maternal_mortality_flashcards

Question 1

What is the definition of maternal mortality according to ICD-10, WHO-2010?

Answer 1

Maternal mortality is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.

Question 2

What are the major disparities in maternal mortality?

Answer 2

Maternal mortality disparities exist within countries, between high- and low-income women, and between rural and urban areas.

Question 3

Why is maternal mortality considered a public health concern and a human rights issue?

Answer 3

Maternal mortality is a public health and human rights issue because most deaths are preventable and indicate inequalities in access to healthcare.

Question 4

How many women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth?

Answer 4

Approximately 800 women die daily from preventable pregnancy-related causes.

Question 5

What percentage of maternal deaths occur in developing countries?

Answer 5

99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries.

Question 6

What is Nigeria’s lifetime risk of maternal death?

Answer 6

In Nigeria, the lifetime risk of maternal death is 1 in 13, compared to 1 in 31 for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole.

Question 7

How many maternal deaths occur annually in Nigeria?

Answer 7

Nigeria has an estimated 40,000 maternal deaths annually, accounting for 14% of global maternal mortality.

Question 8

Which country is the largest contributor to maternal mortality worldwide?

Answer 8

India is the largest contributor to maternal mortality worldwide.

Question 9

How often does a Nigerian woman die from pregnancy-related causes?

Answer 9

One Nigerian woman dies every 13 minutes from preventable pregnancy-related causes.

Question 10

How many women in Nigeria experience life-long health conditions due to pregnancy complications?

Answer 10

For each maternal death, 30 to 50 women suffer life-long complications like obstetric fistula, meaning over 500 women face severe consequences daily.

Question 11

What are the three measures of maternal mortality?

Answer 11

The three measures of maternal mortality are: Maternal mortality rate (MMR), Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and Lifetime risk of maternal death.

Question 12

What was the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2013?

Answer 12

The global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2013 was 210 per 100,000 live births.

Question 13

What was the MMR for sub-Saharan Africa in 2013?

Answer 13

The MMR for sub-Saharan Africa in 2013 was 510 per 100,000 live births.

Question 14

What were the MMR trends in Nigeria from 1999 to 2013?

Answer 14

MMR in Nigeria increased from 289 in 1999 to 576 in 2013.

Question 15

Which region in Nigeria had the highest MMR, and what was the value?

Answer 15

The Northeast region of Nigeria had the highest MMR at 1,549 per 100,000 live births.

Question 16

What are the two major categories of causes of maternal mortality?

Answer 16

The two major causes of maternal mortality are medical and social causes.

Question 17

What percentage of maternal mortality is due to direct causes?

Answer 17

Direct causes account for 80% of maternal mortality.

Question 18

List the major direct causes of maternal mortality.

Answer 18

Major direct causes include: Hemorrhage (23%), Sepsis (17%), Unsafe abortion (11%), Hypertensive disorders (11%), Obstructed labor (11%), Pulmonary embolism.

Question 19

What percentage of maternal mortality is due to indirect causes?

Answer 19

Indirect causes account for 20% of maternal mortality.

Question 20

List the major indirect causes of maternal mortality.

Answer 20

Major indirect causes include: Anemia, Malaria, HIV, Sickle cell disease, Cardiac diseases.

Question 21

What is the 3 Delays Model?

Answer 21

The 3 Delays Model explains delays in receiving maternal healthcare that contribute to mortality.

Question 22

What are the three phases of delay in maternal mortality?

Answer 22

The three phases of delay are: Phase 1: Delay in decision to seek care, Phase 2: Delay in reaching care, Phase 3: Delay in receiving adequate care.

Question 23

What factors contribute to Phase 1 (home delay)?

Answer 23

Factors in Phase 1 (home delay) include low status of women, lack of awareness, past negative experiences, cultural acceptance of maternal death, and financial constraints.

Question 24

What factors contribute to Phase 2 (community delay)?

Answer 24

Factors in Phase 2 (community delay) include distance to healthcare, transportation availability and cost, poor roads, and geographic barriers.

Question 25

What factors contribute to Phase 3 (facility delay)?

Answer 25

Factors in Phase 3 (facility delay) include poor facilities, lack of medical supplies, and inadequately trained staff.

Question 26

What is a maternal near-miss case?

Answer 26

A maternal near-miss is when a woman nearly dies but survives a life-threatening pregnancy complication.

Question 27

What are the WHO identification criteria for maternal near-miss cases?

Answer 27

WHO near-miss identification criteria include dysfunction in neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, uterine, or coagulation systems.

Question 28

What are the major global efforts to reduce maternal mortality?

Answer 28

Global efforts to reduce maternal mortality include: Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI), Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS), Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Question 29

What were the two main targets of MDG 5?

Answer 29

MDG 5 targeted a 75% reduction in MMR and universal access to reproductive health.

Question 30

What is the maternal mortality target under SDG 3?

Answer 30

SDG 3 aims to reduce global MMR to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.

Question 31

What are the three levels of prevention in reducing maternal mortality?

Answer 31

Three levels of prevention: Primary: Preventing pregnancy (contraceptives), Secondary: Preventing complications in pregnancy, Tertiary: Managing complications (Emergency Obstetric Care - EmOC).

Question 32

What does the acronym 'FACE' stand for in Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI)?

Answer 32

'FACE' stands for: Family planning, Antenatal care, Clean and safe delivery, Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC).

Question 33

What are the components of basic Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC)?

Answer 33

Basic EmOC includes: Antibiotics, Anticonvulsants, Uterotonics, Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA), Manual Removal of Placenta (MRP), Instrumental delivery.

Question 34

What additional components are included in comprehensive EmOC?

Answer 34

Comprehensive EmOC includes all basic components plus: Caesarean section, Blood transfusion, Newborn resuscitation.