May 4th (star Wars Day) Flashcards by A S

Which type of pneumocytes produce more pneumocytes? (Stem cell)

Type 2.

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Confidence interval and relative risk

RR=1 = no association. Over/under 1 = association. If it is large enough to fit into 95% confidence interval, it is significant.

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Method of action of atrial natriuretic peptide/ANP and BNP

Bind TM protein linked to guanylyl cyclase -> to protein kinase -> dilation.

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How to calculate change of child having autosomal recessive disease

(Chance a random kid gets it with carrier parents= 1/4) X (chance a mom is a carrier) X (chance dad is a carrier)

(Chance of dad giving allele = q if gen pop) X (chance of mom giving allele (50% if carrier)

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Ankylosing spondylitis

Inflammatory disorder of sacroilliac and axial skeleton (fusion = bamboo spine). Young men with morning stiffness and lower back pain. HLA B27.

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Which MHC is associated with class 1

HLA A, B , C

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Noncaseating granulomas like in sarcoidosis?

T4 helper cells

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Chemo drug for aml agsint CD20?

Rituximab

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How to drive denovo mutation of pyrimidines with low folate

Thymidine. Alternate pathway to make dTMP that does not need folate.

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Panic disorder criteria and treatment

Recurrent panic attacks w/ 4: chest stuff/dyspnea, dizziness, fear of dying, depersonalization.

Tx: benzodiazepine immeiate. SSRI/SNRI longterm

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Adrenal cortex enzymes

5-alpha reductase: testosterone to DHT
21/11: cortisol and aldosterone (11 downstream)
17: Cortisol, testosterone

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Function of T tubules in muscle

Transmit depolarization signals in a UNIFORM way

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Dogoxin toxicity

Arryhtmias
Anorexia
GI pain
Fatigue/confusion
Color vision alterations.

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Pancoast tumors

Non-small cell carcinoma (squamous or adeno)
Can invade brachial plexus = ipsilateral shoulder pain
Cervical ganglia: horner’s (ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis)

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Function, attachment, origin, iinnervation of infraspinatus

O: infraspinous fossa
A: greater tuberosity
Function: External rotation
Innervation: suprascapular nerve

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Rotator cuff muscles

SItS
Supraspinatus: abduction
Infraspinatus: external rotation
Teres minor: adduction/external rotation
Subscapularis: adduciton/Internal rotation

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Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis

1st line: peniccilin

2nd line: ampicillin

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Type 1 diabetes at risk for what?

Other autoimmune
Hashimoto
Addison’s

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Increased cortisol causes what?

Insulin resistance (therefore decreased causes insuilin sensitivity)

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Addisons affects what part of the adrenals

ALL THREE layers of the cortex. (Aldosterone, androgens, cortisol)

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Denge fever infectino and reinfection

First: hemmorhaggic. Myalgias, thromboytopenia, petechiae
Second: worse. Different serotype

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How to diagnose congenital lactase deficiency?

Stool pH (down)
Breath hydrogen test (up)
Stool somotic gap (increased)

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Antiogensin II receptor Blocker (ARBs)

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Losartan: block angiotensin II

No ACE affected therefore no bradykinin affected therefore no cough

Function of BRCA 1/2 genes

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DNA repair. Tumor suppressor

Embryologic origin of Anterior pituitary

Ratchke's pouch (surface ectoderm)

Acute tubular necrosis:

Proximal tubular cell ballooning | Vacuolar degeneration

Oxalate crystals (not calcium oxylate)

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Melatonin agonist

Ramelton, safe for elderly

Superior vena cava syndrome

Cmopression of vein. Easy by mediastinal mass Puff face, neck, upper extremities Dizziness/headache if cerebral edema. Mostly lung cancer/ then non-hodkin lymphoma

Psoriais

``` Hyperparkaratosis Acanthosis Rete redige elongation No stratum granulocum. Munro microabscess ```

Muncro microabscess

Neutrophils cluster in superficial dermis and stratum corneum

Fabry disease

Alpha-galactosidase A deficiecny Accumulation of sphingolipid globotriaosylceramide. Kidney and CerebroV disease

Chemo receptors

Central chemoreceptor: medulla, decrease pH of cerebrospinal fluid (increased Paco2 That diffuses and forms H+) = increased respiration. PEripheral: carotid/aortic boies. Arterial paO2 (hypoxemia). Also a little PaCO2/H+. Pulmonary stretch receptor: regulate duration Of inspiration depending on lung distension. Protect from hyperinflation.

Difference between bipolar 1 and 2

1: mania, more than one week, psychotic symptoms, severe. 2: four days, just hypomania. Lack of sleep and high energy normal.

Rubeola (measles) or rubella

Not vaccinated. Febrile maculopapular rash that begins at face and spreads to trunk. Differentiate by postauricular lymph = rubella

Pseudogout vs gout

Neagtive bifringent crystal | Needle-shaped

Cholcicine side effect and use

Second line treatment for gout (NSAIDs but dont use with peptic ulcer) Side-effect: prevent tubulin polymerization into microtubule. Also nausea/diarrhea (mucosal cells in GI too affected)

Xantine oxidase use

Chronic not acute gout. Acute gout= make worse

Down syndrome

``` Upslanting palpebral fissure Epicanthal folds Prodtruding tongue Excessive skin at nape of neck. Small, cardiac probs. Weak MORO reflex ```

Granulomatous information mediated by what?

T-lymphocytes. Delayed hypsersisativity reaction (1)

MAnonyl coA effect on beta oxidation

Sign of excess. Inhibits carnitine Acetyltransferase (used to transfer fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane).

OCD treated with

CBT and SSRI/SNRI

DiGeorge.velocardiofacial

CATCH 22 (Cardiac, abnormal faces, thymic aplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism (aplasia)

Interstitial lung disease

``` Fine cracles Clubbin diffuse Reticular opacities Progressive dyspnea FEV1/FVC ratio. ```

Clavulanic acid use

Beta lactamase enzyme | Used alongside amoxicillin/;eniccillin to prevent destrcution

Horsheo kidney, why?

Cant ascend due to inferior mesenteric artery

Imporferate hymen

Incomplete degeneration of hymen. | Blood fills and causes pain during menstration. Pressure pushes into anus and stops poop

Deciduadized endometrium

Dialted, coiled endometrial glands | Vascularized edematous stroma

How do you elicit asthma when patient has normal breathing

Methacholine

Detection of Epstein-Barr

Heterophile IgM antibodies that react to horse/sheep erythrocytes Agglutination = positive

Hyperparathyroidism

Bones, stones, abdoinal groans, psychic moans Hypercalcemia, hypophophotemia. Skeltal; compact bonesubperiosteal erosions/osteolytic cysts.

Infant with bloody stool and abdominal distension and curvilinear areas of lucency

Necrtoizing enterocolitis

Myestania gravis

Muscle weakening, especially around eye | Gets worse with activity, at end of day

Open angel glaucoma

Progressive loss of peripheral vision | Due to eleavted intraocular pressure due to more aqueous humor (made by cilliary body)

opioids come from same molecule as what?

ACTH, and MSH | POMC)

Squamous cell carcinoma in esophagus

From smoking, drinking, or grilled foods (nitroamides)

Chance of chronic hep B

High, 90%

May 4th (star Wars Day) Flashcards

(57 cards)