Material for Midterm #1 Flashcards
What does anaerobic mean?
In the absence of oxygen
- anaerobic metabolism decreases pH in the blood (build-up of lactic acid)
What does apoptosis mean?
Programmed cell death (normal occurrence)
What is an autopsy?
Examination of part or all of a body (including organs) AFTER death
- determine cause of illness and death
What is a biopsy?
Removal of small piece of LIVING tissue for examination
- to determine diagnosis
What does endogenous mean?
Inside the body
What does exogenous mean?
Outside the body
What is gangrene?
Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
What is homeostasis?
Stable or constant environment in the body
- blood pressure, temperature, pH
What is hypoxia?
Reduced oxygen in the tissues
What does iatrogenic mean?
When a treatment, procedure or error causes a disease
What does idiopathic mean?
When the cause of the disease is unknown
What is inflammation?
Response to tissue damage
- redness, swelling, warmth, pain
What is ischemia?
A decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ (due to circulatory obstruction)
What is lysis?
Destruction of a cell
What is a lysosome?
A membrane-bound vesicle in a cell
What does microscopic mean?
Visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope
What does morphologic mean?
Structural changes occur in the nucleus and the cell
What does prognosis mean?
Likelihood (probability) for recovery or other outcomes
What is primary prevention of disease?
Protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury
- education, immunizations, screening
What is secondary prevention of disease?
Halt or slow down the progress of a disease
- limit long-term disability or injury
What is tertiary prevention of disease?
Helps people manage complicated, long-term health problems
diabetes, cancer, heart disease
What does diagnosis refer to?
Identification of a specific disease
- evaluates signs and symptoms
What is etiology?
Studies the causative factors in a particular disease
- may be more than one factor
What are predisposing factors?
The tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual
- indicates HIGH RISK, but not CERTAIN development
What are some example of predisposing factors?
- age
- gender
- inherited factors
- occupational exposure
- certain dietary practices
What is pathogenesis?
Development of the disease (or abnormal condition)
- sequence of events
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
Acute = short-term illness, develops quickly Chronic = milder condition, develops gradually (more permanent damage)
What is the subclinical state?
Pathologic changes are occurring but no obvious signs are observed
What is the prodromal period of a disease?
Early stage of disease
- individual marks a change in the body (headache, temperature change, fatigue) nothing specific
- lab tests are negative
What are manifestations of a disease?
Clinical evidence or effects
- signs and symptoms of a disease
- local or systemic
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign = OBJECTIVE, it can be seen by an observer Symptom = SUBJECTIVE, perceived by the patient (headache, dizzy, nausea, fatigue)
What is a primary sign?
What is a secondary sign?
Primary = intrinsically associated with disease Secondary = consequence of disease
What is a syndrome?
Sign + symptom = syndrome
What is a risk factor?
Any condition that increases rates of disease (including unproven links or associations)
- correlational, not causal
What do remissions and exacerbations mark?
The course or progress of a disease
What is a precipitating factor?
Condition that triggers an acute episode
- different from predisposing factor! know the difference
What are complications?
New secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease begins
What is sequelae?
The potential UNWANTED outcomes of the primary condition
What is morbidity?
Number of people affected in a population by a disease
What is mortality?
Death rate of a disease
What is epidemiology?
Study of the dynamics of disease within a population
- genetic, ecology, socioeconomics, demographics
What is an epidemic?
Occurs when there are higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area
What is a pandemic?
Higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
What is the prevalence of a disease?
Total number of individuals affected by disease
- NEW + OLD cases
What is the incidence of a disease?
Number of NEW cases affected by disease
Describe a sensitivity test.
True positive rate - measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such (% of sick people who are sick)
Describe a specific test.
True negative rate - measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such (% of healthy people who are healthy)
Describe a true negative result.
Normal in the absence of disease
- healthy + results are healthy
Describe a true positive result.
Abnormal in the presence of disease
- sick + results are sick
Describe a false positive result.
Abnormal in the absence of disease
- healthy + results are sick
Describe a false negative result.
Normal in the presence of disease
- sick + results are healthy
What is atrophy?
Decrease in size of cells
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in size of cells
What is hyperplasia?
Increased number of cells
What is metaplasia?
One mature cell type is replaced with another
What is dysplasia?
Cells vary in size and shape
What is neoplasia?
Cancer cells, malignant or benign
What are the different types of necrosis?
- Liquefaction
- Coagulative
- Fat
- Caseous
- Infarction
Describe the anatomical position.
Stands erect, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms face forward
Describe anterior.
Towards the front of the body
Describe posterior.
Towards the back of the body
Describe superior.
Above
Describe inferior.
Below
Describe medial.
Towards the middle
Describe lateral
Away from the middle
Describe proximal.
Towards the point of origin or attachment
Describe distal.
Further from the point of origin
Describe superficial
Towards the surface
Describe deep
Inwards to the body
What are the three main anatomical planes?
- Frontal - cut body into anterior and posterior
- Transverse - cut body into superior and inferior
- Sagittal - cut body into left and right sides
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
- Right upper
- Left upper
- Right lower
- Left lower
What are the two planes that divide the abdomen into four quadrants?
Transumbilical plane - passes through umbilicus (transverse)
Medial plane - divides body into left and right halves
What are the nine abdominal regions?
- Right hypochondriac
- Epicastric
- Left mypochondriac
- Right lateral (lumbar)
- Umbilical
- Left lateral (lumbar)
- Right inguinal (groin)
- Pubic
- Left inguinal (groin)
What are the planes that divide the abdoment into nine regions?
Subcostal plane - passes under ribs Transtubercular plane - top of hips Midclavicular planes (x2) - midpoints on clavicles
What does it mean if a test has a high predictive value (HPV)?
Many true positive or negative results
- few false positive or negative results
Describe the framework for pathophysiology.
- If we eliminate the disease (etiology)
- The disease doesn’t progress (pathogenesis)
- Then the signs and symptoms will not exist (manisfestations)
Case Study:
Doctor noticed a rash on a young patient’s arm. The boy complained that the rash itched.
a) Identify signs and symptoms, what is the difference?
Boy recently ate poultry products, elder sister had similar rashes when eating eggs.
b) Identify etiological and risk factors.
a) Rash = sign (objective)
Itch = symptom (subjective)
b) Etiological factors - genetic susceptibility, allergen in poultry, some factor in the house, ingestion/exposure to poultry products, young age
Risk factors - family history, exposure to poultry products, young age
Case Study:
Mr. Lee feels sick, presents with high fever. Within 24 hrs, everyone in his house and then neighborhood feels sick.
a) What local health authority should be notified?
b) If symptoms are caused by a pathogen, what factors may have contributed to the quick spread?
a) Call an epidemiologist (study dynamics of a disease in a population)
b) Factors: Socioeconomic status, environmental factors, density/proximity, education level, mode of transmission, health status of population, nutritional status, cultural factors, levels of hygiene, demographic factos
Case Study:
Bobby complains of vague pain the in the abdomen. Points to epigastric and right hypochondriac regions.
Name the organs that could be involved.
Epigastric - Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Transverse Colon, Right & Left Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Right & Left Kidneys, Right & Left Ureters, Spleen
Right hypochondriac - Liver, Gall Bladder, Small Intestine, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Right Kidney,
Name the structure that is:
a. Immediately inferior to the heart
b. Superior to the heart
c. Anterior to the heart
d. Immediately lateral to the heart
a. Diaphragm
b. Esophagus, bronchi, brain?
c. Ribs
d. Lungs
What are the two main body regions?
- Axial (head, neck and trunk)
2. Appendicular (upper and lower limbs)
What organs are in the RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT?
a
What organs are in the LEFT UPPER QUADRANT?
a
What organs are in the RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT?
aa
What organs are in the LEFT LOWER QUADRANT?
a
What are the three kinds of passive transport
- Diffusion (high to low concentrations)
- Osmosis (diffusion of water molecules)
- Facilitated diffusion (uses a carrier protein to move)
What are the three kinds of channel gating?
- Voltage gated (high to low voltage)
- Ligand gated (presence of chemical)
- Mechanically gated (physically open, vibration in sound move hairs in ears)