Math

Question 1

1/2

Answer 1

0.5

Question 2

1/3

Answer 2

0.333

Question 3

1/4

Answer 3

0.25

Question 4

1/5

Answer 4

0.2

Question 5

1/8

Answer 5

0.125

Question 6

Three aspects of the scientific method

Answer 6

1. Testable hypothesis
2. Peer review
3. Verification

Question 7

Experimental/Basic Research

Answer 7

Very controlled laboratory research, no human subjects, most reliable way to indicate causation

Question 8

Human subject research

Answer 8

research performed on humans outside of lab

Question 9

What are the two types of human subject research?

Answer 9

Experimental and observational

Question 10

Experimental human subject research

Answer 10

Involves a specific intervention controlled by the investigator, has a control and treatment group

Question 11

Observational Human subject research

Answer 11

Investigator observes without direct control over the variables. Ex. identifying risk factors from use of case studies

Question 12

Beneficence

Answer 12

DO GOOD, ending a study when there is a clear result of the drug providing benefit

Question 13

Nonmalificence

Answer 13

Ending a study because drug/intervention harms the subject

Question 14

Cohort study

Answer 14

longitudinal study observing characteristics (risk factors) of members of a cohort across time
uses correlations to demonstrate a relationship
no manipulations of an independent variable
Scientists are simply observing over a long period of time

Question 15

Cross-sectional Study

Answer 15

Analysis of data collected from a population/ sample at one specific time

Question 16

Case Control Study

Answer 16

an observational study of individuals within a population with a condition present. Then comparison of that group to a control group without the condition but in the same population

Question 17

Independent Variable

Answer 17

Variable manipulated or directly changed by investigator
“Cause”
Always on the X-axis

Question 18

Dependent Variable

Answer 18

Variable measured as a response to changes in the independent variable
“outcome variable”, “effect”
Always on the Y-axis

Question 19

Positive control

Answer 19

Group given a treatment with a known/expected outcome so that it can be compared to the unknown outcome of a treatment being studied

Question 20

Negative Control

Answer 20

Receives no treatment or expected outcome

No response is expected

Question 21

Selection Bias

Answer 21

Method used to select participants is not random. Results are not a representation of the population as a whole

Question 22

Types of selection bias

Answer 22

Specific real area bias
Self-selection Bias
Pre-screening/ advertising bias
Exclusion bias
Healthy User Bias
Berkson's Fallacy
Overmatching

Question 23

Specific Real Area Bias

Answer 23

Conducting a study in a specific area that does not accurately represent the whole population studied

Question 24

Self-selection Bias

Answer 24

Participants choose whether they want to participate or not and determine their own involvement
Surveys show significant selection bias

Question 25

Pre-Screening/ Advertising Bias

Answer 25

When the screening or advertising process results in a under-representative sample (Wording a study a different way which may elicit a different type of response from people)

Question 26

Exclusion Bias

Answer 26

Exclusion of an entire group from a population

Question 27

Healthy User Bias

Answer 27

Participants in study are likely to be healthier than the general population

Question 28

Berkson's Fallacy

Answer 28

Participants from hospitals which makes the pool likely to be less healthy than general population

Question 29

Overmatching

Answer 29

Negative outcome resulting from a good practice. Matching for confounding variables. (Occurs when matching is done incorrectly or unnecessarily leading to lower efficiency and biased results. Affects case control studies

Question 30

Observer Bias

Answer 30

When the researchers/observers know the goal of the study which influences their observations

Question 31

Demand Characteristics

Answer 31

Participants form their own conception of the experiments purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that conception

Question 32

Information Bias

Answer 32

Wrong or inexact recording of variables or data

Question 33

Confounding variables

Answer 33

Unexpected variables that influence the variances being studied

Question 34

Detection Bias

Answer 34

Systematic differences between groups caused by inconsistency with detection/ diagnoses

Question 35

Performance Bias

Answer 35

Difference in groups due to the type of care provided t each (Favoritism)

Question 36

Experimenter Bias

Answer 36

Errors introduced into a study due to the expectations of the investigators

Question 37

Confirmation Bias

Answer 37

The tendency to favor information that confirms one's hypothesis/predictions and dismiss info that discredits them

Question 38

Reporting Bias

Answer 38

When some findings are reported and some are not. (PI withholding data that does not support hypothesis)