MCM- TCA Cycle

Question 1

What precursors can be broken down into Acetyl CoA

Answer 1

Fats, Polysaccharides, Protein

Question 2

Where is the high energy bond in Acetyl CoA

Answer 2

SCoA bond

Question 3

What carrier takes pyruvate into the mitochondria

Answer 3

Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier

Question 4

Which enzyme decarboxylates Pyruvate

Answer 4

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Question 5

What does Pyruvate get Decarboxylated into

Answer 5

Acetyl-CoA

Question 6

What does Pyruvate give off when getting Decarboxylated

Answer 6

NADH and CO2

Question 7

In a Phosphatase Deficiency what happens to the PDC

Answer 7

Is always phosphorylated and inactivated

Question 8

What happens when the PDC is inactivated

Answer 8

Constant Lactic Acidosis

Question 9

Why does constant lactic Acidosis occur when the PDC is inactivated

Answer 9

Pyruvate gets turned into Lactate more favorably because Pyruvate cannot be Decarboxylated to Acetyl-CoA

Question 10

Which area of the body is most affected by constant Lactic Acidosis

Answer 10

The CNS

Question 11

What Negatively regulates PDC

Answer 11

ATP
Acetyl-CoA
NADH

Question 12

What Positively regulates PDC

Answer 12

ADP

Pyruvate

Question 13

What Positively Regulates Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase

Answer 13

Calcium
And
Magnesium

Question 14

What Positively Regulates Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

Answer 14

Acetyl CoA
NADH
ATP

Question 15

What Negatively Regulates Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase

Answer 15

Acetyl CoA
NADH
ATP

Question 16

What Negatively Regulates Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

Answer 16

Pyruvate
CoA
NAD+
ADP

Question 17

What does Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase do to the PDC

Answer 17

Phosphorylates it; De-Activating the Complex

Question 18

What does Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase do to the PDC

Answer 18

Dephosphorylates it; activating the Complex

Question 19

Which 3 steps of the TCA Cycle are regulated

Answer 19

Steps 1,3, and 4

Question 20

Which is the rate limiting step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 20

Step 3

Question 21

What is step one of the TCA Cycle

Answer 21

Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate Condensation to Citrate via Citrate Synthase

Question 22

What is the second step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 22

Citrate to Isocitrate via Aconitase

Question 23

What is the third step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 23

Isocitrate to Alpha-Ketoglutarate via Isocitrate dehydrogenase; at this point an NADH and CO2 are produced, this is the rate limiting step of the TCA Cycle

Question 24

What is the fourth step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 24

Alpha-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA via Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; at this point NADH and CO2 are produced

Question 25

What is the fifth step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 25

Succinyl-CoA to Succinate via Succinate Thiokinase; at this point GTP is produced

Question 26

What is the sixth step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 26

Succinate to Fumarate; at this point FADH2 is produced

Question 27

What is the seventh step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 27

Fumarate to Malate

Question 28

What is the eighth step of the TCA Cycle

Answer 28

Malate to Oxaloacetate; at this point NADH is produced

Question 29

What is the overall Production of the TCA Cycle

Answer 29

2 CO2 1 FADH2 1 GTP 3 NADH

Question 30

What are two major Anaplerotic Reactions that can replenish intermediates for the TCA Cycle

Answer 30

1. Degradation of Amino Acids | 2. Carboxylation of Pyruvate

Question 31

Which TCA Cycle intermediate can leave to go through Gluconeogenesis

Answer 31

Malate

Question 32

Which TCA Cycle intermediate can leave to go through Fatty Acid Synthesis

Answer 32

Citrate; also inhibits Glycolysis

Question 33

How many membranes do Mitochondria have

Answer 33

2

Question 34

Where does the Oxidative Phosphorylation take place

Answer 34

In the mitochondrial Intermembrane Space

Question 35

Where foes most of the TCA Cycle and Fatty Acid Oxidation take place

Answer 35

The Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 36

Where does the oxidant always go in a redox reaction

Answer 36

wherever the electrons are in the equation

Question 37

The Electric Transport Chain has a by product of RNS and ROS species, what happens to them if overproduced

Answer 37

Damage the cells around them

Question 38

3 Key goals of the Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 38

1. To transfer electrons from NADH + FADH2 to O2 forming H20 2. To establish a proton gradient across the inner membrane mitochondrial membrane 3. To synthesize ATP

Question 39

Proton motor force is driven via the pumping of H+ ions from____ to the ____ ______ _____

Answer 39

Mitochondrial Matrix; inner-mitochondrial space

Question 40

What are two factors that drive the Proton Motor Force in Complex 5

Answer 40

1. pH Gradient | 2. Membrane Potential

Question 41

What inhibitor disrupts proton transport through the Complex 5 ATPsynthase channel

Answer 41

Oligomyacin

Question 42

How many Hydrogen Protons do you need to make one mole of ATP

Answer 42

4; 3 to create the gradient and one to pass through

Question 43

What are the steps of the Respiratory Chain

Answer 43

Complex 1 and Complex 2 give electrons to Ubiquinone Ubiquinone gives electrons to Complex 3 Complex 3 gives electrons to Cycle-chrome C Cytochrome C gives electron to Complex 4 Complex 4 reduces O2 to H20

Question 44

Which are the Mobile Carriers of the Respiratory Chain

Answer 44

Ubiquinone | Cytochrome-C

Question 45

Where is Ubiquinone in the Respiratory Chain

Answer 45

Embedded into the lipid membrane

Question 46

Where is Cytochrome C in the Respiratory Chain

Answer 46

In the Intermembrane Space

Question 47

Which mobile carrier can be released when the Mitochondria is unhealthy

Answer 47

Cytochrome C

Question 48

What inhibits Complex 1 of the ETC

Answer 48

Amytal Rotenone Myxothiazol Piercidin A

Question 49

What inhibits Complex 2 of the ETC

Answer 49

Malonate

Question 50

What inhibits Complex 3 of the ETC

Answer 50

Antimycin

Question 51

What inhibits Complex 4 of the ETC

Answer 51

CO- Carbon Monoxide Cyanide H2S

Question 52

What inhibits Complex 5 of the ETC

Answer 52

Oligomycin

Question 53

What is another name of Complex 5 of the ETC

Answer 53

ATPsynthase

Question 54

What inhibits the formation of the proton gradient of the ETC

Answer 54

Dinitrophenol; DNP

Question 55

What happens to the proton gradient if it is disrupted

Answer 55

Protons enter the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space

Question 56

What happens if the protons enter the intermembrane space; (3)

Answer 56

1. TCA Cycle and Electron to O2 are accelerated 2. ATP Synthase is inhibited 3. Heat Generation

Question 57

How do Electrons enter the Mitochondria

Answer 57

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Question 58

Why is the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle important

Answer 58

Because NADH cannot enter the Mitochondria

Question 59

What is the goal of the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Answer 59

Move the electrons from NADH to Malate, cross the Mitochondrial Outter and Inner membrane. Once inside the inner membrane add electrons to NAD+

Question 60

Where do the electrons go once NADH has been re-made inside of the mitochondria

Answer 60

Complex-1

Question 61

What happens to the Malate inside the Mitochondria

Answer 61

Converted to Oxaloacetate and then Aspartate; which is transported outside the cell

Question 62

Where does the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle Operate

Answer 62

Heart, Liver, and Kidneys

Question 63

What is the goal of the Glycerophosphate Shuttle

Answer 63

Get the electrons from FADH2 into the Mitochondria via Glycerol-3-P

Question 64

Where do the electrons from FADH2 join the ETC

Answer 64

CoQ; Ubiquinone