Matter and Chemical Change

Question 1

What’s Chemistry?

Answer 1

The study of matter — what things are made of — and how substances change when they interact.

Question 2

What’s an Ionic Compound and how do we name them?

Answer 2

Made of a metal and a non-metal. These are held together by attraction, atoms are transferred from one to another.

Name them simply by changing the non-metal ending to ide.
(METAL ALWAYS COMES FIRST IN THE NAME)

Question 3

Where are periods found and what do they tell us?

Answer 3

The horizontal rows on the periodic table.
Tell us how many electron rings there are.

Question 4

What are the properties of the named chemical families?

Answer 4

Alkali Metals - Very unstable and reactive. Have a charge of +1 (One extra electron).

Alkaline Earth Metals - Sill reactive but less than Halogens and Alkali Metals (+2 charge)

Halogens - Very unstable and reactive. Charge of -1 (1 electron short)

Noble gasses - Very Stable. No charge, cant be ions.

Question 5

Where are chemical families found and what do they tell us?

Answer 5

The Vertical rows on a periodic table.
Tell us what groups chemicals are in, same family reacts similarly.

Question 6

Where are Halogens, Noble Gasses, Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals found?

Answer 6

Transition metals are between the families.

Halogens - Just to the left of the Noble Gasses.(Family 17)

Noble Gasses - On the very right. (Family 18)

Alkali Metals - Very left of the table. (Family 1)

Alkaline Earth Metals - To the right of Alkali Metals. (Family 2)

Question 7

Where are Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids found?

Answer 7

Metals - To the left of the staircase.

Non-metals - To the right of the staircase.

Metalloids - On the staircase.

Question 8

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons - Where are they found and how do we calculate them?

Answer 8

Protons - In the Nucleus and is = to the Atomic #

Neutrons - In the Nucleus, Atomic mass - Atomic #

Electrons - In an electron cloud around the nucleus. Same as the Atomic #

Question 9

What’s the difference between an Exothermic reaction and an Endothermic reaction?

Answer 9

Exothermic - Releases heat and feels hot.
- “Heat EXits” in EXOthermic reactions.

Ex. Fire, hand warmers

Endothermic - Takes in heat and feels cold.
- “Heat ENters” in ENdothermic reactions.

Ex. Photosynthesis, instant cold packs

Question 10

What’s Reaction Rate?

Answer 10

How fast reactants are converted to products.

Question 11

What’s an Inhibitor?

Answer 11

Slows down the rate of a chemical reaction but doesn’t stop it.

Ex.
Food preservatives

Question 12

What is a Catalyst?

Answer 12

Speed up chemical reactions but are not used in them.

Ex.
Enzymes

Question 13

What are chemical properties?

Answer 13

Can only be observed by attempting to alter the material in some way.

Ex.
Reacts with ____

Question 14

What’s The Law of Definite Composition?

Answer 14

Reliable or constant composition.

-Compounds are pure substances that contain 2 or more elements combined in a fixed composition.

Question 15

What is Chemical Change?

Answer 15

When a product is different from the original substance. This change is hard to undo if not impossible.

Ex.
Endo/Exothermic reactions, Reactivity with water, Starting material is sued up, Precipitate forms (2 liquids make a solid), Change in color, Gas bubbles form, PH changes, Change is difficult to reverse.

(TWO or MORE have to occur in order for it to be a chemical change!)

Question 16

What are Physical Properties?

Answer 16

Can be observed and/or measured without altering the material itself.

Question 17

What is Physical Change?

Answer 17

When the appearance of something changes, this can be reversed and doesn’t change chemically.

Ex.
Boiling/Melting/Freezing point, Smell, Color, Attraction, Repulsion.

Question 18

What’s a Pure Substance?

Answer 18

Made of only one type of matter.
Unique set of chemical and physical properties.

Question 19

What’s an Element?

Answer 19

A “basic” substance that cannot be broken down into different substances.

Question 20

What is the difference between an Element and a Pure substance?

Answer 20

Element - A pure substance. One kind of atom.
Pure Substance - Only one type of particle. Can be an element or a compound.

Question 21

What’s a Compound?

Answer 21

When two or more elements are combined chemically to become a new substance.

Ex.
Molecular and Ionic

Question 22

What’s a Molecular compound and how do we name them?

Answer 22

Made of Non-metals. Held together by Co-valent bonds. Atoms Share electrons from their outer rings to be stable.

We name them by adding prefixes to both chemicals and changing the last chemical ending to “ide”.
-The prefix “mono” (Meaning one) NEVER goes on the first element

Question 23

What are Homogenous and Heterogenous mixtures?

Answer 23

Homogenous - Looks like just one thing. The mixture is evenly mixed.
“Homo = same”

Ex.
Salt water
Air
Apple juice

Heterogenous - You can see the different parts. The mixture is not the same throughout.
“Hetero = different”

Ex.
Salad
Oil and water
Trail mix

Question 24

What’s a Mixture?

Answer 24

Made of two or more substances that are not chemically joined and can be physically separated.

Question 25

What's a Solution?

Answer 25

A homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another. Has a solute (the thing that gets dissolved) and a solvent (the thing doing the dissolving)

Question 26

What's Matter?

Answer 26

Anything that has mass and takes up space. All solids, liquids, and gases are matter Even air is matter, because it has mass and volume

Question 27

What's Corrosion?

Answer 27

When metals break down by reacting with things in their environment, like water or oxygen. A chemical change The most common example is rusting (when iron reacts with oxygen and water)

Question 28

What are Enzymes?

Answer 28

Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things. (A Catalyst)

Question 29

What's Atomic Mass?

Answer 29

The mass of one atom of an element. It’s mostly made up of the mass of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 30

What are Reactants and Products?

Answer 30

Reactants - The starting materials in a chemical reaction. They go into the reaction. Found on the left side of the arrow (→). Products - The new substances made by the reaction. They come out of the reaction. Found on the right side of the arrow (→).

Question 31

What do Chemical Formulas tell us? How can it help us understand H20?

Answer 31

Tells us - What elements are in a compound and How many atoms of each element H20 = H2 Means we have 2 Hydrogen atoms. =O Means we have 1 oxygen atom.

Question 32

What are Chemical names?

Answer 32

It’s the common or systematic name for a chemical substance. -Tells you what the compound is called in words. -Usually made up of the elements or ions in the compound. Ex. Water, Salt, Carbon Dioxide

Question 33

Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids - What state are they in at room temperature, appearance, Conductivity and Malleability/Ductility?

Answer 33

Metals - Solid at room temperature, Shiny, Good conductors of heat and electricity and very malleable/ductile. Non-Metals - Some Solid some gas, not very shiny, poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle and not ductile. Metalloids - Solid, can be dull or shiny, sometimes can conduct electricity but poor conductors of heat, brittle and not ductile.

Question 34

What are Isotopes?

Answer 34

Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons.

Question 35

Molecular and Ionic Compounds - Conductivity, State at room temperature, what are their melting/boiling points like, are they soluble and does it form Ions in a solution?

Answer 35

Molecular - Doesn't usually conduct electricity, can be any state at room temperature, lower melting/boiling points, some are soluble but not all, doesn't form ions in a solution. Ionic - Conducts Electricity, Solid at room temperature, higher melting/boiling point, soluble in water, forms ions in a solution.

Question 36

What are Ions?

Answer 36

An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons, giving it a charge. (The +2 or - on the table with the element) If it loses electrons- becomes positive (called a cation) If it gains electrons - becomes negative (called an anion)

Question 37

What's a coefficient in terms of chemistry and what do they do?

Answer 37

The big number in front of a chemical formula. Tells us: How many molecules (or units) of that substance there are You multiply it by all the atoms in the formula Ex. 2H2O The 2 is the coefficient Each H₂O has: 2 hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom So 2H₂O = 2 × 2 H = 4 hydrogen atoms 2 × 1 O = 2 oxygen atoms

Question 38

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Answer 38

It states that - The Mass of the reactants must = The Mass of the products.

Question 39

What's Galvanization?

Answer 39

The process of protecting metals by coating them in a thin layer of zinc.

Question 40

What's Combustion?

Answer 40

A highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen. Required heat, oxygen and fuel.

Question 41

What things can speed up Reaction Rate of a substance?

Answer 41

Higher temperature - Means the molecules move faster which increases the chance of collisions. Increased concentration - Means there's more atoms to collide so there's more chance for collisions. Increased surface area - Breaking the reactants into smaller pieces increases the amount of area to react.

Question 42

What does the Flame symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 42

For Fire Hazards

Question 43

What does the Flame over the circle symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 43

For Oxidizing hazards

Question 44

What does the gas cylinder symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 44

For Gasses under pressure

Question 45

What does the Exploding bomb symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 45

For explosion or reactivity hazards.

Question 46

What does the circle made of three curved shapes symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 46

For organisms or toxins that can cause diseases in people or animals.

Question 47

What does the two test tubes pouring liquid onto a hand and a bar symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 47

For corrosive damage to metals, as well as skin, eyes.

Question 48

What does the exclamation mark symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 48

May cause less serious health effects.

Question 49

What does the human figure with a starburst shape on the chest symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 49

May cause or suspected of causing serious health effects.

Question 50

What does the skull and crossbones symbol mean in terms of WHIMIS?

Answer 50

Can cause death or toxicity with short exposure to small amounts.