Mate again Flashcards by Tracey Fleming

Four components of addiction according to Mate

P DIC

1) Persistence or relapse, despite evidence of harm
2) Dissatisfaction, irritability, intense craving when object – drug, activity, other goal – is not immediately available
3) Impaired control over behaviour
4) Compulsive engagement/preoccupation with behaviour

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Tolerance

addict needs to use more and more of same substance or engage in more and more of the same behaviour to get the same rewarding effects

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Physical dependence

manifested when a person stops taking substance and, due to changes in brain/body experiences withdrawal sx

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“Dependence”

a powerful attachment to harmful substances or behaviours
The addict depends on the substance to make him feel momentarily
calmer
more excited
less dissatisfied
with life

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What do not necessarily imply addiction

physical dependence

withdrawal

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physical dependence and withdrawal do not necessarily imply addiction. for addiction you need…

craving and relapse

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Addiction and the continuum. Say more

Central defining characteristics are active in all addicts, regardless of how severe or not severe
Honoured workaholic to criminal crack fiend

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Drug dependency rates after use
Tobacco
Heroin
Alcohol/MJ/Coke

32%
23%
15%

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Do drugs cause addiction?

Addiction is a human problem that resides in people,

not the drug or the drug’s capacity to produce physical effect

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What 3 factors need to coincide for substance addiction to occur?

susceptible organism
drug with addictive potential
stress

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Elaborate on the triad

Just like playing cards don’t make someone a gambling addict…
The triad must be present

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3 brain changes with cocaine

NAG

Number of D receptors reduced
Age-related expansion of white matter absent
Grey matter in cerebral cortex reduced

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Alcohol/heroin brain change?

Correlated with?

Grey matter in cerebral cortex reduced

Correlated with years of use

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Opiates and nicotine brain changes (2)

altered structure

altered branching of nerve cells

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Brain change in all addicts?

reduced activity in parts of cerebral cortex responsible for regulating emotional impulses and making rational decisions

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What is D responsible for in the brain?

DIMES

Drive for normal activities
Incentive
Motivation
Energy
Stamina

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What does nicotine do to dopamine?

directly triggers D release from cells into synaptic space

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What does alcohol do to D?

reduces inhibition of D-releasing cells

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Describe what goes on in the brain with:
ST drug use
LT consequences

• "high" produced by means of rapid chemical shift
• brain's 
– chemical structure
– anatomy
– physiological functioning 
are remodelled

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When is the disease model useful? (3)

Since the brain determines the way we act, biological changes lead to altered behaviours.
*
In the sense of a drug-affected brain state, the disease model is useful.
*
Does not fully define addiction, but helps define some of its most important features.

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Addiction is not a natural state, but

The brain regions in which its powers arise are central to our survival

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The circuits that addiction “subverts” are part of?

our central machinery for survival

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3 major networks involved w/ addiction?

Study These Flashcards

Opioid apparatus
Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)
Self-regulation system

Opioid apparatus (3)

Study These Flashcards

brain system that governs attachment instinct
*
feelings of reward and soothing
*
hels consumate reward-seeking activities by giving us pleasure

Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus)

initiates reward-seeking activities in the first place

Self-regulation system (2)

rational decision making | impulse regulation

Opioids fit our endorphin receptors. What do they do? (2)

Soothe physical/emotional pain | Reduce consciousness of pain as unpleasant stimulus

Endorphins can be described as

the brain's natural narcotics

``` Our endorphins ... Relationships NS Gut Mouth Regulate ```

``` Enable mother/child emotional bonding tranquilizers and painkillers slow down muscle contractions diminish secretions BP, HR, breathing, temp ```

Describe placebo effect

when relief of pain expected, opioid receptor activity increases, thus leading to decreased pain perception

What does oxytocin do?

``` • orgasmic pleasure • induces labour • affects – mother's moods – physical/emotional nurturing of kid ```

Is oxytocin an endorphin?

No. | It increases the sensitivity of the brain's opioid system to endorphins.

Oxytocin increases the sensitivity of the brain's opioid system to endorphins. For what purpose?

Nature's way of ensuring we don't develop tolerance to our own opioids

Alcoholics and opioid receptor activity

diminished in several regions | this is assoc. with increased craving

Cocaine and opioid receptor activity

activates opiate pathways and results in increased opioid activity

Ventral tegmental apparatus >

gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire

Ventral tegmental apparatus gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire. This triggers

D release

Ventral tegmental apparatus gives rise to intense feelings of elation/desire. This triggers D release, where?

in the nucleus accumbens

How does the nucleus accumbens play a central role in addiction? (2)!!!

all abusable substances raise levels of D in the nucleus accumbens. this rise sets off the initial excitement and elation experienced by drug users

What is the purpose of the incentive-motivation apparatus? | For this reason?

performance of survival-related behaviours * food and sex trigger VTA activation and D release in the NA

The incentive-motivation apparatus. How is consummatory behaviour incited?

a cue associated w/ a previously pleasurable experience triggers a surge of D in the NA and incites consummatory behaviour

3 networks involved w/ addiction?

Opioid apparatus Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus) Self-regulation system

Opioids = | Dopamine =

pleasure-reward aspects of addiction | incentive and reinforcement

opioid circuites and dopamine pathways =

important components of limbic system | the emotional brain

Emotions modulate what 2 drives essential to human life?

Attachment - love, compassion, healthy social interaction | Aversion - facilitates self-protection

Attachment/Aversion - when impaired?

Addiction = one of the chief dysfunctions

What happens to the # of D receptors in the brain of a chronic user?

they are reduced | driving the addict to use the drug simply to make up for the loss of D activity

What is the self-regulation system in charge of?

rational decision-making | impulse regulation

What happens to the "choice option" for using according to science? (3)

1) Self-regulation system impaired 2) Incentive/reward mechanisms drive craving 3) Circuits that inhibit and control those mechanisms are not up to task

3 networks involved w/ addiction?

Opioid apparatus Dopamine system (incentive-motivation apparatus) Self-regulation system

What is the orbitofrontal cortex responsible for? works abnormally in drug users E AI BI

• Evaluates nature/potential value of stimuli based on present info. and prev. exp. * • Assesses interactions • Interprets emotional content of communications * • Balancing ST objectives against LT consequences in decision-making process • Inhibits acting out on impulses that would be harmful

Why is the orbitofrontal cortex called the "apex of the emotional brain?"

rich connections with limbic systems | serves as its control room

What is found in the orbitofrontal cortex? | For this reason?

abundant supply of opioid and D receptors powerfully affected by drugs powerfully reinforces all manner of addictions

"Either you got it or you don't..." subtle and extensive continuum

central defining qualities are active in all addicts | workaholic to crack fiend

Cross addiction

addicts, once addicted, are far more likely to get hooked on other drugs or behaviour in addition to drug of choice

``` origins of drugs opium cocaine hemp alcohol ```

basis for heroin. tx pain, diarrhea, alter mind state * antidote for fatigue and hunger on long mtn journeys * nasal and bronchial congestion * Greek elders in decision making

Mate again Flashcards

(56 cards)