Materials And Properties Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Definition of mechanical properties
A
Mechanical properties are associated with how a materiel reacts with an external force.
2
Q
Definition of physical properties
A
Physical properties ae associated with the actual make up or structure of the material.
3
Q
What are the mechanical properties (11)
A
-compressive strength
-tensile strength
Bending
Shear
Torsional
-hardness
-toughness
Plasticity
Ductility
Malleability
Elasticity
4
Q
What are the physical properties (12)
A
-Electrical conductor. - electrical insulator
-thermal conductor. - thermal insulator
-thermal expansion
-opaque. -translucent. -transparent
- density
-fusiility
-magnetism
-corrosion/degregation resistant
5
Q
Compressive strength
A
The ability to withstand crushing or shortening y pushing forces (compressing)
6
Q
Tensile strength
A
The ability to resist stretching or pulling forces (tension)
7
Q
Bending strength
A
The ability to to resist forces hat may bend the material
8
Q
Shear strength
A
The ability to resist sliding forces on a parallel plane
9
Q
Torsional strengthen
A
The ability to resist twisting forces from applied torque or torsion
10
Q
Hardness
A
The ability to widthstand abrasive wear such as scratching surface indentation or cutting
11
Q
Toughness
A
Th ability to absorb impact force without fracture
12
Q
Plasticity
A
The ability to be permanently deformed(shaped) and retain the deformed shape
13
Q
Ductility
A
The ability to be drawn out under tension, reducing the cross-section area without cracking. For example drawing out metal into wire
14
Q
Malleability
A
The ability to widthstand deformation by compression without cracking. Malleability increases with a rise in temperature.
15
Q
Elasticity
A
The ability to be permanently deformed and the return to original shape when force is removed
16
Q
Electrical conductor
A
Allows the flow of electrical current through thee material. A good conductor gives very little resistance to the flow of charge
17
Q
Electrical insulator
A
Donse not allows the flow of electricity through the material
18
Q
Thermal conductor
A
Allows for the transfer of heat energy through thee material material. A material with a high thermal conductor allows the transfer of heat quickly across the material.
19
Q
Thermal insulator
A
Prevents the transfer of heat through the material
20
Q
Thermal expansion
A
The increase in material volume in response to heat input.
21
Q
Opaque
A
Prevents light from traveling through
22
Q
Translucent
A
Allows light through but diffuses the light so objects are blured. Frosted glass is an example.
23
Q
Transparent
A
Allows light to pass through easily which means you can see clearly through the material.
24
Q
Density
A
The mass of the material in a standard volume of space
25
Fusibility
The ability of the material to be fused or conveeerted from a solid or liquid or molten state , usually by heat. Good fusability is essential for metal casting.
26
Magnetism
The natural force between objects that causes the material to attract iron or steels
27
Corrosion/ degregation resistant
The ability for the material to widthstand environmental attack or decay.
28
Ferrous metals
A metal containing mostly iron and carbon. Ferrous metals are magnetic and will rust.
29
What are thee ferrous metals(3)
Low carbon steel, medium Caron steen, cast iron
30
Non-ferrous
A metal that dose not contain iron. Non-ferrous are not magnetic and do not rust
31
What are the non-ferrous metals
Aluminium, copper, zinc, silver, gold, titanium, tin
32
Alloys
A metal made o two ore more metas, or combining two or more elements, one of which must be metal. Alloys can also be sub categorised as ferrous alloys or non-ferrous alloy.
33
What are ferrous alloys
Stainless steel, die steel(tool steel),
34
What are some non-ferrous alloys
Bronze, brass, duralumin, pewter
35
Hardwood
A wood from abroad-leafed tree (deciduous ). These trees are generally slow growing and lose their leaves in autumn.
36
What are hardwood trees (6)
Oak, ash, mahogany, teak ,birch, beech
37
Softwood
A wood from a coniferous tree (cone bear in or pine needle trees). These trees are generally fast growing and tend to be evergreen.
38
What are softwood trees
Pine, spruce, Douglas’s fir, redwood, cedar, larch
39
Manufacture boards
A man-made wood-based composite material. Manufacture boards are available in much larger sizes than solid wood.
40
Thermoplastic
A material which can be. Repeatedly reheated and reshaped, allowing for it to be recycled after its initial use. Thermoplastics have long linear chains molecules held by van der walls forces.
41
What are some thermoplastics
-LDPE
-HDPE
-ABS
-PP
-HIPS
-PMMA
-PET
-PVC
-uPVC
42
Thermosetting polymer
A material which when heated undergoes a chemical change whereby the molecules form rigid cross links. Theremosetting polymers cannot be reheated and reshaped, even at very high temperatures.
43
What are some thermosetting polymers
Urea formaldehyde (UF)
Melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Polyester resin
Epoxy resin
44
Elastomer
A meterial which at room temperature can be deformed under pressured and when upon release returned to its original shape. Elastomers have weak bonds which allow them to stretch easily. They cannot be stretched repetitively upon immediate relies of stretch, will return with force to original length.
45
What are some elastomers
Natural rubber, polybutadiene, neoprene, silicone
46
Papers and boards
Complainant material, meaning they can be scored, folded and cut with basic tooling to form items such as nets for packaging.
47
What are the papers and boards
-layout paper. - Carthage paper. - tracing paper
-bleeed proof paper. -treated paper. -watercolour paper
-corrugated card. -bleached card. -mount board
-duplex card. -foiled backed and laminated card.
-metal effect card -moulded paper pulp
48
Composites
A material comprised of two. Or more different materials, resulting in a material with enhanced properties
49
What are some composites
Carbon fiber reinforced placstic(CFRP)
Glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP)
Tungsten carbide
Aluminium composite board
Concrete
Fibre cement
Engineered wood (e.g glulam)
50
Smart material
A meterial whose physical properties change in response to an external stimuli input or change in he enviroment e.g electricity, temperature, pressure or light.
51
What are some smart material
Shape memory alloy (SMA)
Thermochromic pigment
Thermochromatic film
Phosphorescent pigment
Photochromic pigment
Electroluminescent wire
Piezo electric material
52
Modern mterial
A material developed through the invention of new or improved processes. E.g as a result of man made invention
53
What are modern materials
Kevlar
Precious metal clay (PMC)
High density modeling foam
Polymorph
54
What are the classifications of woods?
Hardwoods and Softwoods.
55
Examples of Hardwoods
Oak, Ash, Mahogany, Teak, Birch.
56
Properties of Oak wood
Hard, tough, attractive grain, good weather resistance. Contains tannic acid which will corrode steel screws or fixings.
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Properties of Ash wood
Tough, attractive open grain pattern which makes it more flexible.
58
Properties of Mahogany wood
Can contain interlocking grain, making it more difficult to work. Rich dark red colour.
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Properties of Teak wood
Hard, tough, straight grain, natural oils resist moisture, acids and alkalis.
60
Properties of Birch wood
Hard, straight close grained, resists warping.
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Examples of Softwoods
Pine (European Redwood), Spruce, Douglas fir, Larch, Cedar.
62
Properties of Beech wood
Tough, close grained, hard, available in steamed (white colour) and un-steamed (pink tingel), does not impart a taste to food.
63
Properties of Pine wood
Straight grain, knotty, can contain resinous knots.
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Properties of Spruce wood
Straight grain, resistant to splitting.
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Properties of Douglas fir wood
Straight or slightly wavy grain, few knots, stable, good resistance to corrosion.
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Properties of Larch wood
Hard, tough, attractive grain pattern fades to silver upon exposure outside, good resistance.
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Uses of Hardwoods
Furniture, flooring, boat building, cladding, interior and exterior joinery.
68
Uses of Softwoods
Tool handles, ladders, sports goods, laminating.
69
What is Plywood?
Thin layers of wood are placed and glued at 90 degrees to each other and compressed to form the board.
70
Properties of Marine plywood
Similar construction to plywood but is gap- and void-free and uses specialist water and boil proof (WBP) glue to provide resistance to moisture.
71
What is Aeroply?
Plywood made from high-quality timber such as birch. Available in very thin sheets, lightweight, easy to bend around a support frame.
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What is Chipboard?
Wood chips compressed with a resin.
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Uses of Plywood
Indoor furniture, shop fittings and cabinets, veneers commonly used on manufactured boards.
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Uses of Marine plywood
Outdoor furniture, laboratory benches, traditional boat decks.
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Uses of Aeroply
Furniture, indoor panelling, veneers used for birch-faced plywood construction.
76
Uses of Chipboard
Construction work, roof beams and timber frame construction, interior joinery.
77
What is MDF?
Compressed wood fibres, sometimes with urea formaldehyde added as an additional resin.
78
What are Veneers?
Thin slices of wood less than 3 mm thick.
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What are MF laminates?
Thin sheets of MF polymer, hard, tough.
80
Uses of MDF
Often veneered or covered with polymer laminate, kitchen worktops and units, shelving and flat-pack furniture.
81
Uses of Veneers
Decorative coverings for manufactured boards.
82
Uses of MF laminates
Decorative covering for chipboard for kitchen worktops, etc.
83
What is oak used for
Furniture
84
What is ash used for
Tool handles, ports goods
85
What’s mahogany used for
Rich red indoor furniture
86
What’s teak used for
Outdoor furniture, lab benches
87
What is birch use for
Furniture, veneers
88
What is beech used for
Turned bowls, chopping boards, chairs
89
What is pine used for
Construction work, roof beams and timber frame construction, interior joinery
90
What is spruce used for
Indoor furniture
91
What is Douglas fir used for
Veneerers, plywood construction, joinery and construction work
92
Wha is larch used for
Garden furniture, cladding, decking, fencing
93
Properties of cedar
Strait grain, can corrode ferrous metals due to acidic nature, low density, good resistance to moister.
94
Uses of cedar
Exterior cladding, sheds, greenhouses, beehives, interior paneling
95
Flexible plywood
Odd number of layers glued together with the same direction of grande so can be folded and held in a clamp to set.
96
Uses of flexible plywood
Laminated furniture, carved panels
97
What are non-ferrous metals?
Metals that do not contain significant amounts of iron. Examples include Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Silver, Gold, Titanium, and Tin.
98
What are ferrous metals?
Metals that contain iron. Examples include Low carbon steel, Medium carbon steel, Cast iron, Stainless steel, High speed steel (HSS), and Die steel (tool steel).
99
What are the properties of Aluminium?
Lightweight, ductile, malleable, corrosion resistant, electrical and thermal conductor.
Can be used in MIG and TIG welding
Melting temperature 660 °C.
100
What are the uses of Aluminium?
Drinks cans, aircraft bodies, bike frames, window frames, packaging, baking foil.
101
What are the properties of Copper?
Ductile, malleable, tough, corrosion resistant, good electrical and thermal conductor.
Can be soldered and brazed
Melting temperature 1,083 °C.
102
What are the uses of Copper?
Electrical wire, printed electrical circuits, water pipes, hot water tanks, central heating pipes.
103
What are the properties of Zinc?
Low melting point, good corrosion resistance.
Melting temperature 420 °C.
104
What are the properties of Tin?
Malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, low melting point
Melting temperature 232 °C.
105
What are the properties of Low carbon steel?
Ductile, high tensile strength, tough, malleable, poor resistance to corrosion.
0.15-0.30 per cent carbon content. Melting temperature 1,427 °C.
106
What are the properties of Medium carbon steel?
Harder than low carbon steel but less ductile, malleable and tough.
0.30-0.70 per cent carbon content.
107
What are the properties of Cast iron?
Hard outer skin but brittle core, good under compression,3.5 per cent carbon.
Melting temperature 1,149 °C.
108
What are the properties of Stainless steel?
Tough, hard, corrosion resistant.
18 per cent chrome, 8 per cent nickel. Melting temperature 1,510 °C.
109
What are the properties of High speed steel (HSS)?
Hard, tough, high level of resistance to frictional heat.
18 per cent tungsten, 4 per cent chromium, 1 per cent vanadium, 0.5-0.8 per cent carbon.
110
What are the uses of Stainless steel?
Sinks, kitchen wear and cutlery.
111
What are the uses of High speed steel (HSS)?
Tool blades, drill bits, milling cutters, router bits.
112
What are the uses of Tin?
Soft solder, coatings for food cans, rarely used in pure form.
113
What are the uses of Low carbon steel?
Nuts, bolts, washers, screws, car bodies, outer panels for white goods.
114
What are the uses of Medium carbon steel?
Springs, gardening tools (trowels, forks).
115
What are the uses of Cast iron?
Disc brakes, machine parts, engine blocks; sheet furniture, for example decorative bollards, bins and lighting.
116
What are the uses of Zinc?
Galvanising steel as a protective coating for dustbins, buckets, farm gates; intricate die castings.
117
Properties of silver
Malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, can be soldered, melting temp 962
118
Uses of silver
Jewellery, cutlery, suede for plating outher materials
119
Properties of gold
Malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant, can be soldered, melting temp 1063
120
Uses of gold
Jewellery, electronic components, switch components
121
Titanium properties
Hard, similar strength to steel but lighter weight, high resistance to corrosion melting temp 1668
122
Uses of titanium
Joint replacement, tooth implants, spectical frames, aircraft, spacecraft, golf clubs, bicycles, ship hulls
123
Properties of tin
Ductile, malleable, low melting point, corrosion resistant, melting point 232
124
Properties of bronze
Tough, corrosion resistant, can be cast
90 per cent copper, 10 per cent tin
Eating point 850-1000
125
Properties of brass
Corrosion resistant , good electrical and thermal inductor, low melting point, casts well.
65 per cent copper, 35 per cent zinc.
Melting temp 930
126
Properties of duralumin
Equivalent strength properties to low carbon steel bu lighter weight, ductile, becomes harder as its worked.
4 per cent copper, 1 per cent magnesium and magnese
127
Properties of pewter
Malleable, low melting point, casts well
85-99 per cent to with the remainder consisting of copper and antimony.
Melting temp 170-230
128
Uses of bronze
Studs, coin, bearings
129
Uses of brass
Boats fittings, door furniture, cast valves and taps, ornaments
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Uses of duralumin
Aircraft parts, vehicles parts
131
Uses of pewter
Tankards, flasks, goblets, phot frames, decorative items, candlesticks, sports trophies.
132
What are the properties of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)?
Very tough, good chemical resistance, weatherproof, available in translucent, low level of rigidity. Safe working temperature 65 °C.
133
What are the properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)?
Available in translucent form, weatherproof, tough, good chemical resistance. Safe working temperature 65 °C.
134
What are the properties of Polypropylene (PP)?
Available in translucent, good chemical resistance, tough, good fatigue resistance (hinge property). Safe working temperature 100 °C.
135
What are the properties of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
Hard, rigid, available in translucent, tough. Safe working temperature 70 °C.
136
What are the properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)?
Extremely tough, hard, available in opaque. Safe working temperature 80 °C.
137
What are the properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)?
Tough, hard, good chemical resistance, available in translucent. Safe working temperature 95 °C.
138
What are the properties of Nylon?
Tough, corrosion resistant, good temperature resistance, low coefficient of friction. Safe working temperature 150 °C.
139
What are the properties of Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)?
Rigid, opaque, tough, hard, good weathering resistance, good chemical resistance, fire retardant. Safe working temperature 95 °C.
140
What are the properties of Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)?
Available in translucent, tough, flexible, good weathering resistance, good chemical resistance. Safe working temperature 95 °C.
141
What are common uses for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)?
Squeezy detergent bottles, toys, carrier bags, bin liners, general packaging, food wrap film, food trays.
142
What are common uses for High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)?
Chemical drums, jerry cans, toys, household and kitchenware, long life carrier bags, buckets, bowls.
143
What are common uses for Polypropylene (PP)?
Rope, folders, folio cases, food containers, medical equipment, hinged container lids.
144
What are common uses for High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
Yoghurt pots, refrigerator linings, single use drink cups, toilet seats, instrument control knobs.
145
What are common uses for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)?
Telephone handsets, rigid luggage, domestic appliances (food mixers), handles, computer housings, remote control casings, calculator casings.
146
What are common uses for Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)?
Car light casings, computer numerically controlled (CNC) laser cut items, lighting units, lighting covers, baths.
147
What are common uses for Nylon?
Bearings, gears, curtain rails, textiles, boil-in-the-bag food packaging, car engine manifolds, cable ties.
148
What are common uses for Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)?
Window frames, external doors, guttering and downpipes for buildings, water service pipes, bank cards.
149
What are common uses for Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)?
Hose pipes, cable insulation, medical grade tubing, inflatable products, imitation leather, seat coverings.
150
What are the properties of Urea formaldehyde (UF)?
Hard, heat resistant, good electrical insulator, brittle. Safe working temperature 80 °C.
151
What are the uses of Urea formaldehyde (UF)?
Electrical fittings, adhesives.
152
What are the properties of Melamine formaldehyde (MF)?
Hard, opaque, tough, heat resistant, food safe, chemical resistant. Safe working temperature 130 °C.
153
What are the uses of Melamine formaldehyde (MF)?
Decorative laminates, picnic ware, buttons.
154
What are the properties of Polyester resin?
Rigid, heat resistant, chemical resistant, brittle. Safe working temperature 95 °C.
155
What are the uses of Polyester resin?
Castings, used in lay-up process for glass reinforced plastic (GRP) for boat hulls, car parts, chair seats.
156
What are the properties of Epoxy resin?
Rigid, clear, hard, tough, chemical resistant. Safe working temperature 80-200 °C.
157
What are the uses of Epoxy resin?
Adhesives, surface coatings, encapsulation of electrical components, cardiac pacemakers, aerospace applications, used in lay-up techniques with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic.
158
Properties of natural rubber (polyisoprene)
High tensile strength, low elongation , good hardness compared to outher elastomers, tough, electrical insulator, good cold resistance.
159
Uses of natural rubber
Automotive industry such as tyres, tubes, hoses, footwear
160
Properties of butadiene rubber (BR)
Tough, excellent wear resistance against friction, good weather resistance, good thermal resistance against friction, good electrical insulator
161
Properties of neoprene
Good thermal resistance, toughness, good oil and chemical resistance, excellent weather resistance, good abrasion resistance and electrical insulator
162
Uses for butadiene rubber (BR)
Vehicle tyres, shoe soles, toys, conveyer belts
163
Uses of neoprene
Wetsuit, industrial wire insulation, automotive shock absorber seals, door seals
164
Properties of silicone
Good flexibility at low temperature, poor abrasion resistance, good thermal resistance ad resistance to temperature extremes, good weather resistance, electrical insulator
165
Uses for silicone
Flexibl ice cube trays, watch straps, cooking utensils, seals for refrigerators
166
Corn starch polymer
Bio-polymer (natural). Made from starch vegetables such as corn, potatoes and maze,
Uses: packaganing products, straws, vending cups, disposable cutlery, bags, tea -away food containers
167
Potatopak
Bio-polymer(natural). Made from potato starch.
Uses: single use items such as bowl, cutlery, food trays, serviettes, packing peanuts
168
Biopol(bio-bath additives) trade name polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Bio-polymer(natural). Made from bacteria grown in cultures. Additive to promote degregation.
Uses: packaging products such as carrier bags , vending cups, nappies
169
Polylactide acid (PLA)
Bio-polymer (synthetic). Made from corn kernels or cane sugar, fermented to produce lactic acid, then synthesised to produce polylactic acid.
Uses:packaging, single use bottles, Carrie bags, plat pots, disposable nappies, medical sutures and 3D printing
170
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
Bio-polymer (natura). Made from bacteria grown in cultures fully compostable.
Uses: packaging, medical uses such as slow release medication packages, bone repair fittings, detergent washing sachets.
171
172
Glycolide (lactel and ecofilm)
Bio-polymer(synthetic). Fully compostable, PLA and cellulose based
Uses: food film, bags, packaging wrap,bin bags, agricultural ground sheet, flower wrap
173
CFRP
Carbon fibres mixed with polyester or epoxy resin
Light weight, corrosion resistant, tough, hard, good compressive strength, low thermal expansion
Uses:
Sports equipment such as as bicycle frames, tennis racquets, fishing rods, racing car bodies and pats, helmets, prosthetics
174
GRP
Glas fibers mixed with polyester resin
Lightweight, corrosion resistant, tough, hard, low thermal expansion, good compressive strength
Uses: boat hulls, pond liners, kayak shells, sports bodies and parts , locomotive train cabs
175
Tungsten carbide
A cement(mixture ceramic and metal particles) ceramic tungsten and cobalt metal
Hard, tough, resistant to height temps, corrosion resistant
Uses:
Cutting tools such as drill bits, lathe tool tips, router bits, kitchen knives
176
Aluminium composite board
Aluminium sheets with a polyethylene core
Lightweight, ridged, tough, mailable, good thermal and sound insulator, good vibration damping
Uses:
Sound-proofing panels in cars, buildings and boats, signage
177
Concrete
Cement powder, sand, water, aggregate
High compressive strength, low tensile strength, few surface defects, easy to mould
Uses:
Pathways, beams, blocks, driveways, house foundations
178
Reinforced concrete
Low carbon steel rods to add a foundation in he concrete
High compression and tensile strength, consistency across the structure, few surface defects, fire resistant
Uses:
Buildings, bridge piles and bridge spans, retaining walls, grid floors
179
Fibre cement
Cement powder, sand, aggregate particles and polymer or steel fibers and water
Light in weight than re-enforced concrete, hard, tough, good at low temperatures and freeze thaw situations
Uses:
Suspended floors, complex geometric shapes, pathways
180
Engineered wood(glulam, glue laminated timber)
Good aesthetics, natural alternative to re-forced concretes, more lightweight than concrete alternatives, fire resistant, good structural stability, corrosion proof
Uses: beams, bridges, domes , arch’s, decking, roof beams, rafters
181
Shape memory alloy
Nitinol
Changes shape in response to change in temperature or electrical input
Uses:
dental braces, self closing windows
182
Thermochromic pigment
Changes colour in response to temperature
Uses:
Room thermometers, medical thermometers, colour changing mugs
183
Phospherent pigment
Absorbed light energy in the day and re emits at night
Uses:
Fire exit sights, glow in the dark products, Han watches
184
Photochromic pigment
Colour changes light intensity
Uses:
Welding goggles, prescription sun glasses
185
Electroluminescent wire
Thin copper wire coated in phosphrent pigment which glows in relation to alternating current
Uses:
Glow bracelets, outdoor secretive lighting, interweaving for clothing
186
Piezoelectric material
Gives a small electrical charge when deformed
Uses:
Airbag senses, vibration dampening tennis racquets, musical greeting cards, pressure senses
187
Kevlar
Aramid fibbers with high cut and heat resistant properties
Uses:
Body armour, cut proof gloves and aprons, aerospace applications,puncture resistant bycycle tires
188
PMC precious metal clay
Clay consistency made up of fine metal particles. Works like ceramic clay, easily mouldable, easy to shape or form, sets hard once fired with a kiln or butane torch. Inexpensive compared to solid metals
Uses;
Jewelry, small sculptures, fobs
189
High density modelling foam
Polyurethane closed cell blocks or foam sheets. Lightweight and easy to work with using CNC or traditional tools
Uses: 3D modelling, prototypes
190
Polymorph
Granular which become mouldable at about 60c. Can be heated with hot water or hair dryer, solidify at room temperature.
Uses:
Model in, shaping ergonomic handles, prototyping mechanical parts
