MCQ Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards by Brianna Milley

Neuroglial cell that carries on phagocytosis.

cranial nerves
microglial cells
microtubules
electrical excitability

Microglial cells

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A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses.

neurotransmitter receptors
satellite cells
acetylcholine (ACh)
muscle action potential

acetylcholine (ACh)

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The portion of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to skeletal muscles.

microglial cells
somatic nervous system (SNS)
effector cell
electrical excitability

Microglial cells

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One of the 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots.

action potentials
Spinal nerves
guillain-Barré syndrome
nervous system

spinal nerves

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Flat neuroglial cell that surrounds cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid.

Dendrites
Satellite cells
Depression
Tract

Satellite cells

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The surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, consisting of gray matter; arranged in six layers of neuronal cell bodies in most areas.

astrocytes
neuropathy
cranial nerves
cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

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Membrane-enclosed sac in a synaptic end bulb that stores neurotransmitters.

effectors
synaptic vesicles
effector cell
axoplasm

Synaptic vesicles

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A network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia that is organized into two main divisions: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors outside the central nervous system).

Nervous system
White matter
Muscle action potential
Cerebral cortex

Nervous system

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A neuron that secretes a hypothalamic releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone into blood capillaries of the hypothalamus; a neuron that secretes oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone into blood capillaries of the posterior pituitary.

Interneurons
Neurology
Spinal nerves
Neurosecretory cells

Neurosecretory cells

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Any disorder that affects the nervous system but particularly a disorder of a cranial or spinal nerve. An example is facial neuropathy (Bell’s palsy), a disorder of the facial (VII) nerve.

synaptic cleft
parasympathetic
acetylcholine (ACh)
neuropathy

neuropathy

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A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon in a jelly-roll fashion. Also called a neurolemmocyte.

Wallerian degeneration
Neuroblastoma (noor-ō-blas-TŌ-ma)
Schwann cell
Axosomatic

Schwann cell

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Propagation of an action potential (nerve impulse) in a step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of an axon membrane.

continuous conduction
epinephrine
myelin sheath
neurotransmitter receptors

continuous conduction

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A group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system (CNS).

Synaptic end bulbs
Ganglion
Depression
Acetylcholine (ACh)

Ganglion

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A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic neurons terminate on one postsynaptic neuron. The medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward a near object being viewed in order to produce a single image.

Neuropathy
Axosomatic
Microglial cells
Convergence

Convergence

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One of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through foramina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designated by a Roman numeral and a name.

Ganglion
Cranial nerves
Purkinje cells
Synapse

Cranial nerves

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A space along a myelinated axon between the individual Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath and the neurolemma. Also called a node of Ranvier.

gray matter
cranial nerves
neuropathy
myelin sheath gaps

myelin sheath gaps

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One of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of energy. Also called the thoracolumbar division.

Microtubules
Myelin sheath
Axon terminals
Sympathetic

Sympathetic

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Any stress that changes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber.

enteric plexuses
axoplasm
synaptic cleft
stimulus

stimulus

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Areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter.

Gray matter
Axon terminals
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Stimulus

Gray matter

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A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapse.

postsynaptic neuron
Presynaptic neuron
enteric plexuses
synaptic end bulbs

Presynaptic neuron

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A bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system.

Tract
Stimulus
Rabies
Parasympathetic

Tract

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Neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain?

epinephrine
effectors
white matter
sensory neurons

sensory neurons

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23 of 59
A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation.

acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter receptors
microtubules
norepinephrine (NE)

norepinephrine (NE)

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A neuroglial cell that supports neurons and produces a myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the central nervous system.

oligodendrocytes
acetylcholine (ACh)
white matter
action potential (AP)

oligodendrocytes

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The part of the nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system, consisting of nerves and ganglia. Neuroblastoma Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Action potentials Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

General term for any process (axon or dendrite) projecting from the cell body of a neuron. Nerve fiber Myelin sheath Axon Effectors

Nerve fiber

An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Action potential (AP) Axon Satellite cells Nerve action potential

Nerve action potential

A stimulating impulse that propagates along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules; in skeletal muscle, it is generated by acetylcholine, which increases the permeability of the sarcolemma to cations, especially sodium ions (Na+). Interneurons Wallerian degeneration Stimulus Muscle action potential

Muscle action potential

The peripheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Also called sheath of Schwann. Neurolemma Axon Oligodendrocytes Depression

Neurolemma

The part of the nervous system that is embedded in the submucosa and muscular layer of the digestive canal; governs motility and secretions of the digestive canal. Stimulus Enteric plexuses Ganglion Action potentials

Enteric plexuses

This multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Myelin sheath Nerve Neuroblastoma Neurons (nerve cells)

Myelin sheath

The part of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Consists of two main divisions (sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system) and an enteric nervous system. So named because this part of the nervous system was thought to be self-governing or spontaneous. Norepinephrine (NE) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Nerve action potential Astrocytes

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Neuroglial cell that covers choroid plexuses and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); it also lines the ventricles of the brain and probably assists in the circulation of CSF. Neurology Nerve fiber Ependymal cells Neurotransmitter

Ependymal cells

Cytoplasm of an axon. Rabies Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Postsynaptic neuron Axoplasm

Axoplasm

A malignant tumor that consists of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts); occurs most commonly in the abdomen and most frequently in the suprarenal glands. Although rare, it is the most common tumor in infants. Axoplasm Neuroblastoma Action potential (AP) Axosomatic

Neuroblastoma

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Epinephrine Effectors Gray matter

Epinephrine

Neuron whose axon extends only for a short distance and contacts nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. Also called association neuron. Axon terminals Convergence Gray matter Interneurons

Interneurons

The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical. Effectors Effector cell Synapse Chromatolysis

Synapse

A neuroglial cell having a star shape that participates in brain development and the metabolism of neurotransmitters, helps form the blood-brain barrier, helps maintain the proper balance of K+ for generation of nerve impulses, and provides a link between neurons and blood vessels. Neuroblastoma Axon terminals Astrocytes Sympathetic

Astrocytes

An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber (cell); a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber. Electrical excitability Spinal nerves Action potential (AP) Synaptic end bulbs

Action potential (AP)

From axon to cell body. Oligodendrocytes Agonist Axosomatic Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Axosomatic

Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly. Action potential (AP) Astrocytes Interneurons Depression

Depression

The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system. Nerve Oligodendrocytes Neurology Parasympathetic

Neurology

The breakdown of Nissl bodies into finely granular masses in the cell body of a neuron whose axon has been damaged. Dendrites Chromatolysis Neurology Satellite cells

Chromatolysis

That portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. Axon Central nervous system (CNS) White matter Interneurons

Central nervous system (CNS)

One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Epinephrine Neurotransmitter Neurology Sympathetic

Neurotransmitter

A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system. Microglial cells Wallerian degeneration Nerve Sympathetic

Nerve

Muscle fiber (cell) in the ventricular tissue. Purkinje cells Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Dendrites Axon terminals

Purkinje cells

Expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles. Dendrites Agonist Synaptic end bulbs Action potential (AP)

Synaptic end bulbs

Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord. Wallerian degeneration Somatic nervous system (SNS) Spinal nerves White matter

White matter

An acute demyelinating disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from axons in the PNS. It is the most common cause of acute paralysis in North America and Europe and may result from the immune system's response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover completely or partially, but about 15% remain paralyzed. Parasympathetic Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Nerve fiber Nerve action potential

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals. Satellite cells Spinal nerves Tract Electrical excitability

Electrical excitability

Neuron that conducts impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. Also called efferent neuron. Motor neurons Synapse Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Stimulus

Motor neurons

Degeneration of the portion of the axon and myelin sheath of a neuron distal to the site of injury. Astrocytes Motor neurons Action potentials Wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration

One of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brainstem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. Also known as the craniosacral division. Parasympathetic Agonist Divergence Sensory neurons

Parasympathetic

The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Postsynaptic neuron Axon Depression

Postsynaptic neuron

A fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. It is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected dog or other meat-eating animal. The symptoms are excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death. Effectors Rabies Myelin sheath Axosomatic

Rabies

A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of one presynaptic neuron terminate on several postsynaptic neurons. Epinephrine Divergence Microtubules Nerve fiber

Divergence

The narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from another neuron or muscle fiber (cell) and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to affect the postsynaptic cell. Ganglion Synaptic cleft Neurotransmitter Synaptic vesicles

Synaptic cleft

When the graded potential results in the membrane becoming more negative, it is said to be a polarizing graded potential hyperpolarizing graded potential hypopolarizing graded potential depolarizing graded potential

hyperpolarizing graded potential

The type of circuit in which branches of postsynaptic neurons synapse with earlier neurons in the path is a(n) _________ circuit.

Reverberating

During this, ions flow through their channels in each adjacent segment of the membrane. amplitude saltatory conduction channel flow continuous conduction

Continuous conduction

Which of the following neurotransmitters is only excitatory? Glycine Norepinephrine Glutamate Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Glutamate

In the spinal cord, this surrounds the gray matter. neuroglia white matter ganglion neurolemma

White matter

The stomach and the small intestine are served by the enteric nervous system cranial nerves central nervous system somatic motor neurons

Enteric nervous system

If a postsynaptic cell receives EPSPs but not enough to reach the threshold, which of the following will happen? A less-powerful action potential will be propagated. No action potential will be propagated. A small action potential will be propagated. Fewer action potentials will be propagated.

No action potential will be propagated

A regeneration tube in the PNS helps direct further growth of ______ after an injury. dendrites an axon a soma a myelin sheath

An axon

The resting membrane potential in most neurons is about –70mV. What does this tell you? The outside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the inside of the membrane. The inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside of the membrane. The axolemma is more negatively charged than the membrane around the soma. The membrane around the soma is more negatively charged than the axolemma.

The inside of the membrane is more negatively charged than the outside of the membrane.

A channel that opens in response to a change in the membrane potential is known as a voltage-gated channel leak channel ligand-gated channel mechanically gated channel

Voltage-gated channel

The effectors of the body include cranial nerves the spinal cord glands the brain

Glands as they respond to the signals from the brain.

The information that is processed by the central nervous system is also said to have been automated activated integrated elicited

Integrated

Nerves that directly innervate voluntary muscles are part of the autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system central nervous system enteric nervous system

Somatic nervous system

When a person jerks his hand away from a hot stove, the movement is directly stimulated by interneurons association neurons motor neurons sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Which neuronal feature is described according to function? dendrites; send signals to other neurons, glands or muscles cell body; stores the nucleus and most organelles axon; receives signals from other cells

Cell body; stopped the nucleus and most organelles

Identify the neural cell or part of a neuron that cannot conduct impulses. neuroglia dendrites cell body axon

Neuralgia

Three main components of neurons are ___________. axon, dendrites, and nucleus neurofibrils, synapse and neuroglia nodes of ranvier, axon, and synaptic end bulbs dendrites, cell body, and axon

dendrites, cell body, and axon

Which of the parts of nervous tissue transmits an action potential? Axon Cell body Dendrite Neuroglia

Axon

DNA is found at this level of structural organization. chemical organismal tissue cellular

Chemical

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the lungs would be detected during breathing by percussion auscultation inspection palpation

Auscultation

The nurse is assessing a patient complaining of abdominal pain. During the assessment, the nurse taps on the patient's abdomen, listening to the sounds made. This is called auscultation percussion palpation inspection

Percussion

In an analogy, if an organism is a book and a cell is an individual word, then organs are chapters paragraphs appendices sentences

Paragraphs

A change in the chemicals that enter the nose would be received by enteric plexuses sensory receptors motor neurons spinal nerves

Sensory receptors

The autonomic nervous system mediates two types of responses in the body. remember and forget emotions sadness and gladness emotions fight/flight and rest/digest fight or flight reactions

fight/flight and rest/digest

A person who sees a lion outside will likely have an increase in heart rate. Why? The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue. The sympathetic nervous system inhibits the cardiac muscle tissue. The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the cardiac muscle tissue.

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the cardiac muscle tissue.

A photoreceptor in the eye could be classified into which of the following categories? smooth muscle somatic nerve sensory receptor ganglion

Sensory receptors

The optic (II) nerve emerges from the brain; therefore, it is a type of spinal nerve somatic nerve cranial nerve enteric nerve

Cranial nerve

Where in the central nervous system would you find Purkinje cells? in the cerebral cortex in the cerebellum in the medulla in the temporal lobe

In the cerebellum

In the brain, this surrounds the white matter. ganglia neuronal cell bodies gray matter dendrites

Grey matter

The neuronal Nissl bodies are mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum axon terminal buttons elements of the cytoskeleton

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which types of CNS neuroglia are the most similar in appearance? microglia and astrocytes ependymal cells and microglia astrocytes and oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

A motor neuron that stimulates the hamstring muscle group is which type of neuron? peripheral neuron central neuron basal nucleus interneuron

peripheral neuron

Many cardiac arrhythmias are due to improper regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Which of the following could be a cause of cardiac arrhythmia that arises from the ANS? inability of the accessory (XI) nerve to transmit stretching sensations from the ventricles larger-than-normal gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells failure of the vagus (X) nerve to signal slowing of the heart rate release of neurotransmitters from somatic motor neurons stimulating the heart

failure of the vagus (X) nerve to signal slowing of the heart rate

Which of the following controls the "fight-or-flight" response?" central nervous system spinal cord cranial nerves autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Which of the following are considered effectors in the human body? salivary glands all of these heart pancreas

All of these

Motor neurons from the hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervate the tongue. Destruction of these motor neurons due to traumatic injury would result in the loss of a(n) effector for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve sensory receptor for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve integration site for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve central nervous system pathway for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve

effector for the hypoglossal (XII) nerve

You are observing a cell in your microscope. When the cell is electrically stimulated, it transmits an electrical impulse to a receiver. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? The cell is a neuron, and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver. The cell is a neuron and the dendrites conducted the electricity to the receiver. The cell is a type of neuroglia and the dendrites conducted the electricity to the receiver. The cell is a type of neuroglia and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.

The cell is a neuron, and the axon conducted the electricity to the receiver.

If the axon of a neuron were destroyed, which of the following would happen to the neuron? The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials. Nothing; there are additional axons to take its place. The neuron could no longer receive stimuli. The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials or receive stimuli.

The neuron could no longer transmit action potentials.

How many different types of processes typically protrude from a neuron? two; the axon and one or more dendrites three; the axon, the cell body, and one or more dendrites one; the axon four; the axon, the cell body, one or more dendrites, and associated neuroglia

two; the axon and one or more dendrites

_________ cells support and nourish cells that send electrical signals throughout the body

Neuroglial

The stomach and the small intestine are served by the central nervous system cranial nerves enteric nervous system somatic motor neurons

enteric nervous system

Integration of information from sensory neurons can happen in peripheral nerves myelin sheaths the brain neuroglia

The brain

Hirschsprung’s disease is a disorder in which the large intestine has no nerves and cannot function as it should. This is a problem with which of the following parts of the nervous system? the somatic nervous system the sympathetic nervous system the central nervous system the enteric nervous system

the enteric nervous system

_______ form the receptor area of the neuron where input from other neurons is transmitted to the cell

Dendrites

Identify the neural cell or part of a neuron that cannot conduct impulses. axon cell body dendrites neuroglia

Neuroglia

Which part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses to another cell? synaptic ends axon cell body dendrites

Axons

Neuron A has a diameter that is twice that of Neuron B. Based only on this information, which of the following is true? Neuron A will transmit stronger action potentials than Neuron B. Neuron A will transmit weaker action potentials than Neuron B. Neuron A will transmit action potentials faster than Neuron B. Neuron A will transmit action potentials slower than Neuron B.

Neuron A will transmit action potentials faster than Neuron B.

An electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron is known as a(n) action potential electrochemical potential resting membrane potential graded potential

resting membrane potential

The trigger for an action potential comes from _____________ potentials that develop due to to the input of a stimulus to sensory receptors. graded action nerve action muscle action

graded

A channel that opens in response to the binding of a molecule like a neurotransmitter is known as a mechanically gated channel leakage channel ligand-gated channel voltage-gated channel

ligand-gated channel

Blood vessels are only present in white matter. TRUE FALSE

True

The cerebellum and cerebrum are covered by __________. a thin layer of white matter a thin layer of gray matter a thin layer of neuroglia a thin layer of ganglia

a thin layer of gray matter

What gives gray matter its grayish color? dendrites nissl bodies neuronal cell bodies ganglion

Nissl bodies

What comprises gray matter? myelinated axons dendrites neuronal cell bodies unmyelinated axons and dendrites

unmyelinated axons and dendrites

A defect in forming which of the following would mean neurons could not be properly supported by astrocytes? myelin sheaths neurofibrils microfilaments cerebrospinal fluid

microfilaments

__________ give(s) white matter it's white color. dendrites neuronal cell bodies nissl bodies myelin

Myelin