MCQ Flashcards
1
Q
What is the grain harvest index?
A
B) The ratio of grain yield to the total plant yield
2
Q
Which cereal crop typically produces the highest grain yield potential?
A
C) Winter wheaT
3
Q
What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?
A
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
4
Q
What is the optimal Leaf Area Index (LAI) for cereal crops?
A
4-5
5
Q
According to the document, which factor contributes to high hectolitre weight in cereals?
A
Low moisture content and high grain density
6
Q
What does the Hagberg Falling Number test measure?
A
Alpha-amylase activity in wheat
7
Q
Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?
A
Oats
8
Q
What is the recommended maximum moisture content for safe storage of grain?
A
16%
9
Q
What are the general quality criteria for grains?
A
Sweet and sound, absence of impurities, well-filled grains, acceptable moisture content
10
Q
Why is breadmaking wheat challenging to produce in Ireland?
A
Breadmaking varieties yield less and require specific conditions
11
Q
What percentage of the total yield in cereal crops is typically grain?
A
Over 50%
12
Q
Which year experienced high costs due to wet conditions and reduced yields in Ireland?
A
2012
13
Q
What is the grain harvest index?
A
Ratio of grain yield to biological yield
14
Q
Which cereal growth phase results from photosynthesis and requires light interception?
A
Vegetative growth
15
Q
What is the yield difference between winter-sown and spring-sown cereals?
A
20-25%
16
Q
Which cereal crop typically has the smallest ear size?
A
Barley
17
Q
- What are the three yield components in cereal crops?
A
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
18
Q
- What is the target number of ears/m² for winter wheat?
A
500
19
Q
What management practice is crucial in achieving target ear numbers in cereal crops?
A
Spring nitrogen application
20
Q
Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear?
A
Winter Oats
21
Q
What is the maximum moisture content allowed for safe storage of grain?
A
16%
22
Q
What is one parameter used to assess grain quality?
A
Hectolitre weight
23
Q
What is the minimum Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) required for breadmaking wheat?
A
220
24
Q
Which cereal has the lowest typical hectolitre weight?
A
Oats
25
What is the typical yield of winter oats based on the document?
9.0 t/ha
26
Which factor most affects hectolitre weight in cereals?
Grain density and moisture content
27
What is the typical protein content required for breadmaking wheat?
Over 11%
28
Which grain characteristic impacts biscuitmaking the most?
Low starch damage
29
What should be the seeding rate for winter wheat in difficult autumn conditions?
400 seeds/m²
30
What is the expected establishment percentage for winter wheat in these conditions?
60-65%
31
What caused extremely high lodging levels in heritage oat lines at UCD in 2021?
Genetic Weakness
32
What is one risk associated with producing bread wheat in Ireland?
Protein content below 10.5%
33
Which year experienced excellent cereal yields but high nitrogen costs in Ireland?
2022
34
What year had a “bad harvest” with high prices?
2007
35
What is the formula for calculating cereal yield in tonnes per hectare (t/ha)?
(Ears/m² × Grains/ear × Grain weight) / 105
36
What is the typical thousand grain weight for winter wheat?
50 grams
37
Which yield component can be directly influenced by sowing date and variety choice?
Development
38
What are two useful yield sub-components for field studies?
Plants/m² and ears/plant
39
What does a higher hectolitre weight indicate?
Better grain fill and feeding quality
40
What is the base hectolitre weight standard for wheat in the European Union
76 kg/hl
41
How is hectolitre weight affected by moisture content?
It decreases with higher moisture content
42
Which cereal crop typically has the highest hectolitre weight?
Wheat
43
Which practice is essential for early crop management to increase ear numbers?
Early spring nitrogen application
44
35. Which nitrogen application timing primarily increases protein content in wheat?
Late season (GS 39, 59, 69+)
45
How much nitrogen is required to produce a grain yield of 10 t/ha for milling wheat?
180-200 kg/ha
46
What is the primary challenge for bread wheat production in Ireland?
Inverse relationship between yield and protein
47
What does Leaf Area Index (LAI) represent?
The ratio of leaf area to ground area
48
What is the optimum LAI for cereal crops?
4-5
49
Which phase in cereal growth results in spikelet initiation?
Apical development
50
What is the protein content requirement for breadmaking wheat?
over 11%
51
What is a key feature of strong gluten in breadmaking wheat?
Gas retention and extensibility
52
What does a low Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) indicate in wheat?
Excessive sprouting and poor bread texture
53
Which variety has the highest yield in high-yield trials based on the document?
Savannah
54
What is one benefit of spring wheat production in Ireland?
Higher protein content
55
Which cereal crop has the highest grains/ear among the ones listed?
Winter oats
56
What caused mechanical issues in UCD heritage oat trials in 2021?
Poor resistance to lodging
57
Which cereal had the largest hectolitre weight range in 2015?
Winter Wheat
58
What percentage of wheat is typically used as human food globally?
65%
59
What is the optimal soil pH for wheat production?
6.0+
60
What is the depth of soil inversion during conventional ploughing?
20–25 cm
61
What is a key disadvantage of conventional tillage?
Soil erosion and structure damage
62
Which system is most energy-efficient in cereal establishment?
Direct drilling
63
Which tillage method involves cultivating the top 8-15 cm of soil?
Reduced tillage
64
In malting barley production, what is the protein content range for brewing?
8.8–10.5%
65
What is a critical condition for malting barley soil?
Free-draining and low soil nitrogen
66
What is the purpose of glyphosate spraying in ecotillage?
Weed germination and elimination
67
Which element is linked to “grey speck” deficiency in oats?
Manganese
68
Which nitrogen application strategy is used in high-input cereal production
2–3 applications per season
69
What is a key advantage of a fine, firm, and level seedbed?
Better emergence and sowing depth uniformity
70
Which component contributes the most to GHG emissions in crop production
Fertilizer-induced emissions
71
What is the optimum drilling depth for cereals?
2–2.5 cm
72
What are the three main yield components in cereal crops?
Ears/m², grains/ear, grain weight
73
What is the main disadvantage of higher protein levels in malting barley?
Low starch extract
74
In Ireland, which weather disease commonly affects barley in wet conditions?
Ramularia
75
Which crop typically responds best to foliar magnesium applications?
Barley
76
In crop rotation, what is an example of a "break crop"?
Oilseed rape
77
What is the role of beta-glucanase in malting barley varieties?
Breaks down cell walls for starch modification
78
How does nitrogen translocation to grain increase during hot summers?
Increased grain protein percentage
79
Which cereal crop has the lowest thousand grain weight (TGW)?
Oats
80
What is the primary factor affecting seed rate calculations?
1000 grain weight
81
Which tillage system has the lowest costs and highest work rates?
Reduced tillage
82
In conservation agriculture, what is a "stale seedbed"?
A prepared seedbed for encouraging weed germination
83
What is a major drawback of higher seed rates in malting barley?
Decline in grains/ear and TGW
84
Which cereal crop has the highest tolerance for acidic soils?
Oats
85
What is the primary reason for using seed dressings in cereals?
Control pests and diseases
86
What is the key characteristic of a fine tilth in seedbed preparation?
Provides good seed-soil contact
87
What is the primary disadvantage of minimum tillage systems?
Grass weed issues and establishment challenges
88
Which fungicide type was used in UCD trials on spring barley for enhanced grain yield?
Prothioconazole + Pyraclostrobin
89
What is the recommended seed rate for winter wheat in late sowing conditions
400 seeds/m²
90
What is the critical grain protein range for distilling barley?
7.5–8.8%
91
What happens when seedbeds are too fine?
Surface capping and reduced emergence
92
Which nutrient is crucial for reducing fungal disease in cereals when applied foliarly?
Sulphur
93
What is a key factor for successful direct drilling in Ireland?
Removing straw in high rainfall areas
94
What is the primary focus in malting barley breeding programs?
Improving beta-glucanase activity
95
What is the average moisture content required during steeping in malting barley production?
46%
96
Why is nitrogen use efficiency critical in cereal production?
To reduce leaching into water systems
To improve grain quality
To lower GHG emissions from agriculture
97
What is the ideal thousand grain weight (TGW) for winter barley?
50 grams
98
What is the relationship between nitrogen application and grain protein content in cereals?
Direct relationship
99
Which method involves chopping straw and creating a stale seedbed?
Ecotillage
100
In cereal production, what is the significance of Leaf Area Index (LAI)?
It represents the ratio of leaf area to ground area
101
What is the advantage of ploughing in cereal crop establishment?
Control of disease and pests
102
Which disease is associated with barley in hot, dry weather conditions?
Mildew
103
What is the minimum acceptable hectolitre weight for malting barley?
72 kg/hl
104
What is the key consideration when selecting cereal crop varieties?
Dynamic suitability for production environment
105
What is the purpose of applying trace elements like magnesium to barley?
Address deficiencies in dry spring weather
106
What is a critical step in the malting process that stops starch conversion?
Drying
107
What percentage of applied nitrogen is typically immobilized in soil organic matter?
31%
108
Which trial indicated that straw incorporation reduces grain yield?
UCD Min-Till Spring Barley Trial
109
What is the nitrogen uptake efficiency for cereal crops?
59%
110
Which factor has the most significant impact on soil nitrogen mineralization?
Soil organic matter content
111
Which weather condition is associated with higher grain protein in cereals?
Hot, dry summers
112
In cereal production, what does a “stale seedbed” encourage?
Weed germination
113
Which tillage system showed the greatest fuel savings in Teagasc trials?
Reduced tillage
114
What is the effect of excessive screenings in malting barley?
Rejection of the crop
115
What is a disadvantage of ecotillage systems in wet weather?
High compaction risk
116
What is the typical grain yield range for spring barley in minimum tillage systems?
7.5–8.0 t/ha
117
Which soil nutrient is highly mobile and prone to leaching?
Nitrogen
118
What is the ideal nitrogen application rate for high-input winter wheat production?
200–230 kg/ha
119
What is the relationship between grain yield and nitrogen application rate?
Linear but plateaus at high rates
120
What does the "harvest index" measure in cereal crops?
The ratio of grain yield to total biomass
121
Why is late nitrogen application critical in breadmaking wheat?
Boosts protein content
122
What is the average nitrogen content in grain (percentage of total crop nitrogen)?
70%
123
What is the purpose of rotational ploughing in high rainfall areas?
Reduce compaction
124
What is the main characteristic of soils with poor yield potential?
Yield is limited regardless of management
125
Why are spring barley crops less suited to conventional plough-based systems in wet seasons?
Challenges with crop establishment
126
What is the typical row spacing for cereal seed drilling?
10–15 cm
127
What is the role of diastatic power in malting barley?
Improves starch modification and sugar release
128
In cereal production, what is the effect of poor tillering?
Reduced ear density
129
What is the primary reason for spraying fungicides in cereal crops?
Disease prevention and yield protection
130
Which region in Ireland is a key area for malting barley production?
South Kildare
131
What is a critical feature of high-input cereal production systems?
Use of multiple growth regulators
132
What is the purpose of foliar-applied sulphur in cereals?
Enhance fungal disease control
133
Which tillage method has the greatest impact on soil organic matter retention?
Direct drilling
134
What is the most common issue caused by compacted seedbeds in cereals?
Reduced root development
135
Why is soil erosion a major concern in conventional tillage systems?
Loss of organic matter and topsoil fertility
136
Which cereal crop has the greatest lodging risk in poorly drained soils?
Oats
137
What is the impact of a fine seedbed on herbicide effectiveness?
Improves residual weed control
138
Why are break crops essential in cereal rotations?
Break pest and disease cycles
139
In spring barley trials, what was the yield reduction when 8 t/ha of straw was incorporated?
25%
140
What is the average protein range for spring barley used for brewing?
8.8–10.5%
141
Which pest is a significant problem in minimum tillage systems?
Slugs
142
What is the role of soil consolidation in seedbed preparation?
mproves seed-to-soil contact
143
What is the main disadvantage of excessive nitrogen application in cereal crops
Higher GHG emissions and lodging risk
144
What is the primary focus of integrated crop management (ICM)?
Balance productivity with environmental sustainability
145
In malting barley production, what happens when protein levels exceed 10.8%?
Crop rejection by maltsters
146
What is the effect of poorly timed nitrogen application in cereals?
Increased nitrogen leaching
147
Why is a stale seedbed beneficial in weed control?
Encourages weed germination for glyphosate application
148
What is the primary component measured in the Hagberg Falling Number (HFN) test?
Alpha-amylase activity
149
Why are light, free-draining soils preferred for malting barley production?
Avoid waterlogging and nitrogen leaching
150
What is the nitrogen content threshold for crop rejection in brewing barley?
10.8%
151
What is the purpose of a nitrogen response curve in cereal trials?
Identify the yield plateau
152
What is the role of potassium (K) in cereal crops?
Promotes disease resistance and drought tolerance
153
Which cereal establishment technique is most affected by high straw residue?
Direct drilling
154
What happens if seeds are drilled too deeply in a compacted seedbed?
Delayed and uneven emergence
155
What is the recommended nitrogen split application for high-input cereal systems?
Two to three applications per season
156
What is the primary focus of conservation tillage systems?
Retain soil organic matter and reduce erosion
157
What factor most influences the protein levels in malting barley?
Nitrogen application timing and rate
158
Which growth stage is critical for nitrogen application to boost protein in cereals?
Grain filling stage
159
What is one of the main reasons for weed control in cereals?
To allow ease of harvesting
160
What is a common characteristic of Annual Meadowgrass (Poa annua)?
Germinates from February to November
161
What is the key benefit of crop rotation in weed control?
Flexibility in sowing dates and cultivation methods
162
Which of the following herbicides is a residual soil-acting herbicide commonly used in autumn?
Diflufenican (DFF)
163
What type of herbicide is commonly applied pre-harvest as a desiccant in crops like oilseeds and potatoes?
Glyphosate
164
Which of the following diseases is common across all cereal crops?
Mildew
165
What is one of the resistance mechanisms of herbicides?
Target-site resistance
166
What is the most common weather condition favoring the development of Septoria tritici in wheat?
Wet and mild conditions
167
What is the key cultural method for reducing take-all infection in cereals?
Implementing crop rotation
168
Which weed is resistant to Diflufenican (DFF) herbicide?
Fumitory
169
Which active ingredient is commonly used for controlling cleavers in cereal crops?
Fluroxypyr
170
What is the primary target of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?
Inhibiting acetolactase synthase (ALS)
171
What is the recommended boom height for proper herbicide application with 110 fan nozzles?
50 cm above the target
172
What type of weather is ideal for the spread of rust diseases in cereals?
Warm with moderate humidity
173
What is the effect of high nitrogen inputs on cereal crops?
Increased disease severity
174
Which disease is characterized by distinctive pustules forming stripes between leaf veins?
Yellow Rust
175
What is the role of contact fungicides such as Folpet in resistance management?
To prevent resistance through multi-site activity
176
What is the optimum time for applying Broadway Star for sterile brome control?
Early autumn or spring
177
Which fungicide is effective against Ramularia leaf spot in barley?
Chlorothalonil (pre-2020)
178
Which of the following is a fungal disease that affects barley and thrives in cool, wet conditions?
Rhynchosporium
179
What is one disadvantage of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides?
Sensitivity of brassica crops to small residues
180
What is the primary method of non-chemical weed control?
Cultural methods such as crop rotation
181
What is the typical persistence of Annual Meadowgrass seeds in the soil?
Up to 4 years
182
What is a common symptom of herbicide resistance in weeds?
Dead plants alongside healthy plants of the same species
183
Which crop is particularly susceptible to Take-All disease?
Wheat
184
What is a major issue caused by wild oats in cereal crops?
Reduced yield and high cost of control
185
What is the recommended strategy to manage herbicide resistance?
Rotate herbicides with different modes of action
186
What fungal disease of cereals is characterized by grey lesions with dark brown edges?
Rhynchosporium
187
Which disease is considered a significant risk factor in continuously cropped cereals?
Eyespot
188
What is one of the primary goals of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for cereal disease control?
Delay disease epidemic progression
189
Why are SDHI fungicides often mixed with other chemistries?
To reduce the risk of resistance development
190
What are the most common weeds in winter cereal crops?
Chickweed and Cleavers
191
What is a significant challenge of managing sterile brome in cereal crops?
High level of control needed (99%)
192
What is the primary benefit of delayed sowing in cereal crops?
Reduced disease severity
193
What is one of the most important factors affecting the susceptibility of weeds to herbicides?
Weather conditions at the time of spraying
194
What is the resistance risk of using SDHI fungicides?
Medium
195
What is the best method for controlling take-all in wheat?
Rotating with non-cereal crops
196
Which of the following weeds is an annual broad-leaved weed?
Chickweed
197
Which active ingredient is part of the Firebird herbicide used in winter cereals?
Flufenace
198
What is a defining characteristic of yellow rust?
Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins
199
Which disease control method involves using resistant varieties?
Varietal control
200
What weather conditions favor the spread of powdery mildew?
Mild temperatures with high humidity
201
What is the key consideration when choosing a herbicide for a cereal crop?
Its ability to control the most problematic weeds
202
What is a significant issue caused by over-reliance on the same herbicides?
Increased herbicide resistance in weeds
203
. What is a common issue with wild oats in cereal crops?
They require good spray placement for control
204
Which herbicide group is most effective for targeting broad-leaved weeds?
Sulfonyl-Ureas
205
Why is integrated disease management important in cereal production?
It helps delay the progression of disease epidemics
206
What is a common weather-related factor increasing the risk of Septoria tritici in wheat?
Wet and mild conditions in winter
207
What is one of the main effects of grass weeds in cereal crops?
Competition leading to reduced crop yield
208
Which non-chemical method can provide up to 90% weed control for certain grass weed species?
Ploughing to invert soil
209
What is a notable advantage of herbicides with multiple active ingredients in cereals?
Greater efficacy against resistant weed species
210
What is the primary factor influencing the carryover of Sulfonyl-Urea (SU) herbicides in the soil?
Soil PH
211
What weed is considered a major problem in minimum tillage systems?
Sterile Brome
212
What is the ideal window for applying Alister herbicide in winter cereals?
GS 13 to GS 30
213
What is the recommended strategy to optimize herbicide application?
Maintain boom height at 50 cm above the target
214
What weed is characterized as an annual grass weed?
Annual Meadowgrass
215
What is the primary drawback of hormonal herbicides?
Risk of damage to nearby sensitive crops
216
What is a key recommendation to prevent fungicide resistance in cereal crops?
Limit the number of applications per season
217
Which fungal disease of barley is characterized by pale grey-green water-soaked lesions?
Rhynchosporium
218
What is the primary cultural objective for controlling diseases in cereals?
To reduce inoculum and initial infection levels
219
Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?Which fungicide group provides both curative and protective activity in cereals?
Triazoles
220
What is a defining feature of Septoria tritici’s life cycle?
It involves both sexual and asexual reproduction.
221
What is a major factor driving the spread of Rhynchosporium in barley?
Rain splash dispersal of spores
222
What is the purpose of the herbicide Firebird in winter cereals?
Residual control of grass and broad-leaved weeds
223
. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?. Which crop disease is characterized by a white fluffy pustule in its early stages?
Powdery Mildew
224
What is one of the most common challenges with chemical weed control in cereals?
The risk of developing herbicide resistance
225
What factor significantly increases the severity of Take-All in cereals?
Continuous cereal cropping
226
Which type of herbicide is described as having "no curative activity" and must be applied preventatively?
Multi-site inhibitors
227
Why is herbicide application on cloddy ground less effective?
Poor coverage leads to uneven weed control
228
Which weed germinates from February to November and produces an average of 2,050 seeds per plant?
Annual Meadowgrass
229
What is the primary goal of using delayed sowing as a cultural disease control method?
To delay the onset of foliar diseases
230
What are the typical symptoms of herbicide-resistant weeds?
) Healthy weeds in patches among dead weeds
231
What is one drawback of minimum tillage in cereal crop systems?
Increased prevalence of sterile brome
232
. Why are resistant varieties of cereals desirable in Integrated Crop Management (ICM)?
They reduce the impact of foliar diseases
233
What is a characteristic of the fungal disease Septoria tritici in wheat?
It reproduces sexually and asexually.
234
What is the primary issue caused by a heavy seed bank of weeds like wild oats?
Long-term weed problems across seasons
235
Which disease management strategy is most effective for controlling eyespot in cereals?
Rotating crops with non-host species
236
What is the preferred application timing for Axial Pro in controlling wild oats?
Early emergence
237
What is the most important factor in ensuring successful herbicide application?
Proper sprayer calibration and boom height
238
What is the primary reason for controlling weeds in crop production?
To reduce the competition effect and improve crop yield
239
Which of the following is NOT a common competitive weed that affects crop yield?
Ragwort
240
Which method of weed control involves using ploughing to invert the soil and bury weed problems?
Cultivation practices
241
How does the timing of herbicide application in cereal crops typically occur?
Two or more active ingredients are typically applied in a single application
242
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of Poa Annua (Annual Meadowgrass)?
Can remain viable in the soil for up to 4 years
243
In crop rotations, which type of crop is typically used for its weed control advantages due to its ability to break weed cycles?
Root crops
244
Which of the following is NOT a non-chemical method of weed control in crop production?
Glyphosate application
245
What is the key advantage of using mechanical methods such as topping or strimming in weed control?
It is useful for localised control of problem weeds in growing crops
246
Which herbicide group is classified as "Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors" and includes products like Tribenuron and Thifensulfuron?
Sulphonyl Ureas
247
What factor primarily determines the effectiveness of chemical weed control in cereals?
The resistance of the crop to herbicide and the susceptibility of the weeds
248
What is a major characteristic of perennial broad-leaved weeds like thistles and creeping buttercup?
B) They can regrow from roots or rhizomes over multiple seasons
249
What is a significant disadvantage of using herbicides with a high persistence in soil, such as Triazines?
They may carry over in soil, affecting subsequent crops
250
What type of weeds are most likely to cause problems in crop rotations, especially in scenarios like wheat/barley growing in a bean crop?
Volunteer weeds
251
Which of the following is an example of a broad-leaved weed that can compete with crops and affect grain quality?
Cleavers
252
What is the typical duration of herbicide carryover in soils with a high pH, as seen with Sulphonyl Ureas?
Longer due to reduced breakdown by hydrolysis
253
Which herbicide mode of action is associated with "Inhibitors of acetolactase synthase (ALS)"?
Sulphonyl Ureas
254
Which of the following weed species is most likely to cause harvesting issues due to its dense growth and interference with grain quality?
Cleavers
255
What role do cover crops play in weed control during crop rotations?
They increase the pH of the soil, making it more difficult for weeds to germinate
256
What is a key factor in the resistance development of herbicides, particularly for "Imi" herbicides?
Overuse of a single herbicide mode of action
257
Which herbicide group includes the chemical glyphosate, widely used on stubble and as a pre-harvest dessicant?
Organophosphorus herbicides
258
When selecting herbicides for weed control in crops, what is one of the primary considerations?
Select products that are safe on the crop and usable at the relevant growth stages (GS)
259
What is a critical disadvantage of wild oats and sterile brome in cereal crops?
They seed before harvest, contributing to a large seed bank that becomes a long-term weed problem
260
Why is sterile brome a major concern in minimum-tillage systems?
It is difficult to control due to the lack of tillage
261
What is the key feature of the herbicide Isoproturon (IPU) that made it widely used in the past?
It was a cheap, residual soil-acting herbicide that controlled grass and broad-leaved weeds
262
Which herbicide combination is commonly used to control weeds in winter cereal crops and is known for its wide spectrum of activity?
Diflufenican (DFF) + Flufenacet (Firebird)
263
What is the recommended application window for Firebird herbicide in winter wheat and barley?
Early post-emergence
264
What herbicide combination is used in Alister, a post-emergence herbicide for GS 13 to 30, and is effective on Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?
Diflufenican + Mesosulfon-methyl + Iodosulfuron
265
Why is spraying technique critical when controlling small grass weeds in cereals?
Proper spraying technique ensures effective herbicide coverage
266
What boom height is recommended for optimum herbicide performance using 110 fan nozzles?
cm above the target
267
What is the impact of the weather on herbicide efficacy?
Weather conditions must be considered as they affect herbicide performance
268
What type of formulation does Broadway Star, used for sterile brome control, have?
Granule formulation
269
What is the weakness of Broadway Star in controlling grass weeds like Annual Meadowgrass (AMG)?
It is weak on AMG and requires mixing with pendimethalin
270
What is one of the main challenges in controlling sterile brome in cereal crops?
Achieving high levels of control (99%) is difficult
271
What is the main reason why wild oats are a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops?
$60-80 per hectare
272
What is the effectiveness of Starane herbicide for controlling cleavers?
It is weak on cleavers, which is a problem in some cereal crops
273
What is the primary mode of action for the herbicide Alister?
Post-emergence herbicide effective on broad-spectrum weeds
274
In the PCR Winter Wheat Blackgrass trial of 2017, which treatment showed the lowest number of weeds per square meter?
Crystal + DFF + Atlantis
275
What herbicide is used to control broad-leaved weeds like cleavers in winter cereals?
Starane
276
Which of the following is a key consideration when selecting a herbicide for controlling difficult weed problems in cereals?
The toxicity, nature of use, and effectiveness on target weeds
277
What is the main challenge in controlling wild oats in dense crop canopies?
Difficult to achieve proper wetting and product uptake
278
What is the primary focus for controlling broad-leaved weeds in spring cereal crops?
Relatively simple control due to 'soft' weeds and good growing conditions
279
Which group of herbicides dominates weed control in broadleaved weeds in spring cereals?
Sulphonyl ureas (SUs)
280
What is a significant advantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides in cereal crops?
They have excellent performance even when rates are reduced to 50-75% of the recommended rate
281
What are the primary target weeds for second-generation sulphonyl urea (SU) herbicides?
Blackgrass, annual meadowgrass, sterile brome, cleavers
282
What is the main disadvantage of using sulphonyl urea herbicides like Ally, Cameo, or Harmony?
Sprayer contamination
283
Which of the following is a key risk factor for herbicide resistance?
Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping and dependency on herbicides
284
Which of these symptoms indicates potential herbicide resistance in weeds?
althy plants beside dead plants of the same species
285
What are the two main mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weeds?
Enhanced metabolism and target-site resistance
286
What type of cropping system is most likely to lead to herbicide resistance?
Continuous winter/spring cereal cropping with herbicide dependence
287
What is a potential consequence of excessive herbicide use in continuous winter wheat production?
Development of herbicide resistance
288
What is the common problem when using sulphonyl urea herbicides at reduced rates?
Resistance in weeds like chickweed and marigold
289
What is the typical cost range for herbicide application in spring cereal crops, when using reduced herbicide rates?
Euro 15-30/ha
290
In spring cereals, which weed group is particularly noted as a challenge for control?
Polygonum weeds
291
What is the most common symptom of powdery mildew in cereal crops?
Distinctive white fluffy pustules on the leaves
292
Which disease is most associated with wheat, but not barley?
Take all
293
What is the main characteristic of yellow rust in cereal crops?
Distinctive pustules in stripes between leaf veins
294
What is the ideal temperature range for powdery mildew to develop in cereal crops?
15-20°C
295
Which disease primarily affects the ears of cereal crops, particularly wheat?
Ear Fusarium
296
In barley, which disease is associated with leaf blotch?
Ramularia (leaf blotch)
297
Which of the following diseases is most associated with wet weather conditions?
Septoria sp. in wheat
298
What is a primary cultural method of controlling diseases like take-all and eyespot in cereals?
Crop rotation
299
What is the main goal of cultural control methods in disease management?
To reduce the incidence and severity of the disease
300
Which of the following is an effective cultural control measure for Fusarium infection after maize?
Stubble hygiene and ploughing
301
What is the objective of delayed sowing in disease control?
To reduce the incidence of wet weather diseases like Rhyncosporium
302
Which of the following methods is a key component of varietal disease control in cereals?
Use of resistant varieties
303
What is the significance of polygenic resistance in cereal disease management?
It is more durable and less likely to be overcome by pathogen adaptation
304
What is one of the challenges with using decision support systems (DSS) in disease control?
They bring many challenges in practical application
305
What is the impact of high nitrogen inputs on disease severity?
Increased disease severity
306
Which of the following diseases is most likely to be controlled by a two-spray fungicide program in spring barley?
Rhyncosporium
307
What is the role of fungicides in spring barley disease management?
To increase grain yield and improve grain quality
308
What is the typical cost range for fungicide application in spring barley?
Euro 40-80/ha
309
What is the key benefit of a two-spray fungicide programme for barley?
To protect the crop during the grain filling period
310
What does the T1 spray in a two-spray fungicide program for barley typically cover?
Early-season protection (30-40% of total fungicide) for 20-25 days
311
What type of weather favours diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch in barley?
Cool, wet, and humid weather
312
What is the role of azole fungicides like Proline in barley disease control?
They are important for controlling diseases like Rhyncosporium and Net Blotch
313
What is the key challenge in controlling Ramularia leaf spot in barley?
Lack of useful genetic resistance
314
Which of the following is a common symptom of Rhyncosporium leaf blotch in barley?
Pale grey-green water-soaked lesions with dark brown edges
315
How does rain splash contribute to the spread of Rhyncosporium?
It helps spread conidia from crop debris
316
What disease is favored by warm, dry weather, but still requires small amounts of moisture for infection?
Rust diseases
