MBM

Question 1

Shuttle used for B-Oxi?

Answer 1

Carnitine

Question 2

Pyruvate gets ___ to become lactate

Answer 2

Reduced by NADH via lactate dehydrogenase

Question 3

How many protons are pumped through complex II?

Answer 3

None

Question 4

Iorganic phosphate is brought into the matrix by ___

Answer 4

Phosphate translocase

Question 5

A buildup of citrate allosterically inhibits which Glycolytic enzyme?

Answer 5

PFK-1, the Rate Limiting Step!!

Question 6

Oxidized idd fatty acids become three carbon ____ CoA, which gets converted into Methylmalonyl-CoA and lastly into _____ CoA which can feed into the TCA to make glucose!

Answer 6

Propionyl, Succinyl

Question 7

For Gluconeogenesis, where does Glycerol 3 Phosphate come from?

Answer 7

Stored fats/Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue

Question 8

Adding Amino Group to a-Ketoglutarate makes?

Answer 8

Glutamate

Question 9

Where is Glucose 6-Phosphatase exclusively found?

Answer 9

The lumen of the ER in Liver Cells.

Question 10

What does Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate get cleaved into?

Answer 10

DHAP and G3P

Question 11

In the fasting state, the liver (via HMG-CoA synthase/HMG-CoA lyase) converts excess acetyl-CoA (from B-oxi of FAs) into the Ketone bodies ____ and ____ which can be used for energy in various tissues.

Answer 11

Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate

Question 12

Why don’t muscle cells have Glucose-6-Phosphatase?

Answer 12

It ensures that glucose in muscle is solely used up by the muscle; we want to prevent degradation!

Question 13

The portion of ATP synthase that spans the membrane?

Answer 13

F0 (ion channel)

Question 14

In conditions of low oxygen, what does the IF-1 Inhibitor do?

Answer 14

Inhibits the ATPase activity of the transporter

Question 15

What two things occur during E3’s Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase?

Answer 15

1. SH’s are de-hydrogenated to form oxidized lipoyllysine with FAD–>FADH2
2. NAD+–>NADH by oxidizing FADH2

Question 16

Glucogenic Amino acids

Answer 16

All except Leucine and Lysine

Question 17

Three fates of Pyruvate?

Answer 17

1. Acetyl CoA via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
2. Lactic Acid via Lactate dehydrogenase
3. Oxaloacetate via Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 18

Two steps where ATP is made in glycolysis

Answer 18

1,3 bisphospho–>3Phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate Kinase

PEP–>Pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

Question 19

Where does acetyl coA need to go and how does it get there for Fatty Acid Synthesis?

Answer 19

You need cytoplasmic Acetyl-CoA via the Citrate Shuttle.

Question 20

Type I nuclear receptors vs Type II

Answer 20

I are in cytoplasm before activation, II reside constitutively in the nucleus

Question 21

Transketolase and Transaldolase serve to transform Fructose6P and GlycerAldehyde3P into _______

Answer 21

Ribose 5P

Question 22

The Limiting factor of respiration is the amount of ___

Answer 22

ADP

Question 23

Does Insulin promote or inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and why?

Answer 23

Promotes it, because insulin means well-fed. Well-fed means you want to Burn Glucose or Store, which are the two potential outcomes of Acetyl Co-A(product of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)

Question 24

“Activating” fatty acids refers to the attachment of ___ group

Answer 24

S-CoA

Question 25

Shuttle used for FA synthesis?

Answer 25

Citrate Shuttle

Question 26

Insulin's effect on Pyruvate dehydrogenase Phosphatase?

Answer 26

Promotes it, because E1 becomes active when it's NOT phosphorylated.

Question 27

The Non-oxidative phase of PPP generates

Answer 27

Glucose 6 Phosphate, through transketolase and transaldolase

Question 28

Two NADH shuttles?

Answer 28

1. Glycerol 3P-FAD Shuttle (1.5 ATP) | 2. Malate-aspartate (2.5 ATP)

Question 29

Why is Thiamine important to give to patients before glucose with patients that have thiamine deficiency?

Answer 29

Lactic Acidosis occurs because pyruvate cannot be acetyl coA! TPP is essential in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Question 30

___ causes release of GDP so that GTP can bind and activate the G protein

Answer 30

GEFs

Question 31

Which steps reduce NAD+ in glycolysis?

Answer 31

G3P-->1,3BisPhosphoglycerate via G3P Dehydrogenase

Question 32

Which steps in glycolysis produce ATP?

Answer 32

1,3BisPhosphoglycerate-->3PhosphoGlycerate via Phosphoglycerate Kinase PEP-->Pyruvate via Pyruvate Kinase

Question 33

What organ synthesizes TAGs to be delivered to adipose tissue?

Answer 33

Liver

Question 34

Why is the disulfide bond of Lipoic acid reduced?

Answer 34

To allow a sulfide bond with the new 2C group

Question 35

Three key substrates for Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 35

1. Glycerol 3-Phosphate 2. Lactate 3. A.A's

Question 36

What are the three enzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?

Answer 36

E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2:Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase E3: Dihydrolipoyldehydrogenase

Question 37

What is the function of E1's Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

Answer 37

To decarboxylate Pyruvate to acquire a 2C group that can be manipulated via TPP attachment

Question 38

What hormone activates PFK-2 and what hormon inactivates PFK-2?

Answer 38

Insulin activates PFK-2 to promote TCA | Glucagon inhibits PFK-2 to promote Gluconeogenesis

Question 39

How many ATP synthesized for NADH? Per Succinate (from II)?

Answer 39

2.5, 1.5

Question 40

Two General steps for Beta Oxidation?

Answer 40

1. Activate FA with Thioester and CoA (Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase) 2. Link activated FA onto carnitine and go through carnitine transporter into matrix.(Carnitine Acyltransferase-1

Question 41

Removing Aspartate's Amino Group makes?

Answer 41

Oxaloacetate

Question 42

Four Enzymes that can be controlled in Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 42

1. PDH-Inhib by ATP, acetyl coA, NADH 2. Citrate Synthase-Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA, Citrate 3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase-Inhib by ATP, NADH 4. a-ketoglutDH- Inhib by ATP, NADH, Succ-CoA

Question 43

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway begins with ___

Answer 43

Glucose 6 Phosphate

Question 44

Two potential pathways for Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 44

TCA or Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 45

Pneumonic 5 step Fatty Acid Synthase (Cytoplasm)

Answer 45

Activate(trade coA with ACP), Bond, Red, Dehy, Red

Question 46

ADP is transported into the Mitochondrial matrix by _________

Answer 46

Adenine Nucleotide Translocase

Question 47

If Acetyl CoA isn't coming from glycolysis, then what's the other major source?

Answer 47

Fatty Acids

Question 48

Where in the ETC is ATP produced directly?

Answer 48

Succ-CoA---> Succinate via succinyl-CoA synthetase by converting newly formed GTP into ATP

Question 49

Monomeric G proteins are ___ when bound to GDP

Answer 49

inactive

Question 50

Which phosphorylated compound in glycolysis has the highest amount of free energy?

Answer 50

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 51

Three steps that produce NADH in TCA?

Answer 51

1. Isocit-->a-Keto 2. a-Keto-->Succinyl-CoA 3. Malate-->Oxaloacetate

Question 52

Insulin ___ the formation of Glycogen

Answer 52

Promotes

Question 53

Cytochrome C passes electrons to complex ___

Answer 53

IV

Question 54

Which Glycolysis steps require input of ATP?

Answer 54

Glu-->Glu-6P by Hexokinase | Fru6P-->1,6 FruP by PFK-1

Question 55

The ETC starts with Complex I FMN or FAD (from complex II) receiving two electrons, and passing them off to_____

Answer 55

CoEnzyme Q

Question 56

What three things occur during E2's dihydrolipoyl transacetylase?

Answer 56

1. Lipoic SS bond is reduced 2. Acetyl bound to Lipoic 3. Acetyl bound to S-CoA

Question 57

The oxidative phase of PPP generates two things:

Answer 57

NADPH and Ribose-5-phosphate

Question 58

Two intermediates that can create more oxaloacetate?

Answer 58

Pyruvate--via Pyruvate Carboxylase (Mitochondrial) PEP via PEP carboxylase (Cytoplasmic)

Question 59

Affinities/Locations of Glut 2 vs Glut 4

Answer 59

Glut 2 is in Liver, High KM, Low affinity | Glut 4 is in adipose and muscle, Low KM, High Affinity

Question 60

When Acetyl CoA builds up from Fatty acid breakdown, what enzyme promotes Gluconeogenesis via Oxaloacetate formation?

Answer 60

Pyruvate carboxylase, because this shunts the Krebs away from ATP formation and TAG storage and creates OAA to make new glucose for the bloodstream.

Question 61

Does Pyruvate dehydrongease Kinase Activate or Inactivate E1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

Answer 61

Inactivates it

Question 62

Pneumonic 4 Step B-Oxidation (Matrix)

Answer 62

Oxidize Beta, Hydrate, Oxidize, Split

Question 63

What converts cytoplasmic OAA into PEP?

Answer 63

PEP Carboxykinase

Question 64

How many protons from NADH in ETC

Answer 64

10