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ANTH 111 > MATERIAL AFTER MIDTERM > Flashcards

MATERIAL AFTER MIDTERM Flashcards

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1
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Modern political economic theory favouring free trade, privatization, minimal gov’t regulation, lower taxes especially for elites and corporations, reduced social services

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2
Q

Political Anthropology

A

the cross-cultural study of power and related concepts such as influence and authority
Political anthropologists define key concepts differently than political scientists do, given anthropology’s cross-cultural focus

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3
Q

Political Anthroplogists’ study:

A
  • Who has power and who does not
  • Degrees of power
  • Bases of power
  • Abuses of power
  • Political organization and government
  • Political leadership roles
  • Relationships between political and religious power
  • Change I political organization and power relationships through globalization and media
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4
Q

Power

A

The ability to bring about results, often through possession or use of forceful means

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5
Q

Authority

A

The right to take certain forms of action

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6
Q

Influence

A

The ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or oral pressure on someone or some group

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7
Q

Political Organization and Leadership

A

Bands - Band Leader
Tribes -Headdman/Headwoman
Chiefdoms-Chief
States-King/Queen/President

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8
Q

Bands

A

Foraging groups
Between 20 and a few hundred people; everyone knows one another and are kin
Membership is flexible
Leader is “first among equals”
Leader influence, perhaps authority, but no power

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9
Q

Do Bands have Politics?

A

Not in a formal sense:
Leadership roles are not formalized
No marks of political membership exist

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10
Q

Tribes

A

Associated with horticulture and pastoralism
Comprise several bands
- with similar lifestyle, language, and territory
- Members know each other and are related
Leadership combines both achieved and ascribes status
Leader (headman) resolves conflict
Leader relies on influence and authority, sometimes power

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11
Q

Big-Man/Big-Woman Leadership

A

Category of political organization midway between tribes and chiefdoms
Personality, favour-based political groupings
Heavy responsibilities in regulating internal and external affairs
Leadership is mainly achieved
Common in Melanesia, the South Pacific

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12
Q

Chiefdoms

A

Permanently allied tribes and villages under one leader
More centralized and socially complex
Heritable systems of social rank and economic stratification
Chiefship is an “office” that must be filled at all times
Achievement is measured in terms of personal leadership skills, charism, and accumulated health
Confederacies are formed when chiefdoms are joined

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13
Q

States

A

The state is a centralized political unit encompassing many communities, a bureaucratic structure, and leaders who possess coerce power
States are secondary social organizations in the sense that no members know all other members on a face to face basis; kinship is not the primary basis of membership

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14
Q

State Powers and Roles

A 
Engage in internal relations
Monopolize the use of force and maintain law and order
Maintain standing armies
Define citizenship, right, and responsibilities
Keep track of citizens (census)
Taxation, in-kind or cash
Control and manipulate information
Provide social services
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15
Q

Political Organization

A

groups within a culture that are responsible for public decision-making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats

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16
Q

First Nations Point of View - Power (treaties)

A 
Creator as witness
Permanent relationship
Based on goodwill
Spirit of agreement important
Seated with sacred ceremony
Cannot be changed

Treaties —- “we are all treaty people”
- office of the Treaty Commissioner

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17
Q

Euro Canadian Point of View - Power (Treaties)

A 
Between two autonomous bodies
For a specific (limited) time
Negotiated
Written and oral agreements
Signed, dated
Can be changed with consent
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18
Q

Social Control

A

processes that, through both informal and formal mechanisms, maintain orderly social life

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19
Q

Power

A

the ability tor take action in the face of resistance, through force if necessary

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20
Q

Authority

A

the ability to take action based on a person’s achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation

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21
Q

Communication

A

the process of sending and receiving meaningful messages

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22
Q

Language

A

a form of communication that is based on a systematic set of learned symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation

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23
Q

Productivity

A

a feature of human language whereby people are able to communicate a potentially infinite number of messages efficiently

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24
Q

Call System

A

a form of oral communication among nonhuman primates with a set repertoire of meaningful sounds generated in response to environmental factors

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25
Displacement
a feature of human language whereby people are able to talk about events in the past and future
26
Big Data
sets of information including thousands or even millions of data points that are often generated from internet and communication sources, such as cellphone use, Facebooking, and Tweeting
27
Phoneme
a sound that makes a difference for meaning in a spoken language
28
Ethnosemantics
the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in particular cultural contexts
29
critical media anthropology
an approach within the cross cultural study of media that examines how power interests shape people's access to media and influence the contents of its messages
30
sociolinguistics
a perspective in linguistic anthropology, which says that culture, society, and a person's social position determine language
31
discourse
culturally patterned verbal language including varieties of speech, participation, and meaning
32
critical discourse analysis
an approach within linguistic anthropology that examines how power and social inequality are reflected and reproduced in communication
33
tag question
a question placed at the end of a sentence seeking affirmation
34
historical linguistics
the study of language change using formal methods that compare shifts over time and across space in aspects of language, such as phonetics, syntax, and semantics
35
language family
a group of languages descended from a parent language
36
global language
a language spoken widely throughout the world and in diverse cultural contexts, often replacing indigenous languages
37
logograph
a symbol that conveys meaning through a picture resembling that to which it refers
38
The 8 Most Spoken Languages Globally
``` mandarin spanish English bengali hindi Portuguese russian Japanese ```
39
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
emphasizes how language shapes culture
40
Defining Religion
as in all of anthropology, the challenge is to find a definition that is broad enough to fit all cultures Current definition says that religion is: - beliefs and behaviour related to supernatural beings and forces - as far as we know, only humans have it
41
Religion Vs Magic
19th century thinkers supported a cultural evolution model that said magic came first, replaced by religion, and religion replaced by science Magic defined as: people's attempts to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways, often to harm enemies
42
Myths
Convey messages about supernatural through the story itself Indirect messages Usually part of the oral (verbal) tradition
43
Three Anthropologic Theories About Myths: All Are "Functional"
Malinowski: Myths are a charter for society, they provide a rationale for the group Levi Strauss: Myths express the underlying beliefs of a society and help people resole deep contradictions between life and death and other binary oppositions Cultural Materialists: Example in the text showing that myths store knowledge for cultural survival
44
Doctrine
``` Direct statement about religious beliefs Written an formal Associated with state-level religions Doctrine can and does change Example: Islamic doctrine as expressed in the Qur'an, debated among contemporary Muslims regarding issues such as polygyny, divorce, women's work roles, women's clothing ```
45
Beliefs about Supernaturals
Concepts of otherworldly beings - Animation - Zoomorphic supernaturals - Anthropomorphic supernaturals - Pantheons - Ancestors (Eye on the Environment)
46
Animatism
the power is usually impersonal, unseen, and potential everywhere - found in small scale societies
47
Beliefs about Sacred Space
Natural sites such as mountains, streams, stone outcroppings | Culturally constructed sites that make a "natural" place sacred
48
Power Issues Related to Sacred Sites
Contested sacred spaces: Many in the world today, including just these two examples: - stonehenge - hindmarsh island, Australia
49
Ritual
patterned behaviour that has to do with the supernatural realm
50
Life-Cycle ritual
a ritual that marks a change in status from one life stage to another
51
Pilgrimage
round-trip travel to a sacred place or places for purposes of religious devotion or ritual
52
Ritual of Inversion
a ritual in which normal social roles and order are temporarily reversed
53
Sacrifice
a ritual in which something is offered to the supernaturals
54
Priest or Priestess
a male or female full-time religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training
55
World Religion
a term coined in the nineteenth century to refer to a religion that is based on written sources, has many followers, is regionally widespread, and is concerned with salvation
56
Religious Pluralism
the condition in which two or more religions coexist either as complementary to each other or as competing systems
57
Religious Syncretism
the blending of features of two or more religions
58
Revitalization Movement
a socioreligious movement, usually organized by a prophetic leader, that seeks to construct a more satisfying situation by reviving all or parts of a religion that has been threatened by outside forces or by adopting new practices and beliefs
59
Cargo Cult
a form of revitalization movement that emerged in Melanesia in response to Western and Japanese influences
60
What are the 5 Long Standing World Religions
``` Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Christianity Islam ``` Christianity has the largest number of followers with Islam second and Hinduism third
61
Art
the application of imagination, skill, and style to matter, movement, and sounds that goes beyond what is purely practical
62
ethno-esthetics
culturally specific definitions of what art is
63
ethnomusicology
the cross-cultural study of music
64
heterotopia
something formed from elements drawn from multiple and diverse contexts
65
Wa
a Japanese work meaning discipline and self-sacrifice for the good of the group
66
blood sport
a competition that explicitly seeks to bring about a flow of blood from, or even the death of, human-human contestants, human-animal contestants, or animal-animal contestants
67
material cultural heritage
the sites, monuments, buildings and movable objects considered to have outstanding value to humanity
68
Intangible Cultural Heritage
UNESCO's view of culture as manifested in oral traditions, languages, performing arts, rituals and festive events, knowledge and practices about nature and the universe, and craft making
69
Internal Migration
movement within country boundaries
70
International migration
movement across country boundaries
71
Transnational migration
regular movement of a person between two or more countries, resulting in a new cultural identity
72
push-pull theory
an explanation for rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people's incentives to move because of a lack of opportunity in rural areas (the "push") compared with urban areas (the "all")
73
remittance
the transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family in the county of origin
74
bracero
an agricultural laborer in Latin America and the Caribbean who is permitted entry to a country to work for a limited time
75
circular migration
repeated movement between two or more places, either within or between countries
76
displaced person
someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country
77
refugee
someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country
78
internally displaced person
someone who is forced to leave his or her home or community but who remains in the same country
79
development-induced displacement
the forced migration of a population due to development
80
resilience
ability of a population to "bounce back" from conflict, a disaster, or other traumatic situation
81
institutional migrant
someone who moves into a social institution either voluntarily or involuntarily
82
new immigrant
an international migrant who has moved since the 1960a
83
chain migration
a form of population movement in which a first wave of migrants comes and then attracts relatives and friends to join them in the destination
84
lifeboat mentality
a view that seeks to limit growth of a particular group because of perceived resource constraints
85
right of return
the United Nations' guaranteed right of a refugee to return to his or her home country to live
86
development
change directed toward improving human welfare
87
micro-credit loan
a small cash loan made to low-income people to support an income-generating activity
88
invention
the discovery of something new
89
diffusion
the spread of culture through contact
90
acculturation
a form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture
91
assimilation
a form of cultural change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured, and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity
92
social impact assessment
a study conducted to predict the potential social costs and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken
93
Modernization
a model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, a market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility
94
social capital
the intangible resources existing in social ties, trust, and cooperation
95
development project
a set of activities designed to put development policies into action
96
project cycle
the steps of a development project from initial planning to completion: project identification, project design, project appraisal, project implementation, and project evaluation
97
cultural fit
a characteristic of informed and effective project design in which planners take local culture into account
98
traditional development anthropology
an approach to international development in which the anthropologist accepts the tole of helping to make development work better why providing cultural information to planners
99
critical development anthropology
an approach to international development in which the anthropologist takes a critical-thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued
100
male bias in development
the design and implementation of development projects with men as beneficiaries and without regard to the impact of the projects on women's roles and status
101
development aggression
the imposition of development projects and policies without the free, prior, and informed consent the affected people
102
life project
local people's definition of the direction they want to take in life, informed by their knowledge, history, and context
103
extractive industry
a business that explores for, removes, processes, and sells minerals, oil, and gas that are found on or beneath the earth's surface and which are nonrenewable

ANTH 111 (2 decks)

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