MCQ CHAPTER 18 The Endocrine System Flashcards by Brianna Milley

1) Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?
a) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b) Regulates metabolism
c) Regulates glandular secretions
d) Produces electrolytes
e) Controls growth and development

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2) When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called
a) receptor recognition.
b) sensory adaptation.
c) paracrine regulation.
d) up-regulation.
e) down-regulation.

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3) Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?
1. Local hormone
2. Paracrine
3. Autocrine
4. Circulating hormone
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 1 and 2

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4) Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?
a) Steroids
b) Thyroid hormones
c) Nitric oxide
d) Amine hormones
e) Peptide hormones

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5) Which of the following is an eicosanoid?
1. Prostaglandin
2. Leukotriene
3. Glycoprotein
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1and 2
e) All of these choices

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6) Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid- soluble hormones?
a) Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.
b) Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.
c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
d) Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.
e) Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

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7) When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)
a) synergistic effect.
b) permissive effect.
c) antagonistic effect.
d) circulating effect.
e) local effect.

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8) Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?
a) Signals from the nervous system
b) Chemical changes in the blood
c) Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
d) Releasing hormones.
e) Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

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9) What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?
a) Muscle contraction
b) The peripheral nervous system
c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus
d) Action potentials from the thalamus
e) Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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10) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?
a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Luteinizing hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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11) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?
a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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12) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
a) Leutinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Insulin-like growth factors
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13) Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?
a) Luteinizing hormone
b) TSH
c) Corticotropin
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Growth hormone

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14) Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?
a) Thyrotrophs
b) Gonadotrophs
c) Somatotrophs
d) Lactotrophs
e) Corticotrophs

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15) Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
a) Prolactin and growth hormone
b) Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
d) Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
e) Prolactin and ACTH

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16) The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with
a) blood osmotic pressure.
b) blood calcium levels.
c) blood oxygen levels.
d) blood glucose levels.
e) All of these choices.

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17) Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
b) Testosterone
c) Insulin
d) Calcitonin
e) Calcitriol

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18) Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?
a) Iodide trapping
b) Oxidation of iodide
c) Coupling of T1 and T2
d) Synthesis of calcitonin
e) Iodination of tyrosine

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19) Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?
a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Chloride
e) Manganese

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20) Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?
a) Decreased heart rate
b) Decreased airway dilation
c) Dehydration
d) Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
e) Metabolic acidosis

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21) Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?
a) Protein and fat breakdown
b) Glucose formation
c) Depression of immune responses
d) Reduction of inflammation
e) Increased production of all types of blood cells

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22) Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Somatostatin
d) Thyroid hormones
e) Calcitonin

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23) Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
a) Insulin
b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

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24) Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?
a) Insulin
b) Luteinizing hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

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25) Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body’s long-term response to stress? a) Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone b) hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH e) Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

26) Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress? a) Increased lipolysis b) Increased glycogenesis c) Increased gluconeogenesis d) Increased digestive activities e) Increased breakdown of proteins

27) Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH, TSH, FSH and other hormones? a) A b) B c) C d) I e) D

28) Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a) C b) D c) A d) G e) I

29) Which of the following labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate blood calcium levels? a) B b) A c) H d) D e) I

30) Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes steroid hormones in response to long-term stress? a) D b) G c) H d) I e) F

31) Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland aging effect? a) Rise in the blood levels of PTH b) Less cortisol and aldosterone production c) Decreased levels of gonadotropins d) Decreased levels of calcitriol and calcitonin e) Increase in thymus size

32) Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of the zones

33) Which zone of the adrenal gland secretes androgens? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) None of the zones

34) Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes glucagon? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

35) Which labeled structure in the diagram secretes a hormone that stimulates events that lower blood glucose concentration? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

36) Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system? a) Thyroid hormones promote normal development and growth of the skeleton. b) Erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells. c) Leptin enhances appetite. d) Glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses. e) Epinephrine depresses the activity of the digestive system.

42) Which of the following hormones is produced in zone of adrenal gland labeled B? a) cortisol b) epinephrine c) norepinephrine d) glucagon e) androgens

43) Which of the following describes a function of a hormone produced in zone of the adrenal gland labeled B? a) enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose b) intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body c) accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) d) stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair e) stimulates breast development and milk secretion

44) Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the portion of the marked gland in the diagram? a) tetany b) acromegaly c) diabetes insipidus d) goiter e) Cushing’s syndrome

45) Identify the stalk-like structure labeled A in the diagram. a) hypothalamus b) anterior pituitary c) posterior pituitary d) infundibulum e) hypophyseal fossa

46) The endocrine gland shown in the diagram is found in a depression in the sphenoid bone (marked in the diagram) called the a) maxilla. b) infundibulum. c) primary plexus. d) cribiform plate. e) hypophyseal fossa

47) Which of the following bones (marked in the diagram) contains a depression which houses the endocrine gland shown in the diagram? a) maxilla b) sphenoid bone c) mandible d) ethmoid bone e) temporal bone

48) Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture? a) calcitonin b) vasopressin c) triiodothyronine (T3) d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) e) calcitriol

49) Which of the following hormones is produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture? a) calcitonin b) vasopressin c) triiodothyronine (T3) d) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) e) calcitriol

50) What is the major function of the hormone produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture? a) Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis. b) Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery. c) In females, initiates development of oocytes. In males, stimulates sperm production. d) Decreases urine volume. e) Increases blood levels of Na+ and water.

51) Which of the following diseases result when the cells marked in the histology image are destroyed by the immune system? a) Cushing’s disease b) Addison’s disease c) Acromegaly d) Type 1 diabetes e) Diabetes insipidus

52) What endocrine abnormality does the individual on the left in the picture of identical twins have? a) Goiter b) Graves’ Disease c) Type 2 diabetes d) Cushing’s syndrome e) Gigantism

53) The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones by which endocrine gland? a) Thyroid gland b) Pineal gland c) Parathyroid gland d) Pituitary gland e) Pancreas

54) The patient shown is suffering from a disease called _____, caused by a pituitary hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood. a) Goiter b) Graves’ Disease c) Acromegaly d) Cushing’s syndrome e) Giantism

55) Which of the following endocrine disorders is the individual shown in this picture suffering from? a) Acromegaly b) Graves’ Disease c) Goiter d) Cushing’s syndrome e) Giantism

56) Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders? a) Acromegaly b) Graves’ Disease c) Hypoglycemia d) Cushing’s syndrome e) Myxedema

57) The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate dietary iodine intakelow level of thyroid hormone in bloodincreased TSH secretion-> thyroid gland enlargement. a) Acromegaly b) Tetany c) Goiter d) Cushing’s syndrome e) Addison’s disease

58) Which of the following is an abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion, observed primarily in women, that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern? a) Acromegaly b) Tetany c) Hirsutism d) Gynecomastia e) Myxedema

59) A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called a) acromegaly. b) pheochromocytoma. c) hirsutism. d) gynecomastia. e) myxedema.

60) Hypersecretion of a hormone by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram results in a type of depression that affects some people during the winter months, when the day length is short, known as a) thyroid crisis (storm). b) general adaptation syndrome (GAS). c) seasonal affective disorder (SAD). d) Addisonian crisis. e) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

61) Seasonal affective disorder is due to hypersecretion of which following hormones by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram? a) testosterone b) glucagon c) melatonin d) aldosterone e) vasopressin

62) Which of the following hormones is produced by the endocrine gland marked in the diagram? a) testosterone b) glucagon c) melatonin d) thymopoietin e) vasopressin

63) All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called a) thromboxane. b) intrinsic factor. c) thymopoietin. d) arachidonic acid. e) cholesterol.

64) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the a) placenta. b) ovaries. c) testes. d) pituitary gland. e) hypothalamus.

65) Leptin is a hormone produced by the a) placenta. b) ovaries. c) testes. d) pituitary gland. e) adipose tissue.

66) The anterior pituitary develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development? a) Mesoderm b) Endoderm c) Ectoderm d) A combination of two of the layers e) None of the answer selections are correct

67) The thyroid gland develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development? a) Mesoderm b) Endoderm c) Ectoderm d) A combination of two of the layers e) None of the answer selections are correct

68) The adrenal medulla develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development? a) Mesoderm b) Endoderm c) Ectoderm d) A combination of two of the layers e) None of the answer selections are correct

69) Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones are derived from a) mesoderm. b) endoderm. c) ectoderm. d) a combination of two or more layers. e) none of the layers that are listed.

70) Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland? a) pituitary gland b) thyroid gland c) adrenal gland d) sebaceous gland e) pineal gland

71) Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland? a) Initially secretes its products into a duct. b) Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body. c) Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs. d) Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells. e) All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands.

72) Since insulin released from the pancreas is carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells, like muscle cells, it is considered to be a(n) a) local hormone. b) circulating hormone. c) paracrine. d) autocrine. e) neurotransmitter.

73) Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood? a) Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland. b) Insulin release from the pancreas. c) Glucagon release from the pancreas. d) ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland. e) All the answer selections are correct.

74) All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT a) estradiol. b) estrone. c) progesterone. d) inhibin. e) follicle-stimulating hormone.

75) Which of the following is a protein hormone produced by the testes that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland? a) chorionic gonadotropin b) testosterone c) estradiol d) inhibin e) relaxin

Which of the following structures in the adrenal glands secretes epinephrine? zona reticularis zona fasciculata chromaffin cells zona glomerulosa

chromaffin cells

Which of the following is part of the anterior pituitary? hypothalamus pars distalis infundibulum pars nervosa

pars distalis

Which of the following hormones has a role in enhancing pain? erythropoietin prostaglandin cortisol

prostaglandin

As cells produce and use more ATP ________________ . body temperature decrease BMR increases beta receptors up-regulate proteins degrade

BMR increases

When norepinephrine is used as a hormone, it is released by which of the following structures? adrenal cortex postganglionic ganglia gonads adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla

Which of the following can occur in someone reaching the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome? increased activity of pancreatic beta cells increased immune activity skeletal muscle enlargement depletion of the body's energy reserves

depletion of the body's energy reserves

Female sex hormones do not play a role in regulating which of the following? Maintaining pregnancy The female reproductive cycle Development of secondary female characteristics Production of sperm Preparing mammary glands for lactation

Production of sperm

Glucagon acts on the __________ to convert glycogen into glucose.

liver

When a hormone acts on a neighbouring cell, it is said to be a? paracrine circulating hormone autocrine all choices are correct

paracrine

Hormone levels in the bloodstream tend to be low for which of the following reasons? Hormones are only needed to produce a response for brief periods of time. Hormones are not an important mechanism of control. Hormones are released close to their target cells. Small amounts of hormone can produce large effects.

Small amounts of hormone can produce large effects.

Melatonin is derived from which of the following chemicals? epinephrine dopamine endorphins serotonin

serotonin

In the absence of stimulation to the appropriate endocrine gland, the level of a particular hormone in the blood will tend to _________________

Decrease

Higher-than-normal levels of calcium in the blood would have what effect on the level of calcitriol in the blood? Calcitriol levels would decrease. Calcitriol levels would increase. Calcitriol levels would not change.

Calcitriol levels would decrease.

What is the term for the effect where one hormone opposes the action of another hormone? antagonistic synergistic symbiotic permissive

antagonistic

An insufficient amount of the hormone ___________ could cause a failure of the cervix to dilate during labor and delivery.

Relaxin

Which of the following is a gonadotropin? Progesterone Testosterone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) All of the choices are correct.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which of the following is a steroid hormone? all of the responses are correct inhibin estradiol relaxin

estradiol

Which is the name for an organ that produces gametes? gonad pancreas kidney uterus

gonad

The female gonads are known as the _______

Ovaries

In pregnancy, _____________ increase(s) the flexibility of the pubic symphysis joint. inhibin progesterone estrogens relaxin

relaxin

The gonads in both sexes produce insulin. relaxin . estrogen . inhibin.

inhibin.

Testosterone is also known as a/an _______

Androgen

Which of the following pancreatic cells secrete somatostatin? A cells F cells B cells D cells

D cells

Which of the following pancreatic cells secrete glucagon? D cells A cells B cells F cells

A cells

Which is the name for the clusters of endocrine cells that are found in the pancreas? lobules acini lobes islets

islets

What effect do alpha cells have on blood glucose levels? They have no effect on glucose levels. They secrete glucagon which raises glucose levels. They slightly lower glucose levels. They secrete glucagon which lowers glucose levels.

They secrete glucagon which raises glucose levels.

Which is the term for a gland that secretes its product into the interstitial fluid? exocrine mucous hormonal endocrine

endocrine

Which is the name for a gland that secretes its product into ducts? endocrine hormonal exocrine ductless

exocrine

Which of the following structures can secrete hormones? kidney heart stomach all the responses are correct

all the responses are correct

Which of the following glands is an example of an exocrine gland? adrenal pineal sebaceous thymus

sebaceous

Which of the following is the name for the signals that travel along axons in the nervous system? mediator signals neurotransmitters action potentials postsynaptic potentials

action potentials

A(an) _________ is the mediator molecule that is delivered to tissues by the blood.

Hormones

Which is the name for a mediator molecule that is released locally at a synapse? second messengers ions neurotransmitters hormones

neurotransmitters

Virtually all types of body cells can be regulated through the activity of the _________ system.

Endocrine

Which of the following is characteristic of the endocrine system? targets cells throughout the body mediator released only in response to electrical impulse typical response time is measured in milliseconds involves neurotransmitter release

targets cells throughout the body

Which one of the following cell types is NOT found in connective tissue? fibroblasts mast cells macrophages all are cells found in connective tissue. red blood cells

All are cells found in connective tissue.

Suppose that you had a congenital condition that prevented your body from forming holocrine glands. If that were the case, which statement would be most accurate? Your bones would be like rubber. You would be unable to digest your food. Your skin would become excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands. You would have difficulty breathing.

Your skin would become excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands.

An individual gets a paper cut. They feel it, but do not bleed. Why? Only mitotic epithelial cells will have an active blood supply. Epithelial tissue is avascular, but does have a nerve supply. The cut did not go deep enough into the epithelial tissue to cause bleeding. All skin is composed of only dead cells.

Epithelial tissue is avascular, but does have a nerve supply.

There are many glands in the body. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Which is an endocrine gland? Sebaceous Adrenal Salivary Esophageal

Adrenal

The hormone T4 is also known by which of the following names? thyroxine calcitonin TSH TRH

thyroxine

In a person who has had surgery to produce a complete removal of his/her thyroid gland, which would be the effect on TRH levels in the blood? They would not change. They would decrease significantly. They would decrease. They would increase.

They would increase.

Which of the following structures make up most of the thyroid gland? thyroid follicles parathyroid cells basement membranes parafollicular cells

thyroid follicles

The thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes connected by a(an) _______________

Isthmus

Which of the following types of cells produce TSH? somatotrophs lactotrophs corticotrophs thyrotrophs

thyrotrophs

Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males? FSH LH ACTH PRL

LH luteinizing hormone

Which is the name for the structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? adenohypophysis neurohypophysis pars distalis infundibulum

infundibulum

Which type of cells secretes prolactin? thyrotrophs lactotrophs somatotrophs corticotrophs

lactotrophs

The hormone ______stimulates contraction of the uterus in a positive feedback cycle during childbirth.

oxytocin

The release of oxytocin during childbirth is controlled by _____________ feedback.

Positive

Most hormones are released in which type of bursts? Short Long Repetitive Cyclic

Short

Most hormonal regulatory systems work by which type of feedback? Positive Neutral Negative

Negative

In the muscular system, which portion of the nervous system stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscles for movement? central nervous system parasympathetic division of the ANS sympathetic division of the ANS somatic nervous system

somatic nervous system

Regarding the endocrine system, which portion of the nervous system regulates secretion of hormones from the pancreas? central nervous system autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system enteric nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Respiratory areas located in the ___________ maintain homeostasis in the respiratory system by controlling breathing rate and depth.

Brain Stem

When one becomes nervous and excited, sweat glands in the ________ are activated by the sympathetic system.

Integumentary system

Which of the following will result if the anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus are stimulated? constriction of pupils inhibition of the gastrointestional tract increase in body temperature increase in force of heart contraction

constriction of pupils