 48

bronfenbrenner

Question 49

according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the everyday immediate environment in which people lead their daily lives. This would include homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers

Answer 49

microsystem

Question 50

according to bronfenbrenner, the includes the connections between various aspects of the microsystem. It binds children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, neighbors, child-care centers, play groups.

Answer 50

mesosystem

Question 51

according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the broader influences on behavior and development such as societal institutions (government, community, schools, place of worship, and local media). They can have an immediate and major impact on personal development and affect how the microsytem and mesosytems operate.

Answer 51

exosystem

Question 52

according to bronfenbrenner, the __ includes the larger cultural influences on an individual (types of government, society in general, religious systems, political thought, and other broad factors).

Answer 52

macrosystem

Question 53

the ___ approach emphasizes the INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT. A CHANGE IN ONE PART OF THE SYSTEM CAN AFFECT OTHER PARTS OF THE SYSTEM. It also suggests that changes in one environment may make little differences if other levels are not also changed.

Answer 53

bronfenbrenner

Question 54

__ believed that knowledge is the product of direct motor behavior.

Answer 54

piaget

Question 55

the __ stage within piaget's theory occurs between 0-2 years of age; this stage includes: simple reflexes, first habits and primary reactions, secondary circular reactions, object permanence, tertiary circular reactions, beginnings of thought

Answer 55

sensorimotor

Question 56

the __ __ stage within piaget's theory occurs between 2-7 years of age; symbolic thinking grows, mental representation emerges, and the use of concepts increase; also includes: centrations, ecocentrism, incomplete understanding of transformation, intuitive thought, and conservation

Answer 56

pre-operational thinking

Question 57

the __ __ stage within piaget's theory occurs between 7 to 12 years old; this stage is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic and there is no longer an influence solely by appearance; also include decentering and reversibility

Answer 57

concrete operational

Question 58

the __ __ stage of piagets theory occurs around 12 years old and beyond; this stage people develop the ability to think abstractly.

Answer 58

formal operations

Question 59

__ is a key element of thinking of children in this period. = The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects (ex., a cat with a dog mask is a dog).

Answer 59

centration

Question 60

___ Hallmark of preoperational period. __ thought is thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of other.

Answer 60

egocentrism

Question 61

__ __ __ __: The inability to envision or recall successive transformations or stages. (Ex. Pencil falling)

Answer 61

incomplete understanding of transformation

Question 62

__ __: This is primitive reasoning and avid curiosity. They believe they know the answers but cannot back up their reasoning. Start to show awareness of identity (that people don’t change from boy to girl) and functionality

Answer 62

intuitive thought

Question 63

___: This is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearances of objects.

Answer 63

conservation

Question 64

__: The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account because of being less egocentric.

Answer 64

decentering

Question 65

__: Understand that processes that transform a stimulus can be reversed (3 + 5 = 8 and 5 + 3 = 8)

Answer 65

reversibility

Question 66

__ argues that in order to understand cognitive development, we must look at the social aspects of development and learning. He believed that cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions where partners jointly work to solve problems.

Answer 66

Vygotsky

Question 67

__ __ __ __: the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.

Answer 67

zone of proximal development

Question 68

__: The support for learning and problems solving that encourages independence and growth; this includes helping children think about and frame a task in an appropriate manner and providing clues to task completion that are appropriate to the child’s level of development.

Answer 68

scaffolding

Question 69

__ __: Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves, and is used to guide behavior and thought. By communicating with themselves through private speech, children are able to try out ideas, acting as their own sounding boards; Vygotsky suggests it facilitates children’s thinking and they use it to help them control their behavior. Peaks around 4 to 7.

Answer 69

private speech

Question 70

__ __: A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.

Answer 70

classical conditioning

Question 71

__ was a Russian physiologist who was studying salivation in dogs and coined the terms related to conditioning

Answer 71

Pavlov

Question 72

__ __: The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

Answer 72

classical conditioning

Question 73

__ __: Term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Answer 73

unconditioned stimulus

Question 74

__ __: A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Answer 74

unconditioned response

Question 75

__ __: Term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 75

conditioned stimulus

Question 76

__ __: Term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 76

conditioned response

Question 77

__: When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response disappears.

Answer 77

extinction

Question 78

__-__ __: A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus though association with an already established conditioned stimulus; May contribute to the formation of prejudices.

Answer 78

higher-order conditioning

Question 79

___ Recognized the implication of Pavlonian theory and founded American behaviorism; believed that most fears are conditioned responses to stimuli that were originally neutral. Demonstrated that phobias can be taught (Little Albert being taught to be afraid of a rat).

Answer 79

watson

Question 80

__ __: A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Generally, responses are complex and not reflexive.

Answer 80

operant conditioning

Question 81

__ __ believed that people learn to act deliberately on their environments in order to bring about desired consequences. What we need to know to understand behavior are the external causes of an action and the action’s consequences. Thus, he avoided assumptions about what an organism feels.

Answer 81

B.F. Skinner

Question 82

__ __ __ __: Correct responses after trial and errors become “stamped in” when receive satisfying effect.

Answer 82

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Question 83

What are the 3 types of consequences?

Answer 83

neutral, reinforcement, punishment

Question 84

a __ consequence neither increases or decreases the probability that a behavior will recur.

Answer 84

neutral

Question 85

__ is the process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Answer 85

reinforcement

Question 86

__ is the process by which a stimulus or event weakens the response that it follows, reducing the probability of a response.

Answer 86

punishment

Question 87

__ __: A procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a pleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger and more likely to occur).

Answer 87

positive punishment

Question 88

__ __: A procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger or more likely to occur).

Answer 88

negative reinforcement

Question 89

__ __: When a response is followed by the presentation of or increase in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response is less likely to occur).

Answer 89

positive punishment

Question 90

__ __: when a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of a pleasant stimulus (response is less likely to occur).

Answer 90

negative punishment

Question 91

__ __ and __: A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing or punishing, typically associated with a physiological need or response (reinforcer = food, punishment = electric shock).

Answer 91

primary reinforcers and punishers

Question 92

__ __ and __: A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing or punishing properties through associations with other reinforcers or punishers.

Answer 92

secondary reinforcers and punishers

Question 93

__: Is also a term in classical conditioning, meaning the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Answer 93

extinction

Question 94

__ __: When a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced each time it occurs

Answer 94

continuous reinforcement

Question 95

__/__ __ of __: A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.

Answer 95

partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Question 96

__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. They produce high rates of responding, although performance drops just after reinforcement (ex., selling a certain number of items before getting commission).

Answer 96

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 97

__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs after some average number of responses, but the number varies from reinforcement to reinforcement. These produce extremely high, steady rates of responding, and the responses are more resistant to extinction (ex. slot machine).

Answer 97

variable-ratio schedule

Question 98

__-__ __: Reinforcement occurs only if a fixed amount of time has passed. Not very helpful in real world because after a reinforcer is delivered, often stop responding altogether.

Answer 98

fixed-interval schedule

Question 99

__-__ __: Reinforcement of a response occurs after a variable amount of time has passed. Because the animal or person cannot predict when a reward will come, responding is relatively low but steady.

Answer 99

variable-interval schedule

Question 100

__: An operant kconditioning procedure in which successive approximations (behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to a desired response) of a desired response are reinforced. For example, if you want a dog to open the refrigerator, reward to for turning to fridge, reward for touching fridge, reward for grabbing rag on fridge, reward for pulling on rag, etc.

Answer 100

shaping

Question 101

__ __: Conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior. Many behavior modification programs rely on the token economy. Tokens are secondary reinforcers that have no real value in themselves but are exchangeable for primary reinforcers or for other secondary reinforcers.

Answer 101

behavior modification

Question 102

__ __: believed that a significant amount of learning is explained by Social-cognitive learning theory. In other words, we learn by observing the behavior of another person, called a model (bobo doll versus tinker toy experiment).

Answer 102

Albert Bandura

Question 103

According to social learning theory, _ paves the way for more general rules and principles in a process called abstract modeling, where children begin to develop generalized principles that underlie the behavior they observe.

Answer 103

modeling

Question 104

the __ __ is an approach that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control.

Answer 104

psychodynamic theory

Question 105

__'s theory was that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Believed that development was mostly complete by adolescence. He also believed that one’s personality had three aspects: id, ego, and the superego

Answer 105

Freud

Question 106

the __ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, present at birth, that represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

Answer 106

id

Question 107

the __ is the part of personality that is rational and reasonable

Answer 107

ego

Question 108

the __ is the aspect of one’s personality that represents a person’s conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong.

Answer 108

superego

Question 109

what are the 5 stages that Freud outlined for development?

Answer 109

1. Oral (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Anal (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Phallic (3 to 5-6 years) 4. Latency (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Genital (Adolescence to adulthood)

Question 110

__ believed that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages that the individual must resolve. He believes that no crisis is ever fully resolved, but we must address the crisis of each stage sufficiently to deal with demands in the next stages.

Answer 110

Erikson

Question 111

what are Erikson's 8 stages of development?

Answer 111

1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) INFANT 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) TODDLER 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years PRESCHOOLER 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) SCHOOL-AGED CHILD 5. Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (YOUNG adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Question 112

the __ __ is a perspective that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior. Each individual has the ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity, and people naturally seek to reach their full potential. Emphasis on Free Will = the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives.

Answer 112

humanistic theory

Question 113

__ __: Believed that all people have a need for positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected. Because other people provide this positive regard, we are dependent on others and our view of ourselves and our self-worth is a reflection of how we think others view us.

Answer 113

carl rogers

Question 114

__ __: The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

Answer 114

evolutionary theory

Question 115

__: proposed the evolutionary approaches that our genetic inheritance determines not only physical traits such as skin and eye color, but also certain personality traits and social behaviors.

Answer 115

darwin

Question 116

what are the 4 sources of quality control in school psychological services?

Answer 116

1. Ethics Codes 2. Professional Standards 3. Educational Law 4. Credentialing/training program accreditation

Question 117

___: he process by which an occupation, usually on the basis of a claim to special competence, obtains the exclusive right to perform a particular kind of work, to control training criteria and access to the profession, and to determine and evaluate the way the work is to be performed.

Answer 117

professionalism

Question 118

the __ __ __ serves to protect the public by encouraging ethical conduct

Answer 118

code of ethics

Question 119

an __ __ involves careful choices based on knowledge of codes and standards, ethical reasoning, and personal values. However, they are imperfect guides to behavior because: They are broad, abstract principles with some specific statements of appropriate professional conduct, Competing principles often apply to one situation, and sometimes may conflict with federal or state law, they tend to be reactive

Answer 119

ethical code

Question 120

what are the NASP principles for professional ethics?

Answer 120

* Personal Competence * Professional relationships with students, parents, the school, the community, other professionals, trainees, and interns * Advocacy of the rights and welfare of the student/client * Professional responsibilities in assessment and intervention * Reporting data and sharing results * Use of materials and technology * Research, publication, and presentation * Professional responsibilities related to independent practice

Question 121

what are the APA ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct?

Answer 121

* Introduction and Applicability * Preamble * General Principles * Ethical Standards

Question 122

Under the APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, what falls under the 'general principles?'

Answer 122

 Beneficence and Nonmaleficence  Fidelity and Responsibility  Integrity  Justice  Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 123

Under the APA Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, what falls under the 'ethical standards?'

Answer 123

 Resolving Ethical Issues  Competence  Human Relations  Privacy and Confidentiality  Advertising and Other Public Statements  Record Keeping and Fees

Question 124

what are the 4 broad ethical principles that school psychologists have to follow?

Answer 124

-respect for dignity of persons -responsible caring -integrity in professional relationships -responsibility to community and society

Question 125

the __ for the __ of __ is protecting the rights and welfare of children = top priority in determining services, but also must protect rights of parents, teachers, trainees, and interns

Answer 125

respect for the dignity of persons

Question 126

__-__ and __ states that school psychologists must respect the client’s right of choice to enter, or to participate in, services except for in emergency situationsservices are based on informed consent

Answer 126

self-determination and autonomy

Question 127

__ and __ states that school psychologists must avoid undue invasion of privacy = do not seek or store personal information that is not needed in the provision of services to the client. Also, must inform clients about the limits of confidentiality.

Answer 127

privacy and confidentiality

Question 128

__ and __ states that school psychologists must actively pursue awareness and knowledge of how cultural and experiential factors affect student’s development, behavior, and school learning.

Answer 128

fairness and nondiscrimination

Question 129

__ __ is engaging in actions that are likely to benefit others (or at least do no harm)

Answer 129

responsible caring

Question 130

__ states that school psychologists are to only provide services that are within the boundaries of competence, based on education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience.

Answer 130

competence

Question 131

__ states that school psychologists must accept responsibility, maximize benefit, and do no harm

Answer 131

responsibility

Question 132

In order to maintain integrity in professional relationships, what must we do as school psychologists?

Answer 132

a. Must build and maintain trust by being faithful to the truth and to one’s professional duties. b. Must identify services they provide and those that are outside the scope of the job roles. c. Must understand areas of competence of other professionals and work in cooperation with them d. Must avoid conflicts of interest e. Do not exploit clients f. Do not take credit for work that is not their own

Question 133

__ to __ and __: Help ensure that the needs and rights of students are protected (gay, lesbian, bisexual) so that the school climate has a respect for and values individual differences. Also must know and respect federal and state law and school policies.

Answer 133

responsibility to community and society

Question 134

Is there a fundamental right to an education specifically stated under the constitution?

Answer 134

No However, there are portions of the bill of rights that pertain to educational law (1st, 4th, 10th, 14th amendments)

Question 136

the __ __ __ is the first 10 amendments added in 1791 created to provide a more distinct balance of power between the federal government and the states, and to safeguard the rights of individual citizens. The 11th through 26th amendments were added between 1795 and 1971.

Answer 136

bill of rights

Question 137

which amendment states that state governments have assumed the duty to educate, the power to tax citizens of the state to finance education, and the power to compel school attendance?

Answer 137

10th

Question 138

which amendment was created to prevent state governments from trespassing on the rights of individual citizens?

Answer 138

14th

Question 139

what are the two aspects of the 14th amendment that are important for schools?

Answer 139

-equal protection clause -procedural due process

Question 140

the __ __ __ states that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the statea state may not make a free public education available to some children but not to others = equal educational opportunity regardless of race, color, national origin, native language, sex, and disability.

Answer 140

equal protection clause

Question 141

__ v. __ __ __: assignment of African-American children to separate and inferior public schools is a denial of equal protection under the 14th amendment. So, each state must provide equal educational opportunity to all children within its jurisdiction regardless of race.

Answer 141

brown vs. board of education

Question 142

Which two court cases found that exclusion of children with handicaps from public school is a denial of equal protection. Thus, states have a duty to provide equal educational opportunities to all children regardless of race, color, national origin, native language, sex, and disability under the 14th amendment?

Answer 142

-Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1971, 1972) -Mills v. Board of Education (1972)

Question 143

__ __ __: means that a state cannot take away life, liberty, or property rights without some sort of procedural fairness to safeguard citizens from unfair or wrongful infringement of rights

Answer 143

procedural due process

Question 144

in __ v. __ the supreme court held hat education is a property right protected by the 14th Amendment; thus schools may not Suspend or expel children without some sort of fair, impartial due process procedures (which includes notice and the opportunity to be heard) because = depriving them of property interest AND schools may not label children (mentally retarded or emotionally disturbed = change of placement or label) without due processa fair decision-making procedure that includes parent notice of the proposed classification and the right to an impartial hearing to protest the classification (because cannot have arbitrary or unwarranted stigmatization that may interfere with the ability to acquire property) = purpose of IEP meetings!

Answer 144

Goss v Lopez (1975)

Question 145

the __ amendment is the freedom of religion, speech, and the press; rights of assembly and petition

Answer 145

1st

Question 146

in __ v. __ __ __ __ __ __, three students were suspended for violating a school policy prohibiting pupils from wearing black armbands in protest of the war in Vietnam. The court recognized the school’s interest in maintaining discipline, but saw that the policy of banning armbands was an unreasonable violation of the students’ constitutional right to freedom of expression

Answer 146

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

Question 147

the __ amendment allows for protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Answer 147

4th

Question 148

__ __ __: Some federal education legislation is grant legislation (funds are provided to schools if they comply with certain educational policies and practices). Other federal education legislation stipulates that a school will receive NO federal funds if they don’t adhere to specific educational policies

Answer 148

federal education legislation

Question 149

__ __ __ __ __ of __: provides financial assistance to schools with high concentrations of children from disadvantaged homes. It requires statewide reading and mathematics tests each year in grades 3-8, starting in 2005-2006. Each school must attain academic proficiency for all students in 12 years, and document progress toward that goal.

Answer 149

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Question 150

__ __ __ __ __: Used to be the Education of the Handicapped Act; (part a) was reauthorization in 1997; (part B) allocates funds to states that provide a free and appropriate education to all children with disabilities. In order to receive funds, each state must have developed a plan to ensure that every child with disabilities receives special education and related services in conformance with an IEP. Must use nondiscriminatory testing and evaluation procedures and provide the least restrictive environment (LRE) feasible; (part c) provides funds to states that offer early intervention services/programs for infants and toddlers with known or suspected disabilities in conformance with an individualized family service plan

Answer 150

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 151

__ __ __ and __ __ of __: NO federal funds will be made available to schools unless they adhere to the pupil record-keeping procedures outlined in the law, to ensure confidentiality. Parents have access to all official school records, the right to challenge the accuracy of the records, and a right to a hearing regarding their accuracy. The records are to be available only to those in the school setting with a legitimate educational interest, and parent consent must be obtained before records are released to agencies outside of the school.

Answer 151

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)

Question 152

the __ of __ __ __: Need written parental consent before a pupil can be required to submit to a survey, analysis, or evaluation that reveals certain types of personal information.

Answer 152

protection of pupil rights act

Question 153

the __ __ __ prohibits state and school authorities from discriminating against individuals on the basis of race, color, or national origin, sex, or handicapping condition in any program or activity receiving ANY federal funding. These type of lows protects students from harassment and hate crimes based on race, color, national origin, sex, or disability, and make schools responsible for remedying harassment.

Answer 153

federal anti-discrimination legislation

Question 154

the __ __ of __ (or __ __) prohibits discrimination against any qualified individual solely on the basis of a handicapping condition.

Answer 154

Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)

Question 155

__ with __ __ of __: one of the most significant federal law ensuring equal opportunity to individuals with disabilities in employment, public accommodation, transportation, state and local government services, and telecommunications.

Answer 155

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Question 156

__ __ __ of __: This statute was passed following the Civil War as a reaction to the mistreatment of African Americans (Ku Klux, Klan)any person whose constitutional rights (or federal rights) have been violated by a government official (schools) may sue for damages in federal court.

Answer 156

Civil Rights Act of 1871

Question 157

the most common __ or "civil wrong" that does not involve contracts is __

Answer 157

tort negligence

Question 158

What are the 4 questions court considers in a tort case?

Answer 158

1. Did injury occur (a wrong or damage done to the student’s person, rights, reputation, or property? 2. Did the school owe a duty in law to the student? 3. Was there a breach of duty? 4. Is there a causal relationship between the injury and the breach of duty?

Question 159

Federal antidiscrimination laws such as __ __, __, and __ __ of the __ __, allow parents to sue a school district for violation of their child’s rights under those laws.

Answer 159

-Section 504 -ADA -Title IX of the Education Amendments

Question 160

Under what law allows parents of special education students to file a lawsuit when they believe their child’s rights have been violated, although they are required to exhaust administrative remedies?

Answer 160

IDEA

Question 161

Which landmark court case took place when parents of children with MR brought suit against the state of Penn in federal court because their children were denied access to public education; the court ordered that the children have access to public school programs, and ordered comprehensive changes in policy and practices. This marked the beginning of a redefinition of education in this country to include training of children with disabilities toward self-sufficiency?

Answer 161

Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC)

Question 162

which court case was held based on a lawsuit filed on behalf of seven children with behavioral, emotional, and learning impairments in Washington D.C; the court order reiterated many of the requirements in P.A.R.C. and required schools to provide each handicapped child with a free and suitable publicly supported education regardless of disability or impairment?

Answer 162

Mills v. Board of Education (1972)

Question 163

congress addresses the needs of pupils with disabilities by which two acts?

Answer 163

-antidiscrimination legislation -the amendment of federal education laws/legislation

Question 164

in what order did the amendment of federal education laws/legislation occur?

Answer 164

a. First was Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 b. Then passed the Education Amendments of 1974 c. Then the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, 1990 d. Then became Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and was reauthorized in 1997 (P.L. No. 105- 17).

Question 165

In what order did antidiscrimination legislation occur?

Answer 165

a. First was Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Then this bill became Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Question 166

___ is a federal grant legislation that provides funds to state (SEA) and local (LEA) educational agencies that provide a free and appropriate education to children with disabilities in conformance with the law

Answer 166

IDEA

Question 167

IDEA is broken into 4 structured parts. What are they?

Answer 167

1. Part A: General Provisions 2. Part B: Assistance for Education of All Children with Disabilities (provides funds for children with disabilities ages 3-21) 3. Part C: Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities (provides funds for early intervention services for infants and toddlers) 4. Part D: National Archives to Improve Education of Children with Disabilities

Question 168

If a local educational agency (LEA) makes a free appropriate public education for a child, but the parents choose to place their child in a private school, does the child have an individual right to receive some or all o the special education/related services that they would in a public school?

Answer 168

No, they do not have that right

Question 169

the __ __ __ is when states must actively locate and evaluate children with disabilities and provide them will full educational opportunities regardless of the severity of the disability.

Answer 169

zero reject principle

Question 170

the __-__ __ is when [as long as] parents and the school agree, students remain in his or her present placement during any due process proceeding.

Answer 170

stay-put rule

Question 171

What are the 13 classifications for children with disabilities under IDEA?

Answer 171

1. autism 2. deaf-blindness 3. deafness 4. emotional disability 5. hearing impairment 6. intellectual disability 7. multiple disabilities 8. orthopedic impairment 9. Other health impairment 10. specific learning disability 11. speech and language impairment 12. traumatic brain injury 13. visual impairment

Question 172

__ v. __ (1967, 1969): African American and poor children were disproportionally assigned to the lower tracks based on group-administered aptitude tests. Ruled that tracking was a violation of equal protection laws

Answer 172

Hobson v. Hansen

Question 173

__ v. __ __ __ __ (1970): class action filed on behalf of 9 Mexican American children placed in classes for the educable mentally retarded. One girl scored a 30 and then when retested later in Spanish had a 79. Ruled that children be assessed in their primary language or with sections of tests that do not depend on knowledge of English.

Answer 173

Diana v. State Board of Education

Question 174

__ __ __ v. __ __ __ __ (1972): Class action lawsuit on behalf of Yaqui Indian and Mexican American pupils. This ruling went further than Diana by requiring a multifaceted evaluation that included assessment of adaptive behavior and an interview with the parents in determining eligibility for MR in addition to assessment in the child’s primary language or the use of nonverbal measures

Answer 174

Guadalupe Organization Inc. V. Tempe Elementary School District

Question 175

__ __ v. __ (1984): Class action suit on behalf of African American pupils placed in classes for MR. The school district was unable to convince the court that IQ tests were valid for the purpose of placing African American children in MR classes. During the second phase, the judge found that IQ tests were racially and culturally discriminatory. The judge permanently forbid the state from using standardized intelligence tests to identify African American children without permission from the court or for any special education program except state-supported gifted and talented program. Then the judge later ordered that AA children can be given IQ tests with parent consent, although the California State Department of Education continued to prohibit its use.

Answer 175

Larry P. v. Riles

Question 176

__ v. __ (1980): Judge decided that the use of IQ tests within the context of a multifaceted assessment process as outlined in IDEA was not likely to result in racially or culturally discriminatory classification decisions. Based his decision by reading aloud every question and correct answer on the WISC, WISC-R, and Stanford-Binet.

Answer 176

P.A.S.E. v. Hannon

Question 177

IDEA Part B requires the local educational agency to do what 3 things?

Answer 177

1) use a variety of assessment tools and strategies to gather relevant functional and developmental information, including information by the parent 2) not use any single procedure as the sole criterion 3) use technically sound instruments that are validated for the purpose used.

Question 178

__ __ must by made by a group of persons, including the parents and others knowledgeable about the child, and must be determined at least annually based on the child’s IEP, in the LRE and be as close to possible to the child’s home.

Answer 178

placement decisions

Question 179

Congress viewed the purpose of a(n) ___ as a way to prevent functional exclusion of children with disabilities from opportunities to learn. The yearly review was seen as a safeguard against misclassification, and as a way to encourage continued parent involvement.

Answer 179

IEP

Question 180

The IEP team is composed of:

Answer 180

-The parents -At least one regular education teacher of the child -At least one special education teacher -A representative of the LEA who is qualified to provide, or supervise the provision of specially designed instruction, knowledgeable about the curriculum, and knowledgeable about the availability of resources of the LEA -At the discretion of the parent or the LEA, other individuals who have knowledge or special expertise -If appropriate, the child -If private school placement is under consideration, a representative of the private school must participate in some what in the meeting (attend or telephone conference call).

Question 181

A written IEP must consist of:

Answer 181

1.Statement of child’s present levels of educational performance (how disability affects child’s involvement, progress in general curriculum) 2. A statement of measurable annual goals (must include benchmarks or short-term objectives) 3. A statement of the special education and related services to be provided, and a statement of program modifications or supports 4. An explanation, if any, for any activities that the child will not participate with nondisabled children 5. A statement of individual modifications in state or districtwide assessments 6. The projected start date of services 7. A statement of how progress towards annual goals will be measured and how parents will be informed 8. Beginning at age 14, a statement of the transition services needed

Question 182

__ __ __: IDEA requires extended school year services to students with disabilities if such services are necessary to ensure that the child doesn’t experience a severe or substantial regression during the summer months; if the child will, then he or she may be entitled to year-round services. Parents do NOT need empirical date to demonstrate regression during summer to establish that their child is entitled to services.

Answer 182

extended school year (ESY)

Question 183

__ __ __/__ __ __: In Garland Independent School District v. Wilks (Garland, 1987), the court awarded a mother of a disabled child reimbursement for the after-school tutor she paid to help her son because the school’s regular day program was inadequate to confer academic benefit. The courts have also favored extended school-day programs as an alternative to placement in a residential facility. Some children may need a shortened should-day to confer academic benefit.

Answer 183

extended school day/shortened school day

Question 184

__ __: Schools must ensure that __ __ devices and services are made available to a child with a disability if the child requires the devices to receive an appropriate public education. Schools are not obligated to provide eyeglasses, hearing aids, or braces.

Answer 184

assisstive technology

Question 185

__: must be obtained before conducting a pre-placement evaluation and before initial placement in special education. If parent refuses consent, the LEA may request mediation or a hearing to override a parent’s refusal or consent.

Answer 185

consent

Question 186

__ __ __: is required a reasonable time before the proposed school action whenever the SEA or LEA proposes to change the identification, evaluation, education placement, or program of the child or refuses to change the identification, evaluation, placement, or program.

Answer 186

prior written notice

Question 187

what is included in a prior written notice?

Answer 187

a) a description of the proposed action b) an explanation of WHY the school proposes or refuses to take action c) a description of any other options considered and why they were rejected d) description of each evaluation procedure, test, record or report as basis for action e) a statement that the parents have protection under procedural safeguards and a copy of these can be obtained f) sources for the parents to contact to obtain assistance in understanding the provisions

Question 188

__ __: Includes information on protections available to the parents of a child with a disability; must be provided at the time of the initial referral for evaluation, with each notification of an IEP meeting, on re-evaluations of the child, and following registration of a complaint

Answer 188

procedural safeguards

Question 189

__: This process must be available whenever a due process hearing is requested; must be voluntary, not used to delay or deny a parent’s right to a due process hearing, and is conducted by a qualified or impartial mediator; the SEA is responsible for maintaining a list of qualified mediators and bears the cost of the mediation process. They can’t be an employee of the school or have conflicts of interest with the school.

Answer 189

mediation

Question 190

__ __: IDEA-Part B grants parents and the school a right to an impartial due process hearing. It must be conducted by the SEA by a “hearing officer.” The hearing must be held and a final decision reached within 45 days after the request for a hearing.

Answer 190

due process

Question 191

___ __-__: The Education for the Handicapped Act Amendment of 1986 provides grants to states to develop a system of early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families.

Answer 191

IDEA Part C

Question 192

__ __: IDEA-Part C requires each state to establish a public awareness program and a child find system to ensure that eligible children are identified and referred for evaluation.

Answer 192

child find

Question 193

__ __: IDEA-Part C defines infant or toddler with a disability to mean a child UNDER 3 who needs early intervention services because he or she: a) is experiencing developmental delays in 1+ cognitive, physical, communication, social or emotional, or adaptive development; b) has diagnosed physical or mental condition that has a high probability of resulting in developmental delay.

Answer 193

eligible children

Question 194

An individualized family service plan (IFSP) is a written plan that must be completed within 45 days after the agency received the referral. What does it include?

Answer 194

1. Present levels of physical, cognitive, communication, social or emotional, AND adaptive development 2. Statement of the family’s resources, priorities, and concerns 3. Statement of the major outcomes expected, and the criteria, procedures, and timelines used to determine the degree of progress and whether modifications are needed 4. A statement of the specific early intervention services necessary to meet the needs, including frequency, intensity, and method of delivering services, including the location of services and payment arrangements 5. Medical or other services needed but not provided under IDEA-Part C 6. Projected dates for initiation of services and anticipated duration 7. Identification of the service coordinator 8. Steps for transition to preschool or other services

Question 195

The legislation around section 504 is most closely concerned with what?

Answer 195

placement

Question 196

__ __ prohibits schools from discriminating on the basis of handicap in providing any aid, benefit, or service, either directly or through contractural arrangements.

Answer 196

section 504

Question 197

With __ __ schools may not deny pupils with handicaps an opportunity to participate in or benefit from any services it affords others.

Answer 197

section 504

Question 198

under __ __ a handicapped person is defined as any person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of his or her major life activities, has a record of the impairment, and is regarded as having an impairment.

Answer 198

section 504

Question 199

under section 504, __ __ means any mental or psychological disorder, such as emotional or mental illness, or a specific learning disability

Answer 199

mental impairment

Question 200

under section 504, __ __ __ means functions such as caring for one’s self, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing (Asthma), learning, and working.

Answer 200

major life activities

Question 201

under 504, __ individual includes a person with a history of impairment and those regarded as having an impairment even when they may not have an impairment (ex., can’t be denied into college because had been in special education).

Answer 201

handicapped

Question 202

what are the seven categories of students who may qualify under section 504?

Answer 202

1. Students with ADHD 2. Students who are learning-disabled but do not exhibit a severe discrepancy between aptitude and achievement 3. Students who are graduates of special education 4. Students who are socially maladjusted and emotionally impaired 5. Students with drug and alcohol dependency (but not those activity involved in drug abuse) 6. Students with health needs (e.g. diabetes, asthma, severe allergies, disability from an accident, arthritis, epilepsy, sleep disorders, obesity, broken limbs) 7. Students with communicable diseases (HIV/AIDScan not remove an infected child from the regular classroom unless there is significant risk of transmission of the disease in spite of reasonable efforts to accommodate the infected child).

Question 203

Any child referred for an evaluation because of a suspected disability under IDEA-Part B and who is not found eligible should be considered for possible eligibility under __ __

Answer 203

section 504

Question 204

IDEA and Section 504 both require schools to provide a __ __ __ __ to each student with handicaps regardless of the nature or severity of the handicap.

Answer 204

free appropriate public education (FAPE)

Question 205

__ __ is defined under 504 as “The provision of regular or special education and related aid and services that are (i) designed to meet individual educational needs of handicapped persons as adequately as the needs of nonhandicapped persons are met and (ii) are based on adherence to procedural safeguards outlined in the law.

Answer 205

appropriate education

Question 206

Under Section 504, schools must provide a FAPE for children with handicaps. One method of meeting this requirement = IEP. Another option is to develop an __ __ for 504 students.

Answer 206

accommodation plan

Question 207

an accommodation plan includes:

Answer 207

a) A description of the nature of the concern b) A description of the basis for the determination of the handicap c) A description of how the handicap affects a major life activity d) A description of the reasonable accommodations that are necessary e) The date when the plan will be reviewed or reassessed f) The names and titles of the participants at the accommodation plan meeting. This plan should be included in the student’s cumulative file and reviewed at the predetermined date.

Question 208

the __ __ __ __ guarantees equal opportunity to individuals with disabilities in: 1. Employment 2. Public services 3. Transportation 4. State and local government services 5. Recreation 6. Telecommunications

Answer 208

americans with disabilities act of 1990

Question 209

The __ __ __ __ __ of 2001 requires each state to develop challenging academic content standards for mathematics, reading or language arts, and science, with measurable achievement standards. Each state must also engage in yearly student academic assessments that include assessment in mathematics, reading, and science.

Answer 209

No Child Left Behind Act

Question 210

___ (1997) requires children with disabilities to participate in state and districtwide assessment programs (with appropriate accommodations in testing), but children who cannot participate in such assessments are allowed to participate in alternative assessments.

Answer 210

IDEA

Question 211

__ __ __: refers to requiring a student to achieve a certain score on a standardized test in order to receive a high school diploma.

Answer 211

minimun competency testing

Question 212

__ __: A number of studies have found no lasting beneficial effect, and may be detrimental in terms of self-concept, and personal and social adjustment. The method for assignment to a particular grade must be reasonably related to the purpose of providing appropriate instruction and furthering education.

Answer 212

grade retention

Question 213

__ __/__: Previous cases have been split, but whether it is acceptable or not comes down to whether the school can show that grouping resulted in better educational opportunities.

Answer 213

instructional grouping/tracking

Question 214

__ __ is the job responsibility of the building principle, not the school psychologist

Answer 214

school discipline

Question 215

__ __ is defined as “the infliction of pain on the body by the teacher or other school official as a penalty for conduct disapproved of by the punisher.” Even though in federal case law courts have ruled with the schools and not found this act to be “cruel and unusual punishment” and that parents cannot “undelegate” the school’s authority to use corporal punishment, 27 states have adopted legislation to banish the use of this act

Answer 215

corporal punishment

Question 216

___ allows school officials to remove a child with a disability from the child’s current placement for not more than 10 school days for violation of school rules.

Answer 216

IDEA

Question 217

___ also permits additional removals for not more than 10 consecutive school days for separate incidents of misconduct as long as the removals do not constitute a change of placement.

Answer 217

IDEA

Question 218

a __ __ __ occurs if the disciplinary removal from the educational placement is more than 10 consecutive school days, or the child is subjected to a series of removals that cumulate to more than 10 school days; requires an IEP meeting

Answer 218

change of placement

Question 219

for a __ __ __: Either before or not later than 10 days after either first removing a child for more than 10 school days or commencing a removal that constitutes a change of placement, the school must convene an IEP team meeting. If one exists, the IEP team is required to review the plan and modify it to address the problem behavior. If one does not exist, the school must convene an IEP team meeting to develop an assessment plan, conduct a functional behavioral assessment, and implement a __

Answer 219

behavioral intervention plan (BIP)

Question 220

a __ __ __ must be conducted when: (1) a disciplinary action is contemplated as a result of weapons, drugs, or potential injury to self or others; (2) if a disciplinary action involves a change of placement for more than 10 days for a child with a disability who engaged in behavior that violated school rules or codes; this review is conducted by the IEP team immediately after the disciplinary decision is made if possible, but no later than 10 school days after the date on which the decision to take that action was made.

Answer 220

manifest determination review

Question 221

what is included in a manifest determination review?

Answer 221

-evaluation and diagnostic results -Information supplied by the parents, -Observations of the child, -The child’s IEP and placement

Question 222

__ __ __ __: In his view, maladaptive behavior and psychological disturbance arise because caregivers, family, friends, and community groups within a social system to do not provide sufficient direction, support and stability when an individual is faced with a stressful life event. He believed that mental health consultation is a service to many different professionals to assist them in dealing with the psychological aspects of a current work problem, and, to deal more effectively with similar problems in the future.

Answer 222

Caplan's Mental Health Consultation

Question 223

__-__ case consultation: the consultant functions as a specialist who assesses the client, makes a diagnosis, and makes recommendations as to how the consultee (often a teacher) might modify his or her dealings with the client (often a student). Focuses on developing a plan that will help a specific client. The primary goal is to advise the consultee regarding treatment and to develop a plan to deal with the client’s difficulties. Usually the consultant meets with the consultee’s client to help diagnose a problem. The consultant is responsible for assessing problem and prescribing course of action. Implementation of the consultant’s recommendations is the responsibility of the consultee.

Answer 223

client-centered

Question 224

__-__ case consultation: most closely identified with Caplan; concerned with difficulties a consultee encounters with a particular client for whom he or she has responsibility. Primary goal is to remediate the shortcomings in the consultee’s professional functioning that are responsible for difficulties, with client improvement a secondary goal. Thus, there is little or no direct assessment of the client.

Answer 224

consultee-centered

Question 225

__-__ case consultation: the consultant is viewed as a specialist who is called in to study a problem and provide a set of recommendations for dealing with a problem; consultant is concerned with problems surrounding the development of a new program or some aspect of organizational functioning. Usually very rapid-paced and over quickly.

Answer 225

program-centered

Question 226

__-__ __ consultation: to improve the professional functioning of members of an administrative staff. The consultatnt agrees to work with the organization on a long-term basis.

Answer 226

consultee-centered administrative

Question 227

__ __: defines consultation as an indirect, problem-solving service involving a collegial relationship between the consultant and consultee in which the consultant acquires and communicates psychological data that will enable the consultee to utilize the data. Relies upon a complex communications model to elicit the information needed and includes a series of specific recommendations regarding problem identification and resolution.

Answer 227

behavioral consultation

Question 228

what are the primary goals of behavioral consultation?

Answer 228

1) Change the client’s behavior 2) Change the consultee’s behavior 3) Produce changes in organizations.

Question 229

what are the four areas needed to successfully complete behavioral consultation?

Answer 229

1) Problem Identification 2) Problem Analysis 3) Plan implementation 4) Problem Evaluation

Question 230

__ __ __: providing rewards for desired behaviors

Answer 230

systematic positive reinforcement

Question 231

__ __ include: smiles, nods, facial expressions

Answer 231

social reinforcers

Question 232

__ __: is the removal of aversive stimuli to increase desired behavior

Answer 232

negative reinforcement

Question 233

__: is the removal of a positive reinforcer to reduce or eliminate the incidence of undesirable behavior

Answer 233

extinction

Question 234

__: either the removal of a positive reinforcer of the presentation of aversive stimuli

Answer 234

punishment

Question 235

__: environmental stimuli that prompt behavior

Answer 235

cues

Question 236

a __ __ schedule of reinforcement is when reinforcers are delivered at specified times

Answer 236

fixed interval

Question 237

a __ __ schedule of reinforcement is when reinforcers are delivered at varying time intervals

Answer 237

variable interval

Question 238

a __ __ schedule of reinforcement is when the reinforcement is tied to performance and is delivered at predetermined ratios (1:4)

Answer 238

fixed ratio

Question 239

a __ __ schedule of reinforcement is when the reinforcement provided at varying behavioral performances (1:2, 1:10, 1:5)

Answer 239

variable ratio

Question 240

__ is the development of a behavior by reinforcing successive approximation of the behavior

Answer 240

shaping

Question 241

__ is the development of complex behaviors or behavioral repertoires by linking several less complex behaviors; teaching addition, subtraction, and multiplication as the basis for learning division

Answer 241

chaining

Question 242

__ __ __: assisting client to transfer knowledge gained in one setting to another

Answer 242

generalization of behavior

Question 243

__ __ __: Reducing the incidence of undesirable behavior by reinforcing desirable behavior in the same situation

Answer 243

reinforcing incompatible behavior

Question 244

the __ __ is using high probability behavior (e.g. Listening to music) as reinforcer for low probability behavior (e.g., doing homework)

Answer 244

premack principle

Question 245

__ is the removal of artificial cues or reinforcers that prompt or reward behavior so that the natural environment will provide basis for desired behavior

Answer 245

fading

Question 246

__ __ are systematic contracts managed by client, consultee, or others that specify behaviors to be performed and outcomes if behaviors are performed.

Answer 246

contingency contracts

Question 247

__ __ is a process that begins with modeling appropriate behavior followed by practice with feedback

Answer 247

behavioral rehearsal

Question 248

__ __ is helping the student to link environmental cues with appropriate behavior

Answer 248

discrimination training

Question 249

The central construct underpinning the social learning theory model (SLM) of consultation is __ __

Answer 249

reciprocal determinism

Question 250

__ __ is posited by Bandura to be human functioning that is the result of dynamic interrelationships among behaviors, the environment, and certain cognitive variables (appraisals and expectations of outcomes)

Answer 250

reciprocal determinism

Question 251

the __ __ __ __ view the consultation relationship between consultee and consultant as EGALITARIAN and focuses on COGNITIONS

Answer 251

social learning theory model (SLM)

Question 252

__ __ is the presentation of desired behaviors via audio or videotape, through written materials, or by observing another

Answer 252

symbolic modeling

Question 253

__ __ is a process of guided practice in which the consultant provides models of desired behaviors and then asks the consultee to rehears the observed behaviors. Coaching and feedback are utilized as adjuncts.

Answer 253

performance enactments

Question 254

__ __ is when the consultee imagines a model performing the desired behaviors.

Answer 254

convert modeling

Question 255

__ __ is the process by which thoughts engaged in while performing desired behaviors are “talked through.”

Answer 255

cognitive modeling

Question 256

__ __ involves identifying current thoughts that either precede, occurring during, or follow a problem situation, and replace them with more appropriate thoughts; Relies on cognitive modeling and feedback.

Answer 256

cognitive restructuring

Question 257

__ __ is the elimination of phobic response by either pairing them with a neutral stimulus such as a relaxed physical state or by gradually exposing persons with phobias to the stimulus that prefaces the phobic response.

Answer 257

systematic desensitization

Question 258

__-__ is a procedure engaged by and individual with problematic behavior for the purpose of (1) identifying the parameters of the difficulty, or (2) monitoring their progress toward some preset goal.

Answer 258

self-monitoring

Question 259

Both __ __ __ model and __-__ technique rely on a problem-solving approach, accept the empirical tradition of behaviorism, and take a similar view

Answer 259

social learning theory model behavioral-operant technique

Question 260

__ consultation is based on Eurocentric values (democracy, sibling rivalry, feelings of inferiority) so may not be appropriate for minority groups. Has not been widely researched. Main assumption is that behavior is “goal-oriented.” Life goals guide an individual toward overcoming feelings of inferiority. One of the goals = prevention of mental health problems.

Answer 260

adlerian

Question 261

__: was cousins with Charles Darwin, so was heavily influenced by him; believed that each person was a blank slate at birth and that sensory experience writes on the slate to produce knowledge. He reasoned that because we experience our environment through our senses, a person with greater sensory acuity and more rapid sensory information processing would be able to profit more from experience. Thus, measures of sensory acuity and reaction time should provide an index of intelligence.

Answer 261

Galton

Question 262

__ initiated mental tests. He was looking at highly intelligent individuals and how they are very quick at discriminating the important information. Time was the critical issue. He is considered the “First Practitioner of Psychology.” He was very influential of the impact of development and early childhood experiences.

Answer 262

Galton

Question 263

__ __: also known as the father of psychology; developed intelligence tests; experimentation was psychological responses, such as, the rate of learning (how quickly can you learn something) and complex mental tasks – how quickly can you solve these mental tasks, were later incorporated in to intelligence tests.

Answer 263

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 264

__ __; Wundt's assistant; Coined the term, “mental test,” and brought Galton’s ideas back to the US, proposing a widespread program of mental testing to provide a standard metric for the assessment of intellectual ability. He continued to carry on these traditional measurements of sensory and physical characteristics, but they did not correlate with school achievement.

Answer 264

James Cattell

Question 265

__ __: French psychologist who was approached by the Educational body to develop a commission to understand why some children weren’t learning. He argued that the Galton/Cattell approach was wrong. He believed to measure complex mental processes, it was necessary to observe the performance of complex mental acts

Answer 265

Alfred Binet

Question 266

__ __: first school psychologist; established the Vineland Training School in New Jersey, which is where the first psychology interns were trained (first formal and paid internships in clinical psychology, the nature of these experiences was more akin to school psychology). He set out to find a way to measure the abilities of his students.

Answer 266

Henry Goddard

Question 267

__ __: Gave one of the first rationales for the use of intelligence tests, because he belieed that intelligence tests were the best measures available of “innate intelligence.” He believed that intelligence was inherited, and thus not malleable. He adapted/translated the Stanford Binet to be used in American schools and developed many Binet tests, then published the results of his sutides to create the Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon scale

Answer 267

Louis Terman

Question 268

__: British psychologist who initially proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence that suggested that performance on any intelligence measure was composed of two parts: one due to the individual’s level on the trait of general intelligence (“g”), and the other part due to a specific ability related to the particular test (“s”). Thus, he had a notion that intellectual abilities were hierarchically organized. He introduced the factor analytic method.

Answer 268

Spearman

Question 269

__: Argued that there was no support for Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence. He also criticized Binet-type tests because of their coachability, which seriously impaired the validity of the intelligence testshe advocated creating a large number of alternate forms. He also argued that intelligence only measured a limited aspect of intelligent behavior (“abstract intelligence”), and there were at least two other kinds: social intelligence and mechanical intelligence.

Answer 269

Thorndike

Question 270

__ __: originally an enlisted man in the military testing program of WWI and then became a clinical psychologist at Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital in New York. He was to adult testing what Binet was to children’s intelligence testing. One of the contributions was to include a separate verbal and performance scales, and he began to use a Deviation IQ (standard score) instead of the old Ratio IQ. Wechsler stated that “intelligence is the overall capacity of the individual to understand and cope with the world around him.”

Answer 270

David Wechsler

Question 271

__ __: Record every time the behavior occurs. Good for discrete behavior not for high frequency or one behavior that occurs for a long time

Answer 271

event recording

Question 272

__ __: how long it takes for a client to begin a behavior.

Answer 272

latency recording

Question 273

__ __: to record approximately the # of times a behavior occurs in a set interval. Examples are whole interval, partial interval and momentary time sampling (most accurate).

Answer 273

interval recording

Question 274

__ __: involves providing an ongoing description of the events that take place during an observation as they occur in real time

Answer 274

narrative recording

Question 275

__ __: a method for documenting how long a specific behavior lasts

Answer 275

duration recording

Question 276

__-__-__ __: an observation tool that helps to understand the causes of behavior which may present as challenging, by recording what happened before, during and after the behavior

Answer 276

a-b-c recording

Question 277

Identify the test: Ages 6 to16 SS of 100 falls at the 50th percentile; SD is 15

Answer 277

WISC-V

Question 278

Identify the test: Ages 2-95 Based on CHC Theory 20 subtests that each measure a different cognitive purpose High psychometric properties

Answer 278

WJ-COG

Question 279

Identify the Test: Ages 3-18 Dual Theoretical foundation Four main scales: simultaneous, sequential, planning, and learning and knowledhe SS of 100 falls at 50th %

Answer 279

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)

Question 280

Identify the test Ages 2-85 Used routing 10 Subtests (5 Verbal and 5 Nonverbal) 5 Factors (Fluid, Quantitative reasoning, Visual Reasoning, Spatial Reasoning, Working memory)

Answer 280

Stanford Binet 5

Question 281

Identify the test Cognitive and Achievement tests Ages 2:6 to 17:11 Divided into 3 levels (lower preschool, upper preschool, school aged) Achievement tests are conformed with the cognitive battery, which allows for direct ability-achievement discrepancy analysis 20 subtests grouped into core, cognitive or achievement. NOT appropriate for those with sensory or motor disabilities.

Answer 281

Differential Ability Scale (DAS)

Question 282

Identify the Test ages 5-17 nonverbal assessment 6 subtests with mean of 10 and SD of 3 5 quotient scores with mean of 100 and SD of 15 Assesses broad range of complex memory and reasoning abilities.

Answer 282

UNIT

Question 283

Identify the Test Ages 3 - 7:3 12 subtests that yields FSIQ and other index scores

Answer 283

WPPSI

Question 284

Identify the test Measure of infant development for children 1 month to 42 months. Two scores provided – mental development Index Score from the Mental scale and a Psychomotor Developmental Index Score from Motor Scale Also can find developmental age for Cognitive, Language, Social and Motor Skills

Answer 284

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 285

Identify the test Measures basic reading, basic written expression, basic math, general knowledge, oral expression All SS with 100 at 50th %

Answer 285

WJ-ACH

Question 286

Identify the Test Measures basic academic achievement from preK to College in reading, writing, math, oral language,listening comprehension, spelling

Answer 286

WIAT-4

Question 287

What are some examples of interview strategies we use as school psychologists?

Answer 287

Reason for referral Pregnancy & Early Development Medical history School, educational history Living arrangements Socio-cultural Social/emotional functioning & history

Question 288

what are the 7 dimensions to analyze behavior?

Answer 288

frequency, rate (frequency/time), intensity, duration, latency (delay), topography (what it looks like), locus (where occurs)

Question 289

__: This is the ability to make decisions about how to solve problems and perform actions. It involves setting goals, anticipating consequences and using feedback. Planning also involves the attention-arousal, simultaneous and successive processing functions described below, and is associated with the frontal lobes of the brain.

Answer 289

planning

Question 290

__-__: This involves the ability to selectively attend to stimuli while ignoring other distractions. Individuals with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) have impairments in this area. The arousal functions are generally associated with the brain stem and thalamus, whereas the higher attentional processes are thought to be related to the planning functions of the frontal lobe.

Answer 290

attention-arousal

Question 291

__ __: This involves the ability to integrate separate stimuli into a cohesive, interrelated whole. Simultaneous processing is necessary for language comprehension, as in: “Who is the person in the following statement: My mother’s father was his only son (Naglieri & Das, 1997)?” The occipital and parietal lobes are thought to be important for these functions.

Answer 291

simultaneous planning

Question 292

__ __: This involves the ability to integrate stimuli into a sequential order. An example of this process is the sequencing of letters and words in reading and writing. This type of processing is believed to be related to frontal-temporal lobe functioning

Answer 292

successive processing

Question 293

Which is not a component that is included when conducting an ecological assessment? a. Observation of classroom teaching strategies b. Interviewing the student’s attitudes toward school c. Interviewing parents about parenting styles/strategies d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work e. Assessing student’s socioeconomic status

Answer 293

d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work

Question 294

Interview formats can vary from highly structured to semi‐structured and unstructured approaches. Which of the following is NOT a component of a structured interview approach? a. Parallel forms for parents, children and sometimes teachers b. Strict adherence to standard procedures for asking questions c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee d. Time consuming process of data collection e. Rigid pattern on questioning that may seem unnatural and tedious for both the interviewer and interviewee

Answer 294

c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee

Question 295

Internal validity is best defined as: a. The extent to which rival hypotheses can explain the findings of an experiment b. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings c. The extent to which the findings are thought to be true of the current experiment d. The extent to which the findings can be applied to similar groups of people

Answer 295

The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings

Question 296

What is treatment integrity or fidelity? a. The level or intensity of treatment b. The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended c. The extent to which the treatment is ethical d. The extent to which the treatment is well specified

Answer 296

b. The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended

Question 297

Which of the following is not a correlation coefficient? a. Pearson r b. eta c. rho d. chi square

Answer 297

d. chi square

Question 298

At the school where you work, a teacher who has recently gotten fired storms into the building with a loaded gun and begins screaming and yelling. He fires off several shots and wounds two teachers. The police are quickly able to get in the building and arrest the man. The crisis plan goes into effect immediately. As the principal handles things with the administration and works directly with the police and medical assistance, your primary job as the school psychologist should be to do which of the following? a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are safe b. Stay with the teachers who have been wounded c. Call the administration and inform them of any updates d. Stay beside the principal and help her speak to the police

Answer 298

a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are safe

Question 299

Which instrument is more of a theory based measure of basic psychological processing than a statistically derived approach to measuring cognitive abilities? a. CAS b. WISC‐IV c. Stanford Binet – 5th Ed. d. WJ‐III

Answer 299

A. CAS

Question 300

Simon is a school psychologist who is mentoring school psychology students about how to reduce the likelihood of stress overload by fostering an atmosphere of cooperation in the school. Which of the following would Simon NOT name as a protective component of effective training programs? a. Curriculum that promotes intrapersonal and interpersonal development b. Provision of remedial interventions for students having difficulties c. Program philosophy emphasizing personal growth d. Faculty modeling self‐care, well functioning, and stress management e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

Answer 300

e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

Question 301

Which of the following classifications of medications is NOT a common treatment for ADHD symptoms? a. Stimulants b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists c. Antidepressants d. SSRI’s (Mood stabilizers) e. Antipsychotics

Answer 301

b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists

Question 302

A student, Brittney, is usually a happy‐go‐lucky child, but seems irritable in your counseling session today. She is having trouble concentrating on your conversation and seems restless. You notice her hands are trembling and she constantly fidgets with them. After your session, you talk to her teacher about her unusual behaviors. Her teacher informed you that she has a college entrance exam today that she has been dreading. Brittney is showing symptoms of: a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder b. Panic Disorder c. Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder d. Social Phobia Disorder e. PTSD

Answer 302

b. Panic Disorder

Question 303

If the distribution is symmetrical, which is the best measure of central tendency? a. Mode b. Median c. Mean d. Variance

Answer 303

c. Mean

Question 304

An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that _________ a. If HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05 b. 95% of the time, chance is operating c. The probability of a Type II error is 0.05 d. The probability of a correct decision is 0.05

Answer 304

a. If HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05

Question 305

If you reject the null hypothesis, you may be making___________ a. a Type II error b. a Type I error c. a correct decision d. b and c

Answer 305

d. b and c

Question 306

As the df increases, the t distribution___________ a. Gets more symmetrical b. Approaches the normal distribution c. Stays the same d. Becomes more skewed

Answer 306

b. Approaches the normal distribution

Question 307

One employs a correlated groups design___________ a. To eliminate random error b. To simplify calculations c. For prediction d. To reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

Answer 307

d. To reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

Question 308

If a test is a robust test; a. It is sensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions b. It doesn’t estimate any population parameters c. It is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions d. b and c

Answer 308

c. It is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions

Question 309

A teacher is implementing a new behavioral intervention for a particular student within her class at the school psychologist’s request. The intervention is started on the first day of the month and is designed to run for 30 days. The school psychologist periodically stops into the classroom to observe the teacher’s implementation of the intervention. After 15 days, the teacher sits down with the school psychologist to discuss the organization of the program, procedures and her technique in order to improve her delivery of the program to the student. This is an example of: a. Consumer‐oriented evaluation b. Formative evaluation c. Participant‐oriented evaluation d. Survey evaluation e. Summative evaluation

Answer 309

b. Formative evaluation

Question 310

Preschool‐aged children often exhibit deficits in one or multiple areas that may be a precursor to a possible learning disability. Which of the following deficits is NOT a possible precursor for a learning disorder in preschool‐aged children? a. Difficulty with balance and walking b. Inability to follow or remember one‐step directions c. Delayed physical growth d. Difficulty focusing attention or sitting still e. Inability to use words such as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ when appropriate

Answer 310

c. Delayed physical growth

Question 311

Tyler, a 4th grader in Ms. Goodwin’s class, is struggling in all academic areas. Tyler is a general education student in an inclusion setting and is receiving services in the general education classroom along with students with disabilities. According to Ms. Goodwin, Tyler is currently receiving small group instruction from the special education teacher in the classroom, 15 minutes of phonics instruction each week from a parent volunteer, individualized instruction from Ms. Goodwin, and modified tests and quizzes from the special education teacher. Ms. Goodwin has assessed Tyler as being below grade level in reading and math. Which answer best describes what the school psychologist should do next? a. Tell Ms. Goodwin to fill out a referral form for an IEP team evaluation b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present academic levels and help her design classroom interventions c. Set up a meeting with Ms. Goodwin and Tyler’s mother to discuss the concerns and ask Tyler’s mother to help him at home d. Tell Ms. Goodwin to allow Tyler to stay after school a few days each week for extra help e. Recommend Ms. Goodwin reduces the amount of work and level of difficulty to increase Tyler’s success level and improve his self‐confidence

Answer 311

b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present academic levels and help her design classroom interventions

Question 312

Which of the following statements about the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) is most accurate? a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities b. It is linked to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children –4th Edition (WISC‐IV) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 3rd Edition (WAIS‐III) c. It does not have satisfactory reliability and validity d. It is able to be used with a broad range of individuals from age 2 years, 6 months to 89 years, 0 months e. It is an acceptable substitute or replacement for a comprehensive measure of intellectual abilities

Answer 312

a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities

Question 313

A student with a documented visual impairment is recommended for reevaluation. The school psychologist completes the assessment of the student but later finds out that the student is required to wear prescription glasses. What should the school psychologist do? a. Throw out the assessment and re‐test using the same assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses the second time b. Keep the original assessment and make a note in the report that the student was not wearing his glasses during testing c. Keep only the parts of the assessment where the student did not have to read or view anything in order to answer the item d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses during testing e. Throw out the original assessment and complete your evaluation without using a new formal evaluation tool

Answer 313

d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses during testing

Question 314

The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data collection? a. Partial Interval Recording b. Latency Recording c. Momentary Time Sampling d. Whole Interval Recording

Answer 314

c. Momentary Time Sampling

Question 315

When analyzing data from experiments that involve more than two groups___________ a. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means decreases the probability of making Type I errors b. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I errors c. It is generally permissible to do t tests between all possible pairs of means and use Student’s t distribution d. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases the probability of making Type II errors

Answer 315

b. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I errors

Question 316

Which of the following are examples of nonparametric tests? e. chi square f. Mann‐Whitney U g. The sign test h. All of the above

Answer 316

h. All of the above

Question 317

Ms. Gardiner, a 3rd grade teacher, had a difficult time encouraging one of her students, Mary, to complete written assignments. Mary was able to generate good ideas, but had trouble transferring her ideas onto paper. Therefore, Ms. Gardiner decreased the demands of the task by allowing Mary to provide her answers orally and write a one‐sentence summary. As Mary’s written expression improved, Ms. Gardiner gradually reduced her support until Mary gained independence during written assignments. This instructional strategy is best known as: a. Engagement time b. Flexible grouping c. Independence training d. Scaffolding e. Differentiated instruction

Answer 317

d. Scaffolding

Question 318

Which of the following statements is NOT true of progress monitoring? a. It is used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time c. The tool used for collecting the baseline data must be used throughout d. It should be used frequently to monitor outcomes of the interventions e. It provides a measure for ensuring professional accountability

Answer 318

b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time

Question 319

Which of the following is NOT true of “specially designed instruction” as defined by IDEA? a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students b. It is defined as adapting the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction c. It is meant to address the unique needs of the child that result from his or her disability d. It is meant to ensure access to the general curriculum in order for each child to meet the educational standards e. It is a required part of the IEP document

Answer 319

a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students

Question 320

Academic Learning Time (ALT) is defined as the portion of instructional time that the teacher allocates for, which of the following? a. Each content area throughout the student’s instructional day b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning c. Specially designed, direct instruction within the classroom d. Teaching students based upon their varying background knowledge, readiness, language, and preferences in learning e. Lesson plans and structured instructional activities

Answer 320

b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning

Question 321

High stakes testing is intended to yield four main outcomes. Which of the following is NOT an intended outcome of high stakes testing? a. More efficient tracking methods b. Better aligned curricula c. Increased motivation d. More equitable educational opportunities e. Increased overall efficiency

Answer 321

a. More efficient tracking methods

Question 322

A 2nd grade student, Matthew, is referred to the problem‐solving team at the beginning of the third marking period due to difficulties in reading. As a result, an intervention is implemented to address these concerns. A progress monitoring tool is utilized to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. The teacher, collaborating with the school psychologist, also conducts periodic functional assessments to monitor his progress. At the end of the school year the teacher discusses the techniques used, analyzes the data collected, and determines the overall effectiveness of the intervention. This is an example of a. Formative evaluation b. Consumer‐oriented evaluation c. Treatment integrity evaluation d. Summative evaluation e. Participant‐oriented evaluation

Answer 322

d. Summative evaluation

Question 323

Mr. Hunter, a school psychologist, has been using the school district’s study skills curriculum to help students improve their time management. Initially, Mr. Hunter asked each student what keep teach of how much time he/she is spending on each assignment. After teaching various time management techniques over a period of six weeks, Mr. Hunter asked students to keep a record of the techniques that did or did not work well for them; these findings were discussed with the group. Now, Mr. Hunter is working on having the students recognize when and where to apply the strategies that best work for them. Which of the following best describes the instructional strategy that is being used by Mrs. Hunter? a. Externalizing strategy b. Internalizing strategy c. Metacognition d. Knowledge of strategies e. Cooperative Learning

Answer 323

c. Metacognition

Question 324

Applied Behavior Analysis is: a. A systematic way of teaching involving a series of repeated trials to teach cognitive, social, and behavioral skills b. A framework for thinking about the development of language and its application c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior d. The way in which behavior analysts determine the function of a behavior and determine how it is reinforced and maintained e. A program in which skills are broken down into smaller steps that are easy to teach

Answer 324

c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior

Question 325

The school psychologist wants to evaluate the climate of the school. Which of the following is an example of direct assessment? a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overall climate b. Graphing the discipline referrals so the data can be reviewed quantitatively c. Walking around the school in order to document the cleanliness of the school d. Observing classrooms to see how the school climate impacts teacher instruction e. Examining job satisfaction based on teacher turnover rate

Answer 325

a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overall climate

Question 326

Johnny, a second grader, has learned how to initiate play through watching and modeling other children in his classroom. Johnny is learning social skills through what method? a. Universal b. Selected c. Formal d. Informal e. Performance

Answer 326

d. Informal

Question 327

Which of the following is NOT a best practice of implementing negative consequences? a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned b. Calling a parent to inform them of the student’s behavior c. Withholding an extrinsic motivator until the student corrects his/her behavior d. Referring the student to an administrator e. Responding immediately

Answer 327

a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned

Question 328

Which one of the following is NOT a basic psychological process important for academic success? a. Attention b. Evaluation c. Planning d. Simultaneous e. Successive

Answer 328

b. Evaluation

Question 329

Maurice is a school psychologist who used to be optimistic and very proactive at work. Recently he has become very cynical towards his clients and “blames the victims” for their own difficulties. Maurice is most likely experiencing which form of the developmental model of burnout? a. Interpersonal Struggle b. Emotional Exhaustion c. Chronic Stomach Pains d. Depersonalization e. Reduced Ambiguity

Answer 329

d. Depersonalization

Question 330

Which of the following best describes the ruling in Tarasoff v. Regents of California, 1974 and 1976? a. Students with disabilities are entitled to procedural due process b. Confidentiality ends where “the public peril begins” c. Students are entitled to equal access to educational programs and services, regardless of race, socioeconomic status, or abilities d. Schools must use nondiscriminatory assessment procedures

Answer 330

b. Confidentiality ends where “the public peril begins”

Question 331

A co‐worker asks you (the school psychologist) to evaluate her son, who has been having some academic difficulties in the middle school. You refuse to do the evaluation, based upon which of the following ethical principles? a. School psychologists advocate for the rights and welfare of children and other clients b. School psychologists respect the dignity of children and other clients c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships d. School psychologists recognize the limits of their competence

Answer 331

c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships

Question 332

Which of the following refers to an approach to school psychology that focuses on identification of risk factors associated with learning and behavioral problems and prevention‐oriented systemic interventions? a. Public health model b. Medical model c. Family systems model d. Direct services model

Answer 332

a. Public health model

Question 333

Mark is a student showing classical symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. He constantly defies and talks back to teachers, deliberately does things to annoy other students and is extremely spiteful and vindictive. His behaviors are causing significant impairments in his social and academic functioning. Which intervention is most likely to be effective? a. Train Mark’s parents to pinpoint problem behaviors as well as model appropriate modes of responding b. Every time Mark breaks a classroom rule, reprimand him and make him face his desk towards the wall c. Get Mark’s family involved. Every time he disrupts the classroom, call home and tell his parents about his inappropriate behavior. Inform them that he may need more rules enforced at home d. Whenever Mark acts up and talks back, instead of taking him aside and talking to him one on one, send him down the vice principals’ office e. Mark could be sexual abused and is in need of an immediate screening

Answer 333

a. Train Mark’s parents to pinpoint problem behaviors as well as model appropriate modes of responding

Question 334

Entry and Contracting, as part of the Instructional Consultation model, requires the consultant to do what? a. Introduce consultation to the consultee and provide the ground rules that govern the relationship and process b. Invite the consultee to join the team and provide the consultee with the overall structure of the process c. Organize a consultation team and have members sign membership contracts d. Introduce themselves to the consultee and review the consultee’s contractual obligations e. Develop a contract with the consultee

Answer 334

a. Introduce consultation to the consultee and provide the ground rules that govern the relationship and process

Question 335

Utilizing a whole‐system perspective for adopting a response to intervention (RTI) approach by the district, Ms. South attempted to consider all of the pervasive system variables that can affect morale, motivation, and satisfaction with program implementation. A fellow team member rejected the model adopted. Which factor sums up this team member’s attitude? a. Arational factors b. Cultural factors c. Needs of clients d. Environmental factors e. None of the above

Answer 335

a. Arational factors

Question 336

Important steps for establishing family‐school partnerships that facilitate home‐school collaboration involve: a. Funding, Resources, Availability b. Standards, Structure, Support c. Attitudes, Relationships, Actions d. Academic, Behavioral, and Social Support e. Funding, Standards, Accountability

Answer 336

c. Attitudes, Relationships, Actions

Question 337

Learning is defined as: a. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by an organisms interaction with the environment b. The acquisition of knowledge as evidenced by improvement in rote memory tasks c. A & B only d. An environmental event following exposure to a repeated pairing S‐R pairing

Answer 337

a. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by an organisms interaction with the environment

Question 338

The Law of Exercise as proposed by Thorndike has two parts. They include: a. The law of use and the law of disuse b. The law of summation and the law of demise c. The law of effect and the law of intermittent reinforcement d. None of the above

Answer 338

a. The law of use and the law of disuse

Question 339

The Law of Effect emphasizes that: a. a. Reinforcement produces desired effects b. b. Punishment results in deleterious effects c. c. Responses resulting in a satisfying state of affairs are learned d. d. A & C

Answer 339

c. Responses resulting in a satisfying state of affairs are learned

Question 340

Contiguity is accurately reflected by a. A baseball player wearing a certain pair of socks on the day he hits 3 home runs b. A student making a good grade on a test after trying several different techniques c. A & B d. None of the above