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Mating Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of mating?

A

random and non-random

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2
Q

What do genotypic frequencies depend on?

A

-genotypic frequencies depend on allelic frequencies

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3
Q

What is non-random mating used for? (strategies for)

A

strategies for genetic change

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4
Q

What are two strategies used by breeders for genetic change?

A

selection and mating systems

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5
Q

What is selection?

A

deciding which individuals to retain as parents

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6
Q

How does selection affect genes?

A

parents contribute genes to subsequent generations

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7
Q

What are the goals of selection?

A

increase the frequency of alleles with desirable effects and decrease the frequency of alleles with undesirable effects

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8
Q

What is mating systems?

A

which males are mated to which females

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9
Q

What does the application of mating systems lead to?

A

alters genotypic frequencies

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10
Q

Do mating systems alter allelic frequencies?

A

no

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11
Q

What is random mating by breeders?

A

no attempt by breeder to pair specific mates

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12
Q

What is non-random mating in terms of Hardy Weinberg?

A

expected proportion of homozygous and heterozygous individuals deviate from H-W expectations

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13
Q

What is random mating in terms of Hardy Weinberg?

A

any mate can mate with any female, required for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

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14
Q

What is assignment of mates based on?

A

genetic relationship and phenotypic similarity

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15
Q

What is genetic relationship?

A

how close or how distantly related the animals are

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16
Q

What is phenotypic similarity?

A

how close or different the animals look phenotypically

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17
Q

What are the two types of mating based on genetic relationship?

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

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18
Q

What does inbreeding result in?

A

increase in homozygosity beyond what would be found in randomly mating population

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19
Q

What does outbreeding result in?

A

increase in heterozygosity, hybrid vigor

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20
Q

What are the two types of mating based on phenotypic relationship?

A

positive assortative mating and negative assortative mating

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21
Q

What are examples of positive assortative mating?

A

Tall x Tall. Red x Red

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22
Q

What are examples of negative assortative mating?

A

Tall x Short, Red x Black

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23
Q

What is genetic relationship based on?

A

pedigree

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24
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

more closely related

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25
What is outbreeding?
less closely related
26
What is inbreeding coefficient represented by?
Fx
27
What is inbreeding coefficient?
- probability that 2 alleles at a locus in an individual are identical by descent - reflection of the increased proportion of homozygous loci in an individual
28
What is outbreeding mainly used in?
commercial meat production
29
What is phenotypic similarity based on?
performance
30
What is positive assortative mating?
resemble one another closely
31
What is negative assortative mating?
resemble one another less closely
32
What is the goal of mating systems?
alter genotypic frequencies
33
What increases homozygosity?
inbreeding and positive assortative mating
34
What increases heterozygosity?
outbreeding and negative assortative mating
35
The more closely related two animals mated are...
the more severe the inbreeding
36
How are the sire and dam related in inbreeding?
genetically
37
How does inbreeding affect phenotype and performance?
depression in phenotype and decrease in performance
38
What does Fx measure?
the percent increase in homozygous gene pairs in the individual relative to the average of the breed
39
If an individual has an Fx of 0.25, what does this tell you?
25% of genes are similar to a particular ancestor
40
What is Fx value like for most herd of livestock?
not more than 0.5
41
In arrow diagrams for inbreeding, what does each arrow leading away from an individual represent?
a Mendelian segregation of genes
42
In general what is a common ancestor?
ancestor common to more than one individual
43
In terms of inbreeding what is a common ancestor?
an ancestor common to parents of an inbred individual
44
How are genes described?
genes are identical by descent
45
What type of alleles can be involved in inbreeding?
alleles "alike in state" (same allele HH, but not traceable to a common ancestor)
46
What is IBD?
(gene is) identical by descent
47
What is IBD also known as?
alleles "alike in state"
48
What is linebreeding?
a less intense version of inbreeding
49
What is linebreeding?
mating individuals within a particular line, concentrating genes of one common ancestor
50
What is linebreeding designed to do?
maintain a substantial degree of relationship to highly regarded ancestor
51
What is linebreeding used in?
horse industry
52
What are the 6 effects of inbreeding?
- Prepotency - Expression of deleterious recessive alleles - Inbreeding Depression - Tends to "fix" characteristics (traits) in a population - Concentrate genes - Increase probability of getting similar genes to offspring from ancestor
53
What is prepotency?
the degree to which an animal will pass their characteristics consistently
54
What is prepotency in terms of performance?
performance of offspring is like that of the parents
55
What does prepotency attempt to do?
make individuals more homozygous for superior genes
56
What does inbreeding not increase?
does not increase frequency of detrimental alleles
57
What does inbreeding not create?
does not create deleterious recessive alleles
58
How does inbreeding affect deleterious recessive alleles?
increases expression
59
What is inbreeding depression?
decrease in performance of inbreds for traits like fertility and survivability; unfavorable gene combination value
60
What type of traits does inbreeding depression affect?
quantitative/polygenic traits
61
How does inbreeding depression affect polygenic traits?
individual effects on genes are small, but taken together can decrease performance
62
What is poor gene combination value a result of?
increased homozygosity
63
What does gene combination value cause a change in?
genotypic frequency
64
How does inbreeding depression affect quantitative traits?
unevenly
65
What type of quantitative traits are affected by inbreeding depression?
repro & health, production traits, and product quality traits
66
How are repro and health traits affected by inbreeding depression?
seriously
67
How are production traits affected by inbreeding depression?
moderately
68
How are product quality traits affected by inbreeding depression?
little affected
69
How are genes concentrated as a result of inbreeding?
good and bad
70
Who discovered how to measure inbreeding?
Sewell Wright
71
What is the formula for calculating inbreeding?
Fx=Σ(1/2)^n+1 (1+FA)
72
What is Fx?
inbreeding coefficient of individual X
73
What does n represent in the inbreeding formula?
number of segregations of genes (matings) between common ancestor(s) and sire and dam of X
74
What is FA?
inbreeding coefficient of common ancestor
75
If there is no common ancestor what is Fx?
0
76
What is additive genetic relationship?
proportion of genes which 2 individuals have in common
77
What does additive genetic relationship describe?
the added genetic likeness of the 2 individuals in question
78
How is additive gene relationship shown?
numerical value, 0-1
79
What kind of genetic relationship do cattle have?
all cattle have a large proportion of genes in common.
80
What does genetic relationship attempt to quanitify?
the proportion of genes within 2 individuals that are identical by descent
81
How can individuals inherit genes?
- a descendant may have inherited gene from the other, an ancestor - both individuals may have directly inherited the gene from an ancestor to whom both were related
82
explain meaning of numerical bounds of additive genetic relationship?
0 (no genes identical by descent) - 1 (all genes identical by descent)
83
What is the relationship of x and y represented by?
Rxy

Genetics (24 decks)

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