Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BHSC 1103 > Material for Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Material for Midterm #2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

In normal cell tissue, what three things are tightly controlled?

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Cell Proliferation
  3. Cell differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do social control genes guide the cell to do?

A

Guide the division of cells and differentiation of cells

- to ensure that cells do what they are supposed to do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cellular proliferation?

A

Increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal cells exhibit (self-sacrifice/selfishness) and (individual survival/collaboration).

A
  1. Self-sacrifice

2. Collaboration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is collaboration?

A

Cells contribute to the next generation of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What will a cell do if it is focused on individual survival?

A

Will use as many resources as possible even to the detriment of neighboring cells
- will eventually kill the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of growth factors?

A

Tells the cell when to divide

- causes stable cells to enter the cell cycle and divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What monitors the cell cycle for division?

A

Cyclins (proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some examples of the things that cyclins would monitor?

A
  • monitor if the cell has grown large enough to divide
  • check to see if DNA has been replicated correctly
  • check to see if the proteins needed are available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

After a cell has divided, what could it become?

A
  1. Permanent cell
  2. Stable cell
    - these cells stop reproducing and get to work for the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When WILL a stable cell divide?

A

When there is an injury to the issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When will a permanent cell divide?

A

Never

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are highly differentiated cells?

A

“Grown-up” cells

  • have become more specific
  • look different
  • usually stop dividing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if a normal cell breaks away from the extracellular matrix? (no longer anchored)

A

Destroyed by apoptosis (cell suicide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cancer is caused by genetic mutations, these can be exogenous or endogenous factors. Give some examples of exogenous factors.

A
  • Sunlight = skin cancer
  • Radiation = thyroid cancer
  • Cigarette smoke = lung cancer
  • industrial chemicals = bladder cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do proto-oncogenes code for?

A

Code for proteins that help regulate cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, tell cells when to die
- suppress tumors!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated proto-oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do proto-oncogenes produce?

A

Proteins used for:

  1. Growth factors
  2. Growth factor receptors
  3. Other proteins engaged in growth of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What might an oncogene produce?

A
  • too much of a protein

- an abnormal protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is BRCA?

A

A mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (which are tumor suppressor genes for breast cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 4 examples of mutations?

A
  1. Point mutation
  2. Amplification
  3. Chromosome rearrangement
  4. Viral gene insertion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens during a point mutation?

A

A gene is removed or deleted

- results in oncogenic protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during an amplification?

A

Normal protein is over-produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens during chromosome rearrangement?
Overproduced or oncogenic fusion protein | - too much or wrong protein
26
What happens during a viral gene insertion?
Oncogenic protein is produced | - virus inserts its own genetic material into original cell
27
How do we stop an infected cell from dividing?
- block growth factor receptors - decrease release of growth factors - kill cells
28
What proteins are responsible for keeping mutations from developing into cancer?
Tumor-suppressor proteins
29
What is the development of cancer called?
Oncogenesis
30
What are the steps involved in carcinogenesis?
1. Initiation (mutation occurs) 2. Promotion (mutated cells divide) 3. Progression (tumor cells compete for resources, become more aggressive)
31
Why must tumor cells have deranged differentiation?
So that their daughter cells retain the ability to divide
32
What are some properties of tumor cells?
- proliferate - ignore signals to stop dividing - do not mature normally - do not die when they are supposed to - anchorage independence - perform other jobs (produce other hormones than they are supposed to)
33
What is a benign cancer of the bone called?
Osteoma
34
What is a benign cancer of the cartilage called?
Chondroma
35
What is a benign cancer of a gland called?
Adenoma
36
What is a benign cancer of the liver called?
Hepatoma
37
What is a benign cancer of a muscle called?
Myoma
38
What is a benign cancer of a blood vessel called?
Hemangioma
39
What is a benign cancer of a lymphatic vessel called?
Lymphangioma
40
What is a malignant cancer of a bone called?
Osteosarcoma
41
What is a malignant cancer of cartilage called?
Chondrosarcoma
42
What is a malignant cancer of a gland called?
Adenocarcinoma
43
What is a malignant cancer of the liver called?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
44
What is a malignant cancer of a muscle called?
Myosarcoma
45
What are the cell-surface changes that occur because of cancer?
- cell-surface glycoproteins are lost/modified - cell-surface glycolipids are lost/modified - anchorage independence
46
What is that name of cancer of white blood cells?
Lymphomas | - they are always malignant
47
What is the name of cancer of white blood cells IN BONE MARROW?
Leukemias
48
Cancer of epithelial cells is called ...
- carcinomas
49
Cancer of connective tissue or muscle cells is called ...
- sarcomas
50
Cancer of lymphoid tissue is called ...
- lymphomas
51
Cancer of blood cells is called ...
- leukemias
52
Cancer of glial cells is called ...
- gliomas (supportive cells of the nervous system)
53
Cancer of embryonic cells is called ...
- blastomas
54
What is a neuroblastoma?
Cancer in adrenal medulla or neural cells
55
What is a hepatoblastoma?
Cancer in liver
56
What is a nephroblastoma?
Cancer in kidney
57
Do benign tumors arise from stem cells or differentiated cells?
Differentiated cells
58
Do malignant tumors arise from stem cells or differentiated cells?
Stem cells - or progenitor cells - or daughter cells
59
What are some characteristics of benign tumors?
- well contained (capsule around them) - don't invade neighboring tissues - damage organs be compressing them - divide slowly - perform normal function of the tissue (secreting hormones)
60
What might a tumor in the adrenal cortex present as?
Diabetes! - secretes cortisol in large quantities - too much stress - depressed immune response - increased glucose in blood stream
61
What are some characteristics of malignant tumors?
- rapidly dividing cells - no clear boundaries (jagged edges) - compete for resources - often necrotize in the core of the tumor - often hemorrhage
62
Why do hemorrhages often occur with malignant tumors?
- tumors produce chemicals that encourage blood vessel growth - blood vessels grow towards tumor - tumor breaks down blood vessel walls - hemorrhage results
63
What is IN VITRO intoxication?
Exposure to bacterial toxins outside the body | - ex: ingestion of toxins in food
64
What is IN VIVO intoxication?
Bacteria produce toxins INSIDE the body
65
What is the rationale behind vaccinations (2)?
1. Stimulates the immune system to create long-lasting protective immunity 2. Creates high-level of herd immunity to prevent transmission of the infection in a community
66
Why is it important to obtain herd immunity?
Protects those people who cannot receive vaccinations (they are immune suppressed)
67
Why do some people choose not to receive vaccinations?
- personal/religious/cultural beliefs - concerns about vaccine safety - complacency ("disease is rare - therefore, it's not needed") - mistrust of government, health agencies
68
Define herd immunity
The protection a mostly vaccinated population givers to unvaccinated groups - protection weakens as the vaccination rate falls
69
What is pertussis also known as? What is the causative agent?
Whooping cough | - Bordetella pertussis
70
What is the mode of transmission for pertussis?
Direct contact (droplet)
71
True or False: | Pertussis is a gram-positive aerobic bacilli
False | It is a GRAM-NEGATIVE aerobic bacilli

BHSC 1103 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions