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BHSC 1103 > Material for Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Material for Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

In normal cell tissue, what three things are tightly controlled?

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell Proliferation
  3. Cell differentiation
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2
Q

What do social control genes guide the cell to do?

A

Guide the division of cells and differentiation of cells

- to ensure that cells do what they are supposed to do

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3
Q

What is cellular proliferation?

A

Increase in the number of cells

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4
Q

Normal cells exhibit (self-sacrifice/selfishness) and (individual survival/collaboration).

A
  1. Self-sacrifice

2. Collaboration

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5
Q

What is collaboration?

A

Cells contribute to the next generation of cells

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6
Q

What will a cell do if it is focused on individual survival?

A

Will use as many resources as possible even to the detriment of neighboring cells
- will eventually kill the host

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7
Q

What is the function of growth factors?

A

Tells the cell when to divide

- causes stable cells to enter the cell cycle and divide

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8
Q

What monitors the cell cycle for division?

A

Cyclins (proteins)

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9
Q

What are some examples of the things that cyclins would monitor?

A
  • monitor if the cell has grown large enough to divide
  • check to see if DNA has been replicated correctly
  • check to see if the proteins needed are available
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10
Q

After a cell has divided, what could it become?

A
  1. Permanent cell
  2. Stable cell
    - these cells stop reproducing and get to work for the body
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11
Q

When WILL a stable cell divide?

A

When there is an injury to the issue

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12
Q

When will a permanent cell divide?

A

Never

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13
Q

What are highly differentiated cells?

A

“Grown-up” cells

  • have become more specific
  • look different
  • usually stop dividing
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14
Q

What happens if a normal cell breaks away from the extracellular matrix? (no longer anchored)

A

Destroyed by apoptosis (cell suicide)

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15
Q

Cancer is caused by genetic mutations, these can be exogenous or endogenous factors. Give some examples of exogenous factors.

A
  • Sunlight = skin cancer
  • Radiation = thyroid cancer
  • Cigarette smoke = lung cancer
  • industrial chemicals = bladder cancer
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16
Q

What do proto-oncogenes code for?

A

Code for proteins that help regulate cell growth

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17
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, tell cells when to die
- suppress tumors!

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18
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated proto-oncogenes

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19
Q

What do proto-oncogenes produce?

A

Proteins used for:

  1. Growth factors
  2. Growth factor receptors
  3. Other proteins engaged in growth of cells
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20
Q

What might an oncogene produce?

A
  • too much of a protein

- an abnormal protein

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21
Q

What is BRCA?

A

A mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (which are tumor suppressor genes for breast cancer)

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22
Q

What are 4 examples of mutations?

A
  1. Point mutation
  2. Amplification
  3. Chromosome rearrangement
  4. Viral gene insertion
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23
Q

What happens during a point mutation?

A

A gene is removed or deleted

- results in oncogenic protein

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24
Q

What happens during an amplification?

A

Normal protein is over-produced

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25
Q

What happens during chromosome rearrangement?

A

Overproduced or oncogenic fusion protein

- too much or wrong protein

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26
Q

What happens during a viral gene insertion?

A

Oncogenic protein is produced

- virus inserts its own genetic material into original cell

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27
Q

How do we stop an infected cell from dividing?

A
  • block growth factor receptors
  • decrease release of growth factors
  • kill cells
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28
Q

What proteins are responsible for keeping mutations from developing into cancer?

A

Tumor-suppressor proteins

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29
Q

What is the development of cancer called?

A

Oncogenesis

30
Q

What are the steps involved in carcinogenesis?

A
  1. Initiation (mutation occurs)
  2. Promotion (mutated cells divide)
  3. Progression (tumor cells compete for resources, become more aggressive)
31
Q

Why must tumor cells have deranged differentiation?

A

So that their daughter cells retain the ability to divide

32
Q

What are some properties of tumor cells?

A
  • proliferate
  • ignore signals to stop dividing
  • do not mature normally
  • do not die when they are supposed to
  • anchorage independence
  • perform other jobs (produce other hormones than they are supposed to)
33
Q

What is a benign cancer of the bone called?

A

Osteoma

34
Q

What is a benign cancer of the cartilage called?

A

Chondroma

35
Q

What is a benign cancer of a gland called?

A

Adenoma

36
Q

What is a benign cancer of the liver called?

A

Hepatoma

37
Q

What is a benign cancer of a muscle called?

A

Myoma

38
Q

What is a benign cancer of a blood vessel called?

A

Hemangioma

39
Q

What is a benign cancer of a lymphatic vessel called?

A

Lymphangioma

40
Q

What is a malignant cancer of a bone called?

A

Osteosarcoma

41
Q

What is a malignant cancer of cartilage called?

A

Chondrosarcoma

42
Q

What is a malignant cancer of a gland called?

A

Adenocarcinoma

43
Q

What is a malignant cancer of the liver called?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

44
Q

What is a malignant cancer of a muscle called?

A

Myosarcoma

45
Q

What are the cell-surface changes that occur because of cancer?

A
  • cell-surface glycoproteins are lost/modified
  • cell-surface glycolipids are lost/modified
  • anchorage independence
46
Q

What is that name of cancer of white blood cells?

A

Lymphomas

- they are always malignant

47
Q

What is the name of cancer of white blood cells IN BONE MARROW?

A

Leukemias

48
Q

Cancer of epithelial cells is called …

A
  • carcinomas
49
Q

Cancer of connective tissue or muscle cells is called …

A
  • sarcomas
50
Q

Cancer of lymphoid tissue is called …

A
  • lymphomas
51
Q

Cancer of blood cells is called …

A
  • leukemias
52
Q

Cancer of glial cells is called …

A
  • gliomas (supportive cells of the nervous system)
53
Q

Cancer of embryonic cells is called …

A
  • blastomas
54
Q

What is a neuroblastoma?

A

Cancer in adrenal medulla or neural cells

55
Q

What is a hepatoblastoma?

A

Cancer in liver

56
Q

What is a nephroblastoma?

A

Cancer in kidney

57
Q

Do benign tumors arise from stem cells or differentiated cells?

A

Differentiated cells

58
Q

Do malignant tumors arise from stem cells or differentiated cells?

A

Stem cells

  • or progenitor cells
  • or daughter cells
59
Q

What are some characteristics of benign tumors?

A
  • well contained (capsule around them)
  • don’t invade neighboring tissues
  • damage organs be compressing them
  • divide slowly
  • perform normal function of the tissue (secreting hormones)
60
Q

What might a tumor in the adrenal cortex present as?

A

Diabetes!

  • secretes cortisol in large quantities
  • too much stress
  • depressed immune response
  • increased glucose in blood stream
61
Q

What are some characteristics of malignant tumors?

A
  • rapidly dividing cells
  • no clear boundaries (jagged edges)
  • compete for resources
  • often necrotize in the core of the tumor
  • often hemorrhage
62
Q

Why do hemorrhages often occur with malignant tumors?

A
  • tumors produce chemicals that encourage blood vessel growth
  • blood vessels grow towards tumor
  • tumor breaks down blood vessel walls
  • hemorrhage results
63
Q

What is IN VITRO intoxication?

A

Exposure to bacterial toxins outside the body

- ex: ingestion of toxins in food

64
Q

What is IN VIVO intoxication?

A

Bacteria produce toxins INSIDE the body

65
Q

What is the rationale behind vaccinations (2)?

A
  1. Stimulates the immune system to create long-lasting protective immunity
  2. Creates high-level of herd immunity to prevent transmission of the infection in a community
66
Q

Why is it important to obtain herd immunity?

A

Protects those people who cannot receive vaccinations (they are immune suppressed)

67
Q

Why do some people choose not to receive vaccinations?

A
  • personal/religious/cultural beliefs
  • concerns about vaccine safety
  • complacency (“disease is rare - therefore, it’s not needed”)
  • mistrust of government, health agencies
68
Q

Define herd immunity

A

The protection a mostly vaccinated population givers to unvaccinated groups
- protection weakens as the vaccination rate falls

69
Q

What is pertussis also known as? What is the causative agent?

A

Whooping cough

- Bordetella pertussis

70
Q

What is the mode of transmission for pertussis?

A

Direct contact (droplet)

71
Q

True or False:

Pertussis is a gram-positive aerobic bacilli

A

False

It is a GRAM-NEGATIVE aerobic bacilli

BHSC 1103 (3 decks)

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