Materials Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Two (or more) layers adhered together; may be multiple layers of the same material or they may be different kinds of materials; makes the product stronger
A
Laminates
2
Q
Products made up of layers adhered together primarily used as furniture surface materials or wall paneling
A
Decorative Laminate
3
Q
Laminate layers include common substrates such as:
These substrates are also used for surfaces under laminated products such as engineered and laminated floors
A
Plywood, Particle Board, MDF
4
Q
A mixture of a binder and crushed aggregate, usually marble; glass and other aggregates also used
A
Terrazzo
5
Q
How might divider strips of brass, zinc, or plastic be used in terrazzo?
A
As control joints to control cracking or to create patterns
6
Q
Aggregate chips used in terrazzo are graded by:
A
Size
7
Q
The simplest recipe for concrete:
A
Water, aggregate, Portland cement
8
Q
Admixtures for concrete include
A
Fly ash, air-entraining, accelerants, retardants, glass fiber reinforced concrete
9
Q
Common concrete finishes:
A
Honed, polished, ground and polished, stamped textures
10
Q
Methods of customizing concrete floors:
A
Pigments, staining, acid etching
11
Q
Advantages of concrete
A
Incredibly durable, adhesive-resistant, limitless color finishes, multiple sheen finishes, blocks moisture and vapors (if installed properly), excellent choice for allergy sufferers, low VOC, green, effective fire shield
12
Q
Disadvantages of concrete
A
Slippery when wet if glossy finish, reflects sound and can be loud, cold underfoot unless radiant heat system or can absorb direct sunlight, large-scale installations can take multiple days
13
Q
Three primary classifications of rock
A
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
14
Q
Type of rock formed from magma
A
Igneous
15
Q
igneous rock formed slowly deep within the earth forming larger crystals; coarse-grained
A
Intrusive
16
Q
Igneous rock forms closer to the earth’s surface, cools faster; fine-grained; ex: basalt
A
Extrusive
17
Q
Granular and crystalline in texture; classified fine, medium, or coarse; igneous rock with at least 20% quartz by volume; most commonly used
A
Granite
18
Q
Type of rock created from erosion from the forces of nature creates small particle; weight of layers forces particles to bind
A
Sedimentary
19
Q
Examples of sedimentary materials
A
Shale, sandstone, limestone, travertine
20
Q
Examples of igneous materials
A
granite, diorite, pumice, obsidian, basalt
21
Q
Sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite; pure is mostly white and more uniform in its physical properties than travertine; cream, tan and reddish-colored varieties along with veining and other variations are found when other minerals exist; can contain fossils; very dense rock, historically used for architectural vertical elements
A
Limestone
22
Q
A form of limestone; sedimentary rock deposited from natural springs, usually hot springs; pits created as water and vapor travels through limestone beds and dissolves the calcite carbonates- causes holes, needs to be sealed; fairly easily worked, light in weight; not good in kitchen counters or backsplashes
A
Travertine
23
Q
Type of rock formed through heat and pressure applied to igneous or sedimentary rocks; makes up a large part of the Earth’s crust
A
Metamorphic
24
Q
Layering within metamorphic rock
A
Foliation
25
Types of metamorphic materials
Slate, quartzite, marble
26
Fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock; derived from shale rock of clay or volcanic ash; very commonly used as roof tiles through history; pale to dark grey, purple, green, cyan, and rust colors
Slate
27
Made up of grains of quartz sand cemented together with silica and is usually distinguishable by its coarse, crystalline appearance; very hard natural stone with dramatic variation among the different types
Quartzite
28
Stone prized for its translucency; tiles are sometimes used as lighting diffusers they transmit so much light; most accurately a microcrystalline quartz
Onyx
29
Non-foliated metamorphic rock, most commonly from limestone; milky field colors with alternate colored veins; historically sued in architecture and sculpture
Marble
30
Generic flat stone; fine-grained sandstone, quartzite, or slate; irregular surface requires a thick set mortar bed; thickness varies from 1/2” to 4” thick; uneven surface presents challenges in keeping tables level; durable but porous so seal or clean regularly
Flagstone
31
Mass of substance per unit measure
Density
32
Tested by placing 2” stone cube soaked in water 48 hours; 0.2% max allowed per ASTM C530
Water absorption
33
Minimum hardness commercial floors 10, minimum hardness stairs and ramps 12; scuffing from foot traffic
Abrasion
34
Stone floor finish that has high gloss appearance, requires maintenance, formal
Polished
35
Stone floor finish that has matte appearance, informal, hides scratches
Honed
36
Stone floor finish by heating and rapid cooling, unrefined chipped surface, good slip-resistance
Flamed
37
Stone floor finish that’s rough with rounded corners, informal
Tumbled
38
Stone floor gloss with low slip resistance yet high stain resistance
Higher
39
Stone floor gloss with high slip resistance yet low stain resistance as dirt gets lodged in numerous rough spots
Lower
40
The exposed edges of stone slab can be detailed with _______ that are ground by machine and finished by hand
Profiles
41
Stone slab profiles
Flat eased, pencil, 1/4” radius, demi-bullnose or waterfall, full bullnose, 1/8” bevel, pencil, coved top edge, double waterfall, stepped, 1/4” bevel, ogee, step ogee, rounded ogee, French ogee, 1/4” bevel or miter
42
Made from clay, natural minerals and water, shaped and fired at very high temperatures
Ceramic tile
43
Classification of ceramic and porcelain tiles for durability of light residential foot traffic and walls
Group I
44
Classification of ceramic and porcelain tiles for durability of heavy commercial traffic areas; also recommended for damp areas where safety is necessary, i.e. food service facilities, exterior locations, swimming pools, etc.
Group V
45
Ceramic tiles made by clay mixture forced into. Metal forms and fired to produce a bisque that is glazed and fired again; produces accurate shapes and sizes
Dust pressed
46
Ceramic tiles made by clay formed into a thick mud and forced through a die
Extruded
47
ceramic tile with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5%; very high-temperature fires, glazed or unglazed; water-, stain-, and frost-proof; wide range of color/pattern; can be placed outside
Porcelain tile
48
Porcelain tiles can mimic…
Limestone, slate, marble, wood
49
Porcelain surface qualities:
Polished, matte, textured
50
Tile glaze that is purposely distressed to imitate aged tile
Crackle glaze
51
Finish fused to the body of the tile, allows for incredible color range; body may be nonvitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous, or impervious; generally not slip-resistant
Glazed tile
52
Hard dense tile of uniform composition that derives from color and texture of materials used in fabrication; requires more maintenance to keep clean
Unglazed tile
53
tiles used for intricate designs and visual texture; surface area of less than 6 sq in, usually dust press method
Ceramic mosaic tile
54
Strong hard body made from shale and fine clays with uniform color; colors range from red-brown to beige to grey; face color may be solid, variegated, or flashed; stain-resistant; develop a patina with wear; abrasive grit can be added for a non-slip finish; usually unglazed
Quarry tile
55
Unprocessed clay shaped by hand into forms; proportions of ingredients are not measures; sun dried then kiln fired; variations in thickness require thick set; porous, traditionally sealed with linseed oil and wax
Mexican or Saltillo tile
56
made of concrete; color comes form mineral pigments which are mixed and poured into a mold; mold is removed and the gray concrete mixture fills the rest of the tile body; tile is then hydraulically pressed cured for about 3 weeks; method was developed in mid-19th century
Cement tiles
57
Stainless steel; may be solid or may be fused to a porcelain body; can be scratching while grouting
Metal tiles
58
The act of putting the tile or stone on the substrate
Setting
59
The act of filling in the joints between each piece of tile or stone
Grouting
60
Common bond coats (under mortar) or setting methods for tiles include
Wet set, thin set, medium set, thickset, neat, latex Portland cement, dry set, organic adhesive, epoxy mortar, additives
61
A mixture of Portland cement and sand (floors) or lime (walls) for thick bed installation
Portland cement mortar
62
A mixture of Portland cement with sand and additives
Dry set mortar
63
Two-part mixture where chemical resistance is important, high bond strength and resistance to impact, can be used over steel plates
Epoxy mortar
64
Two-part mixture, excellent for chemical resistance, tolerates high temps up to 350 degrees F
Furan mortar
65
flexible, good bonding strength, should NOT be used for exterior or wet applications
Adhesives
66
pros of brick
Durable, good insulators, rustic and nostalgic quality, hides dirt, slip-resistant, large color range, effective fire barrier, recyclable
67
Cons of brick
Must be sealed for cleaning ease and stain prevention; can be rough; extremely hard, dropped items may shatter; weight of product limits installation to ground floor
68
Specific types of dimensional brick
Acid-resistant, adobe, angle, arch, building, clinker, dry-press, facing, fire, floor, gauged, hollow, paving, salmon, soft-mud, stiff-mud, brick and brick
69
Material made by mixing clays with shales and water and forming into rectangular shapes with either solid or hollow cores; color depends on composition of clay, method of firing, and kiln temperature; the higher the temp, the harder it is
Brick
70
The names of brick faces
Sailor, soldier, row lock, header, row lock strether, strether
71
Common brick bonds for walls
Running, Common, Dutch, Monk, Flemish, English, English Cross
72
Common brick bonds for floors
Herringbone, basket weave, running and stacked, half basket
73
Metal that contains iron
Ferrous
74
Metal that does not contain iron
Nonferrous
75
Ferrous metal- molten iron poured into a mold; relatively brittle; high compression strength; ideal for weight-bearing components; sealed with epoxy so it doesn’t rust
Cast-iron
76
Ferrous metal reheated after cooling and further worked into a form
Wrought iron
77
Ferrous metal main ingredient along with carbon; other metals added to make stainless; won’t rust
Steel-iron
78
Sheet metal shaped against a dye using heavy pressure
Stamped
79
Metal sheets often used to cover surfaces nonstructural
Flat sheets
80
Common metal finishes
Brushed, polished, satin
81
Heated glass that’s stronger than regular glass; breaks into oblique beads or thin finders and is more likely to stay in frame if broken; strain marks may be visible in finished glass
Tempered
82
Materials sandwiched between glass sheets varies for specific functions such as noise reduction, security, UV, and energy control
Laminated
83
Glass where views obscured and light diffused via even “frosted” appearance
Acid-etched
84
Clear glass combined with a variety of “frosted” pattern area used for decorative or functional effect
Sand-blasted
85
Materials often referred to as synthetic; can imitate natural materials very effectively; chemically engineered to have different properties
Plastic
86
Plastics that are easier to recycle because you can melt them down and “start over” ; examples- high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Thermoplastic
87
Plastics that are harder to recycle so they are just ground up and used as fill; stronger when heated; can’t be remolded; examples- polyurethane, phenolics
Thermoset
88
Plastic often used in sold, clear form; heat formed at about 350 degrees F; common brands are lucite, lean, and plexiglass; can be remelted and reused or melded together
Acrylic
89
Plastic products that are non porous, thermoplastic, or thermoset materials; natural materials and pure acrylic polymer; smoothness of marble and solid feel of granite with the workability or wood; produced in sheets; stain-resistant; high resistant to abuse
Corian Solid Surfacing
90
Most commonly used and least expensive counter top material; limitless color, patterns, textures, and digital pictures; can be chemical resistant; durable but not a cutting surface; matte finish will help hide scratches; low maintenance; high VOC
Laminates
91
Substrates for laminates
Particle board, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), plywood, tile backer board
92
“Flexible” coverings, yet extremely durable and long lasting; positive haptic experience, soft underfoot and absorbs sound; most are slip- and weather-resistant; easy to install and maintain
Resilient flooring
93
Resilient flooring made from bark of oak tree indigenous to Portugal and Spain; positive haptic experience; durable; hypoallergenic; fire retardant; heavy furnishings can leave dents and divots; discolors in sunlight and with age; can be susceptible to water damage
Cork
94
Resilient flooring made primarily from natural raw materials: linseed oil, rosins, wood flour on a jute backing; very popular in the 1950s; quiet and comfortable underfoot; resistant to heavy foot traffic; exposure to air hardens but increases its durability; economical; easy to install; susceptible to marring by heavy sharp objects; yellows; “cheap, cold, institutional” associations- bad rep
Linoleum
95
resilient flooring that is a sustainable resource and can be reused and recycled repeatedly; can be natural, 100% synthetic, or a combination; easy to stand on for long periods; good acoustic qualities; easily cut around obstacles and corners for perfect fit; durable; easy to maintain; antimicrobiano and hypoallergenic; smells bu lessons overtime; unrelated, natural can stain and discolor over time; can be expensive; can be installed as loose-lay, glued down, or interlocking
Rubber
96
Resilient flooring composed of fillers (inorganic), binders (organic), and pigment; durable; inexpensive; unlimited selection of patterns, colors, styles, etc., easy to maintain; damaged parts can be replaced; slip-retardant; subfloor imperfections may show through; not good in very hot or very cold climates; low impact resistance; semi-porous, can stain if not sealed; easily scuffed and scratched
Vinyl Composite Tile (VCT)
97
resilient flooring that comes in a roll; may be manufactured inlaid or rotogravure; not always glued down, trim holds it in place; unlimited selection of patterns, colors, styles, etc., available in slip-resistant finishes; easy to install and maintain; smells; subfloor imperfections may show through; UV sealant must be applied to avoid fading; easily scuffed and scratches; can be coved up the wall; thicker wear layers give better protection
Sheet vinyl
98
Sheet vinyl manufacturing method where layers of granules are fused with heat and pressure
Inlaid
99
Sheet vinyl manufacturing method where core of vinyl with printed surface is protected by a wear layer; anything that can be photographed can be in print layer
Rotogravure
100
Resilient flooring that looks and feel very real; waterproof; can be installed on top of virtually any surface; gives more insulation and sound proofing; easier on your feet; easy to install; relatively easy to repair; super easy to clean
Luxury Vinyl Tile (LVT)/ Luxury Vinyl Plank (LVP)
101
Rubber wall base profile used with carpet (toeless)
Straight
102
Rubber wall base profile used with resilient flooring (toe base)
Cove
103
Rubber wall base profile installed before the finish flooring and seals the joint at the wall
Sanitary
104
Inexpensive resilient flooring; not resistant to stains and softened by mineral oils and fats; tiles are brittle; look very similar to Vinyl Asbestos Tiles (VAT) and should be assumed to contain asbestos until verified; no longer manufactured
Asphalt tile
105
Resilient flooring in which fibers were added to felt backing of floor tile to increase its durability; more likely to release fibers when it is friable (powdered/easily crumbled); 8” x 8” tiles
Vinyl asbestos tile (VAT)
106
resilient flooring applied in field and creates a seamless flooring; can create a wall base making a seamless floor to wall installation; applied over clean substrate
First layer: base coat
Second layer: color layer
Third layer: wear layer
Formed-in-place flooring
107
Generally coniferous trees from colder regions; quick growing; homogenous as a group: little variation in characteristics of the wood; pale color, soft, close-grained often “knotty”; less durable; less expensive; basic construction material because it is widely available as dimension lumber
Softwoods
108
More varied in color, density, and texture; grown in temperate and tropical regions; deciduous or evergreen trees; more expensive; generally less readily available; many species are endangered; prized for beauty, strength, durability, and resistance to pests; easily carved yet hold the carved details
Hardwoods
109
Moisture in trees need to be removed in a controlled manner to reduce warping, splitting, and shrinkage; usually dried to a moisture content of 10%; some woods need additional time at the site to acclimate to the specific conditions of the space
Seasoning
110
Number the indicate lumber size before drying and planing to make them smooth
Nominal/rough size
111
How solid timber is cut determines its appearance and sometimes its durability; types of cuts:
Plain sawn (parallel along length of log), rift and quarter sawn (cut radially) flat sawn, regular sawn
112
Pros of solid wood flooring
Positive haptic sensation underfoot; natural material, no two planks alike; can last 100+ years depending on maintenance; can be refinished and/or restained; better for resale
113
cons of solid wood flooring
Susceptible to termites; can scratch; some species can discolor over time; more expensive than laminate; more difficult to install and expands/contacts with changes in temperature and humidity
114
Solid wood flooring can be installed over…
A cushioning system; over “sleepers” or nailing strips
115
Raises the value of wood, making some available only in veneer
Figuring
116
Types of wood figuring
Fiddleback anigre, tamo ash, crotch mahogany, bird’s-eye maple, curly maple, spalted elm, maple burl, madrone burl
117
Fabrication of wood veneers patterns
Book match, slip match, diamond match, radial match, box match, reverse diamond match, running match, balance match, center match, end match
118
organized a chain-of-supply system that allows conscientious harvesters and fabricators to document their sustainable path from harvesting through processing to installation
Forest Stewardship Council
119
Rather than mimicking the effects and patina of aged wood you can specify old wood that has been removed from other places
Reclaimed wood
120
Flooring produced with three to five layers of hardwood; each layer is stacked in a cross-grain configuration and bonded together under heat and pressure; less likely to be affected by changes in humidity and can be installed at all levels of the home- even below grade (basement)
Engineer hardwood flooring
121
Pros of engineered hardwood
Less expensive than solid; better warp-resistance from humidity and moisture; better installed over radiant heat system; can be installed on all grade levels of home; wide range of colors and styles
122
Cons of engineered hardwood
Cannot refinish as many times as solid; still susceptible to scratches/dents; edges are not sealed, can stain from water damage; 15-20 year life span vs 100+ years with solid
123
Benefits of bamboo
Positive haptic experience underfoot; rapid growth, quick re-forestation: renewable in 3–5 years; many species are just as hard as oak or maple flooring; can be refinished, stainable in a wide range of colors; naturally more water-resistant than hardwoods
124
Cons of bamboo
Possible trendy, limited aesthetic; can scratch/dent; can discolor over time; lack of a grading system for quality standardization
125
Pros of laminate flooring
Generally less expensive than wood; easy and quick to install with “click-lock” design; product consistency: no “bad” pieces; very durable surface; stain- and water-resistant; great color/style range
126
Cons of laminate flooring
Not real wood; can look fake if pattern repeat is visible; hard underfoot; can be slipper; lower resale value; not refinishable
127
Carpet construction methods
Tufted, woven, needle punched, knitted, fusion bonded, flocked
128
carpet backing that’s made of jute, kraftcord, cotton, or woven or non woven synthetics such as polypropylene
Primary backing
129
Middle carpet backing applied to the primary backing to lock the yarn into the backing
Latex
130
Carpet backing that provides dimensional stability, and is also often made of a woven synthetic polypropylene material
Secondary backing
131
Type of carpet where fibers are weaved into the backing material; machine uses needles to pull the yarn through, small hook called a looper grabs yarn and holds it in place; for some styles, a knife cuts the yarn loops; more threads/sq in = more dense; dyed
Tufted carpet
132
Borders and accents can easily delineate different areas of a facility or be used for wayfinding purposes; most are made with solution-dyed fibers; easy installation and replacement; low life cycle costs and less initial waste; fusion bonding construction gives this flooring backing a much stronger, longer, lasting backing than traditional; more expensive upfront
Carpet Tiles
133
Yarns are inserted into liquid vinyl which locks them in place when it hardens; common in carpet tiles
Fusion bonding
134
Most expensive method of carpet construction; more time-consuming to produce; the backing and the face are produced simultaneously; “warps” are placed vertically; “wefts” are placed horizontally across and through the warps, locking them into place
Woven carpet
135
Most common carpet fiber types
Olefin, polyester, wool, nylon
136
Most durable synthetic fiber; good abrasion resistance; resists mildew, moths, mold; hydrophobic (good stain resistance); different “generations”, currently on 6th; subject to static electricity; hypoallergenic; most cases is 5th gen- avoid anything less
Nylon
137
Synthetic fiber, includes polypropylene; hydrophobic; holds oil borne stains; holds its color because it is solution dyed; fiber crushes easily, therefore is usually found in a low level loop; less expensive than other fibers
Olefin
138
Most expensive fiber choice; standard by which other fibers are measured; soft, resilient; dyed to any color; naturally stain- and flame-resistant; ages gracefully; subject to static electricity
Wool
139
Early synthetic fiber; soft, but glossy and harsh; pills and crushes easily because of low abrasion resistance
Acrylics
140
Soft carpet fiber; excellent color clarity; resists soil and wear but poor resilience; some use lower density leading to crushing
Polyester
141
Soft carpet fiber; wears quickly; stains easily; uncommon in carpets
Cotton
142
Fiber not typical for carpet but sometimes mixed with wool; strong but stains easily
Linen
143
Fiber usually mixed with wool in very high-end imported rugs
Silk
144
Natural fiber that dyes well; sunlight will change color
Jute
145
Natural fiber often woven into area rugs; has a grassy scent and color; smooth texture
Seagrass
146
Natural fiber from the agave plant; subject to pests and crushing; stains easily and scratchy to bare feet
Sisal
147
Common pile types
Cut, level loop, cut and loop, velvet or plush, saxony, multilevel loop, random tip-sheared, frieze
148
Carpet pile where all yarns are at the same height
Cut pile
149
Carpet pile where uncut pile yarns are at the same height; has a pebbled surface texture that hides footprints and chair caster marks
Level loop
150
Carpet pile where a sculptural effect is created
Cut and loop
151
Carpet pile that has a smooth, cut pile; yarn ends blend together for a consistent surface appearance; shows footprints and shading marks
Velvet or plush
152
Carpet pile similar to velvet pile but has twisted yard, which gives definition to each tuft; loops are cut during the construction process; made with heat-set yarn, usually in a dense, low-pile construction; shows footprints and shading marks
Saxony
153
carpet pile where uncut pile are are at varying heights
Multilevel loop
154
Carpet pile with tonal contrasts between cut and uncut loops of varying heights are produced
Random tip-sheared
155
Carpet pile that is tightly twisted, heat-set yarn that hides dirt well
Frieze
156
Carpet dying method in which a fiber is dyed in its liquid state before being extruded into fiber and spun into yarn; the color became a permanent part of the fiber and will not fade or bleach out; good for outdoor furniture
Solution dying (pre-dyeing)
157
carpet dying method in which pre-made fibers are submerged into a vat and dyed before they are spun into yarn
Stock dying (pre)
158
Carpet dying method in which fibers are spun into yarn and then dyed; more expensive method of dying, typical of the method used for making custom carpet
Skein dying (pre)
159
Carpet dying method that produces random color distribution as yarn is wound and printed with three colors in stripes; the overlap of colors gives the effect of more colors
Space dying (pre)
160
Carpet dying method primarily for solid colors; performed after tufting but before other finishing processes such as secondary backing; carpet is placed in a large vat filled with dyes
Piece-dying/beck-dying (post)
161
Carpet dying method using ink-jet printer-like process where colors are sprayed on to a carpet from jets controlled by a computer
Printing (post)
162
test that measures the force required to pull one yarn tuft out of the carpet; determines how strong the adhesive bond is between the pile fiber and the adhesive back coating of the primary backing
Tuft bind durability test (ASTM-D-1355)
163
the correct pad _________ the life of a carpet.
The firmer the pad, the ______ strain on the carpet backing.
The softer the pad, the ______ crushing on the surface of the carpet.
Extends; less; less
164
May be made from production waste from foam and various densities are possible; often the standard offering if no pad is specified
Rebond/bonded polyurethane
165
Density is variable with more air in some portions; fibrous topping allows carpet to Slide Over the surface as it is stretched into place; less sticky on top
Waffle rubber
166
Dense foam padding is considered to be an upgraded, premium pad
Urethane
167
Very firm carpet pad, low-VOC pad addresses the increasing awareness of the damage done to living systems by volatile organic compounds; durable; no indentations; will prolong the life of the carpet better than many other types
Frothed foam
168
Denser carpet pad that resists indentation from furniture; best for longevity
Slab rubber
169
Carpet pad made from urethane foam in different densities and thicknesses; use for light traffic only
Foam padding
170
Carpet padding made of jute, hair or synthetic fibers or mixtures; used when you want movement of carpet limited; expensive
Fiber
171
carpet installation method in which the tack strip is nailed down to the perimeter of the room and carpet is stretched over the tacks that grip it; rolled carpet only; patterns are easier to match; extends carpet life, less crushing of the piles; higher acoustic values; used over floors that are unacceptable for direct glue down
Tackless strip method
172
Carpet installation method in which carpet glue is troweled to substrate and carpet is laid directly over it; appropriate for rolled carpet or carpet tiles; most common in commercial; imperfections in substrate telegraph; double; self stick
Glue-down/Direct-glue method
173
Group of coatings generally consisting of pigments suspended in a liquid medium for decorative or protective use
Paint
174
Powdered solids that give the coating color and brightness; give the coating its hiding ability (opacity); usually most expensive ingredient; organic (brighter) and inorganic (more durable)
Pigments
175
liquid adhesives that form a film of pigment particles on the surface; vehicle for bonding pigments to the surface; enhances the hardness, toughness, and strength of the paint film
Binders or resins
176
Water based paint; drying occurs when the water evaporates, remaining particles fuse together
Latex Paint
177
Solvent based paint; resins are made from natural or synthetic oils; when exposed to air, the thinner evaporates, leaving the resin oils to harden through the process of oxidation or loss of electrons
Oil paint
178
Solvent based paint that dries by reacting a drying oil with alcohol and letting it evaporate, better color fastness than other solvent- based paints
Alkyd paint
179
The surface texture of cured paint; measured in PVC (pigment volume concentration) ability of the surface to bounce back light relative to the reflectante of a smooth flat mirror
Sheen (paint luster)
180
Paint sheen with highest PVC; velvety appearance; low glare but least scrubbable; good for hiding imperfections in walls
Flat
181
Good mid-range paint sheen; appropriate for normal-condition interior rooms
Satin/eggshell
182
Mid- to higher-range sheen; good scrub ability; good for kitchens, baths, children’s rooms
Semigloss
183
Paint sheen with low PVC; shiny surface with good srubbability; more likely to show surface imperfections; low pigment to volume ratio
Gloss or high gloss
184
Paint sheen originally used to describe a hard, durable, high-gloss paint; today, describes a higher quality paint with smooth finish and high durability
Enamel
185
Can be present in older homes and facilities constructed before 1978 (banned after); dangerous if inhaled or ingested; must be removed or covered up when found; special training/equipment required to remove it
Lead based paint
186
Overall decorative patterns and visual textures; applications throughout history; artistic, highly personalized interiors; artists use traditional house paints and glazes; most are not diy techniques; marble, wood, granite, patterns, etc.
Decorative textures and faux finishing
187
Images painted directly on the wall/ceiling surfaces; artists use traditional interior paints, artists paints and artist brushes; Trompe L’Oeil images are hyper-realistic designed “to fool the eye” and manipulate perceived space
Murals
188
Makes surface more paintable by providing improved adhesion for coatings; provide a moisture and stain barrier; binds substrate surface with the topcoat of paint; limit paint absorption of a porous substrate; acts as a rust inhibitor; many different surface-specific
Primer
189
Made from dyes dissolved in oil or water; provides a translucent or transparent coating for wood furniture and wood paneled walls; pigmented/gel will give an opaque finish; surface characteristics of the wood will affect the final finish
Stain
190
Products that contain little or no pigment, sometimes producing a wet or shiny appearance; shows natural color of wood; examples- polyurethane/polycyclic, varnish, shellac, lacquer, danish oil
Clear coats
191
high performance coating with superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels; commonly used for wood floors and on walls as an anti-graffiti coating; available in high-gloss and satin finish; does not yellow as much as conventional varnish
Polyurethane/polycrylic (water-based)
192
Pros of wall coverings
Wide range of aesthetic effects; washable; scrubbable; stain resistant; abrasion resistant
193
Top layer of wall coverings; ink or flocking on the intermediate layer, can sometimes be protected by a coating
Decorative layer
194
Wall covering layer that is the surface on which the decorative layer is printed; the ground
Intermediate layer
195
Wallcovering layer- substrate that is adhered to the wall, ranging from woven or non woven fabrics to lightweight paper products
Backing
196
Wallcovering backing used on paper-backed vinyls, vinyl-coated papers and specialty products
Paper
197
Wallcovering backing “scrim” or osnaburg; scrim used in light duty areas; osnaburg in medium and heavy duty areas such as corridors
Woven fabric
198
Wallcovering backing that improves printing finish on surface and increases tear strenth
Nonwoven fabric
199
Wallcovering backing used on fabric wall coverings to improve stability
Latex acrylic
200
Wallcovering with variety of surface treatments for aesthetics and durability; most common and most affordable; easy and quick application; can be difficult to remove if old
Papers
201
Wallcovering made of silk, wool, cotton, and synthetics usually joined together to form a continuous surface; usually backed with paper to keep adhesive from damaging surface; luxurious, high-end application; appropriate for master suites, formal dining rooms, etc.; amazing haptic sensation and some acoustic properties; paper-backed; not appropriate for areas of high cleaning maintenance; vacuum only; special training and tools needed for seams/joints
Fabrics
202
Wallcovering with mirror effect with a pattern printed on reflective surface; popular in the 1960s and 1970s; were extremely fragile and often rip during installation; now more durable and much easier to remove
Foils (old version) and mylars (today’s version)
203
Durable Wallcovering; abrasion resistant finish that is easy to clean and meets code requirements for flame spread; very tough and thick; feels “rubbery”
Vinyls
204
Wallcovering of good natural choices; provides interesting textures and variety of color; cleaned by vacuuming; can’t hide seams; durable; texture hides imperfections in substrate; not appropriate for clients with allergies; unpasted, heavy duty
Grasscloths, bamboo, and paper weaves
205
Wallcovering that is flame resistant; permeable- melts into wall and can be used to hold cracked wall together; typically used to reinforce deteriorating wall surfaces; for texture only, painted with latex paint to maintain breathability; commercial settings
Fiberglass
206
Wallcovering limited in size; color of surface can art from one piece to another; one of the most expensive; breathable; susceptible to UV exposure; available in embossed, dyed, hand-paint, loose-rolls, panels or tiles; historic; no chemical cleaners
Leather
207
embossed wallpaper; first washable Wallcovering; popular among Victorians because its sanitary, durable, and has ornate effects; originally made on a linen backing and was very rigid; made from wood pulp and cotton, was lighter and more flexible
Lincrusta and Anaglypta
