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Mastitis Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Presentation types

A

Sub/clinical
Dry period/lactation period
contagious/environmental

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2
Q

Affects

A

Quantity of milk

Quality - residue + fine for high SCC

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3
Q

Clinical

A

exposure to pathogen
Entry into teat + mammary gland
establish infection
always milk change

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4
Q

Grade 1

A

Milk change only

decreased milk yield

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5
Q

Grade 2 - acute

A

milk changes
change in udder
milk yield decrease

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6
Q

Grade 2 - chronic

A

as grade 2 acute but persistent changes

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7
Q

Grade 3

A

as grade 2 but systemic sick cow

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8
Q

Affects

A

Quantity of milk

Quality - residue + fine for high SCC

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9
Q

Treatment

A 
Antibiotics - systemic, intramammary
Depends on - sensitivity, pharmacokinetics, availability, costs, herd history, withdrawal time
Oxytocin
NSAID's
Corticosteroids
Fluid therapy
Calcium
Dextrose
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10
Q

Causative agents - Acute/clinical mastitis

A

(strep. agalactiae)
strep. dysgalactiae
strep. uberis
staph. aureus
E. coli

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11
Q

Sub - clinical - effects

A

No visual change in milk or cow
SCC
+ve Californian Mastitis Test (CMT)
Reduced milk yield

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12
Q

CMT

A

wipe, strip, sample, add, assess

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13
Q

Causative agents - Chronic/sub-clinical mastitis

A

Staph. aureus
strep. uberis
strep. agalactiae
corynebacterium bovis

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14
Q

History

A

Duration, development, stage of cycle, age, treatment, previous occurence, SCC

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15
Q

Clinical Exam

A

Systematic
Udder - inspection, palpation, lymph nodes
Milk exam
CMT

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16
Q

Why culture?

A

Can’t tell by clinical presentation
Sensitivity for AB
40% returns sterile

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17
Q

Sampling - where from?

A

Bulk tank
pooled sample of 1 cow
individual quarter sample

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18
Q

Prevention

A

not dependent on tube

different per bug + farmer

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19
Q

Entry of microorganisms into mammary gland

A

Galactogenic-most common
Haematogenous - eg tb + brucellosis
Percutaneous - wounds

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20
Q

Resistance to infection - Teat canal

A

Smooth muscle shincter
Keratin - cationic protiens to lyse gram +ve
- fatty acids - anti bacterial
Furstenburg rosette - physical barrier, fatty acids,
plasma cells

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21
Q

Resistance to infection - Leukocytes

Study These Flashcards
A

Neutrophils -acute infl + later macrophages

Lymphocytes

22
Q

Resistance to infection - Humoral factors

Study These Flashcards
A

Lactoferin = iron binding protein, inhibits bacteria
- from secretory epithelium + neutophil granules.
Defensins - antimicrobial peptides
Immunoglobulins -IgG (IgM + IgA)

23
Q

Peracute gangrenous mastitis

Study These Flashcards
A

staph. aureus
occurs aroung parturition - death can be in hours
Gross - swollen painful, progress to moist gangrene, dark blue/black, cold, dark haemorrhagic lobules, ventral abdominal oedema, may comatose due to toxaemia

24
Q

Acute mastitis - micro

Study These Flashcards
A

interstitial oedema with neutophilic infiltration of interstitium + acini
Vacuolation + desquamation of acinar + ductal epithelium

25
Chronic mastitis - micro
fibroplasia with obliteration of acini obstruction of ducts by polyps retention cysts anterior to blocked ducts eventual permanent loss of secretory tissue
26
Subclinical mastitis
10-40x more prevalent than clinical mastitis no gross infl or changes in milk detection by estimation SCC in milk <200,000 cells per ml for whole udder denotes absence of infection
27
Subclinical mastitis progression
initial flare up repair by fibrosis further flare up progressive fibrosis
28
Chronic subclinical mastitis - gross
hard and atrophic
29
Chronic subclinical mastitis - micro
similar to chronic mastitis following acute mastitis | permanent loss of secretory tissue
30
Lactating mastitis agents
staph. aureus e. coli strep. uberis strep agalactiae strep. dysgalactiae mycoplasma bovis corynebacterium bovis
31
staphyloccocus aureus
``` habitat - skin + mucous membrane enter through teat canal phagocytosis + killing in milk is inefficient 70% of strains B-lactamase +ve doesnt always invade udder tissue ```
32
staph. aureus - pathogenicity factors
``` a-toxin (potent necrotizing toxin) b-toxin (sphingomyelinase) TSST-1 (superantigen) polysaccharide capsule in vivo protein A no vaccine ```
33
streptococcus agalactiae
``` streptolysin S STST-1 (superantigen) enzymes - hyaluronidase, lipase polysccharide capsule habitat - teat canal host adapted - slow, progressive, chronic no vaccine ```
34
strep. dysgalactiae
``` STST-1 (superantigen) enzymes - hyaluronidase, lipase polysccharide capsule habitat - outside udder teat needs trauma to invade not host adapted - acute + infl no vaccine ```
35
strep. uberis
habitat - environment needs trauma to invade no vaccine
36
Escherichia coli
``` acute mastitis antimicrobial resistance a-haemolysin CNF-1 endotoxin Fe-acquisition K-types pili vaccine doesnt have O side chain ```
37
Mycoplasma bovis
habiat - genital & resp tract mycoplasma mastitis milk yield dramatically decreased may reach udder by haematogenous spread
38
dry cow mastitis agents
arcanobacterium pyogens strep. dysgalactiae peptostrep indolicus
39
contagious mastitis
organisms prefer to live in udder + teat skin often cause subclinical infection most spread from cow to cow at milking
40
contagious mastitis - agents
strep. agalactiae strep dysgalactiae staph aureus minor - corynebacterium bovis
41
environmental
sporadically gain entry to udder tend to be rapidly eliminated or cause v.serious mastits if quarter infected in dry period can persist to early lactation problems
42
environmental factors
from dirty environment housing design + management cubicle design
43
Somatic cell counts (SCC)
infl cells + epithelial cells (increase towards end of lactation + after calveing) infl cells increase in infection clinical = millions of cells, subclinical = >200,000/ml
44
Bulk milk SCC
Target 400,000
45
Contagious control
eliminate reservoirs of infection
46
5 point plan
Prompt detection + treatment of clinical cases post milking teat dip dry cow therapy cull persistent offenders regular servicing + maintenance of milking machines
47
Prompt detection + treatment of clinical cases
detect in parlour fore milking parlour hygene - gloves, no udder cloth
48
post milking teat dipping (PMTD)
allow teat sphincter to close to stop invading bacteria disinfectant kills bacteria on skin + helps keep teat skin in good condition iodophores, chlorine based, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds dip cup, spray, auto exit systems
49
dry cow therapy (DCT)
a) long acting antibiotics aims to remove existing sub clinical infections + prevent establishment of new infections in dry period b) teat sealent inert substance infused into teat canal + blocks it so stops entry of becteria
50
cull persistent offenders
3 or more cases during 1 lactation | persistent high indicidual SCC and doesnt respond to treatment
51
regular servicing + maintenance of milking machines
machine often overlooked vacuum - plenty vacuum reserve, steady suction, liner slips down the teat serve frequently + check for mods of machine
52
Environmental control
teat prep - clean + dry | appropriate cubicle space

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