MC Exam 2: History and Theory Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is motor control?
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement, how are skills achieved
What is a skill?
the ability to bring about an end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy
What is motor control composed of?
complex interaction between individual, the task and environment
What happens when you have too much skill?
think about it too much, overuse injury
What are psychophysics experiments apart of?
behavioral approach, biomechanical approach, neurophysiology approach
What is an example of a psychophysic experiment
reaction time
What are 4 things Charles Sherrington is known for?
- unit reaction is known as reflex
- reciprocal inhibition- activation of flexors can lead to deactivation of extensors
- identification of sensory receptors
- coined terms like proprioception and synapse
What was one of his early experiments?
deafferentation of monkeys- if no sensory then no movement of limbs, later was disproved
What is learned non use and who studied it?
Ed taub, overtime body thinks limb can’t use if its affected even though it possibly can
What is clinical induced constraint therapy? Who studied it?
Taub and Wolf
constrain non affected limb and affected limb will be forced to move
What was the major neurophysiology implications from deafferentation studies in monkeys?
area of brain receptors for arms turned into face receptors therefore face sensation became more precise
Who is Ian Pavlov?
famous for classic conditioning studied done in dogs
Who is the father of motor control?
Nikolai Bernstein, refuted Pavlov’s idea that movement was conditioned but instead that movements were active and goal oriented
What is Bernstein’s DOF problem?
that human body can perform same movements in several different ways, however CNS can freeze DOF to simplify control strategies - “motor equivalency”
What also did Bernstein believe?
movement is just reflexes strung together
What researcher did a famous study in motor equivalence?
Karl Lashley- studied hand writing with different parts of body vs blindfolded
Who is Erich Von Holst?
also favored that movement was active and oriented
What is Von Holst reafference principle?
this is critical for movement as it is input that is evoked from one’s own movement
What field was prominent in the early study of motor control?
physical education
Who is Paul Fitts?
Created Fitts Law: time to complete a targeted movement depends on the distance to the target and the width of the target
What is the equation for Pitts law?
ID (index of difficulty)= Log2 (2D/W)
Id increases by one unit for each doubling of amplitude and halving width
Who is Franklin M Henry?
father of motor skills research, proposed reaction was related to complexity of the activity and motor skills are highly specific
What was Jack Adams famous for?
developed one of first motor Theories in US, that there are two forms or memory for learning: memory trace, perceptual trace
What is memory trace?
selection/ initiation of movement
