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LSTM Parasitology > MCQ Revision > Flashcards

MCQ Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Where is t.b.gambiense found?

A

Western and central Africa

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2
Q

Where is t.b.rhodesiense found?

A

Eastern and Southern Africa

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3
Q

How many people are at risk from African trypanosomiasis?

A

60 million

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4
Q

Infective stage of HAT

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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5
Q

Both male and female tsetse flies take a blood meal. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Bloodstream stage of HAT?

A

Long slender trypomastigote

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7
Q

Infective stage of HAT to the tsetse fly?

A

Short stumpy trypomastigote

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8
Q

Short stumpy forms transform into what and where in the tsetse fly?

A

Procyclic trypomastigotes in the mid-gut

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9
Q

Salivary gland trypanosome stage which undergo sexual reproduce are called?

A

Epimastigotes

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10
Q

HAT epimastigotes produce?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

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11
Q

Disease caused by T.b.brucei?

A

Nagana

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12
Q

Resistant animal trypanosomiasis cattle

A

N’dama

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13
Q

Reservoir host of t.b.rhodesiense?

A

African wildlife

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14
Q

T.b.gambiense’s primary host is….

A

Humans

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15
Q

T.b.gambiense is transmitted by which species of tsetse fly?

A

Riverine tsetse’ Glossina palpalis and G. tachynoides

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16
Q

T.b.rhodesiense is transmitted by which species of tsetse?

A

Glossina mortisans

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17
Q

What parasite causes acute sleeping sickness?

A

Rhodesiense

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18
Q

Which species causes chronic sleeping sickness?

A

T.b.gambiense

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19
Q

Symptoms of acute sleeping sickness

A

Chancre
Fever, headache, enlarged lymph nodes and muscle ache
Invasion of CNS causes mental deterioration
Death follows soon after

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20
Q

Symptoms of chronic sleeping sickness

A

Mild symptoms: fever, headache, muscle and joint pain
Itch skin, swollen lymph nodes

After 1-2 years: CNS involvement - personality changes, daytime sleepiness, nighttime insomnia, partial paralysis

Death after ~3 years

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21
Q

How would you treat early stages of HAT?

A

Pentamidine and Suramin

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22
Q

Is pentamidine effective against gambesian sleeping sickness?

A

No

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23
Q

Gambiense treatment

A

Melarsoprol and nifurtimox

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24
Q

Two species of African trypanosomes that infect humans

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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25
Parasite responsible for Chagas' disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
26
Chagas is transmitted by?
Triatomine bug (reduviid or kissing bug)
27
Majority of individuals with Chagas' disease are?
Asymptomatic
28
Reservoirs of Chagas' disease
Many wild and domestic animals. Opossum and armadillo Cats and dogs important due to close contact with humans
29
Genus of triatomine bug in northern regions of South America?
Rhodnius
30
Genus of triatomine in the southern regions of South America?
Triatoma
31
Human infective stage of T.cruzi?
Metacyclic trypomastigote
32
Triatomine bugs inject metacyclic trypomastigotes into a host during a blood meal. True or false?
False Transmission is through faeces entering biting point or mucous membrane
33
Intercellular stage of T.cruzi?
Amastigotes
34
Intracellular amastigotes of t.cruzi transform into what?
Non-dividing trypomastigotes
35
Clinical manifestations of T.cruzi are a result of?
Non-dividing trypomastigotes reinvading cells and multiplying as amastigotes
36
Infective stage of T. cruzi to the triatomine bug?
Trypomastigote
37
Trypomastigotes transform into _____________ in the mid gut of a triatomine bug
Epimastigote
38
Hind gut stage in a triatomine bug
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
39
Acute phase symptoms of Chagas:
Mild symptoms: fever, body aches and intestinal disorders ROMANA'S SIGN!
40
Chronic phase symptoms of Chagas' disease
Mostly asymptomatic Dilation of digestive tract Cardiomyopathy Nervous system disorders
41
Acute phase treatment of Chagas
Benznidazole or nifurtimox
42
Chronic phase treatment of Chagas
None Nifurtimox may slow progression though
43
T. Cruzi control includes
Vector control | Blood screening
44
Alternate sources of infection of T. Cruzi
Blood transfusion Transplant Milk? Transgenital/vertical transmission
45
Land cestodes are called
Cyclophyllidea
46
Most cestodes are pathogenic. True or false?
False
47
Adult cestodes are found in the ________________
Small intestine
48
What is the pathogenic stage of cestodes?
Juvenile stage
49
General morphology of cestodes
``` Segmented adults No gut or anus Always parasitic Hermaphroditic Almost all have indirect life cycles ```
50
Segments of an adult cestodes are called?
Pro glottids
51
How would you distinguish between adult Taenia solium and Taenia saginata?
T. solium scolex has a crown of hooks | T.saginata has more branches in proglottids
52
Definitive host of T. solium?
Humans
53
Intermediate hosts of T. solium?
Pigs and humans
54
How many suckers do cyclophyllideans have?
Four
55
Where are you likely to find T. solium infection?
Areas of poor sanitation | Where pigs have access to human faeces
56
Egg stage of Taenia are called?
Oncospheres
57
Oncospheres on T. solium develop into ___________ in __________ cells.
Cysticerci Muscle
58
How do humans become infected with adult T. solium?
Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing cysticerci
59
How do cysticerci of Taenia solium appear in humans?
Consumption of faeces containing eggs
60
What is the Pathology of Taenia cysticercosis?
Cysts appearing in muscles, cutaneous tissues, eyes and brain Neurocysticercosis Neurological problems Muscles weakness
61
Treatment for adult Taenia solium?
Niclosamide and praziquantal
62
What is the treatment for people who are infected with T.solium and have asymptomatic brain cysts?
Niclosamide | Praziquantal will provoke neurological symptoms
63
Treatment for neurocysticercosis?
Steroids can relieve symptoms | Albendazole or praziquantal may be used
64
How would you control Taenia spp.?
``` Treatment of individuals with adult worms Good personal hygiene Prevent pigs access to humans (solium) Well cooked meat Meat inspections Pig vaccination (solium) ```
65
Intermediate hosts of T.saginata?
Cattle
66
Definitive hosts of E.granulosus are?
Canids
67
Where is E.granulosus most common?
In areas where sheep and cattle are found | Areas where dogs have close contact with humans and cattle
68
Eggs of Echinococcus granulosus mature into?
Unilocular cysts
69
Unilocular cysts produce ___________.
Protoscolices
70
Echinococcus granulosus: Protoscolices > ____________ > adults
Scolices
71
Pathology of Echinococcus granulosus
Growing Cysts occur at various organs and exert pressure Abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, coughing, lung abscesses Can cause neurological symptoms Anaphylaxis from cyst rupture
72
Why would you not find Echinococcus eggs in human faeces?
Adults are not found in humans
73
Treatment for Echinococcus in humans
Surgery (PAIR) - granulosus | Albendazole and mabendazole may inctivate cysts
74
What control methods would be used to combat Echinococcus granulosus?
``` Treating dogs with praziquantal Avoid close contact with dogs Good sanitation Slaughterhouse inspection Don't feed offal to dogs Vaccinate sheep ```
75
Echinococcus multilocularis Definitive host is _____________ Intermediate host is ____________
Foxes Rodents (and humans)
76
Distribution of E. multilocularis
North America, Europe, Siberia and China
77
What is the only human tapeworm which does not require an intermediate host?
Ask Zach | Hymenolepis nana
78
Proglottids of Hymenolepis nana are longer than they are wide. True or false?
False
79
How do humans become infected with Hymenolepis nana?
Consumption of Arthropods | Also consuming embryonated eggs from food, water or hands
80
Hymenolepis nana ___________(or eggs) develop into adults in the intestine
Cysticercoid
81
How does reinfection occur in Hymenolepis nana?
Eggs can remain in the small intestine and hatch into adults
82
Treatment for Hymenolepis nana
Praziquantal
83
Pathology of Hymenolepis nana
Typically no symptoms | Possible diarrhoea if infection is high
84
Group of Fish tapeworms are called?
Pseudophyllidea
85
Species name for the broad fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
86
Sucking grooves of Pseudophyllidea are also called?
Bothria
87
What is the largest parasite of humans?
Diphyllobothrium latum
88
Definitive hosts of D. latum
Fish eating mammals and humans
89
Swimming Diphyllobothrium larvae are called?
Coracidium
90
Diphyllobothrium latum Coracidium > ___________ (in crustaceans) > ___________ (in fish)
Procercoid in body cavity of crustaceans Plerocercoid in fish
91
How do humans become infected with Diphyllobothrium latum?
Ingestion of plerocercoid in infected fish
92
Pathology of diphyllobthriasis
``` Usually asymptomatic Abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhoea Megablastic anaemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) ```
93
What is the treatment of Diphyllobothriasis?
Praziquantal
94
A) control of Diphyllobothriasis B) would mass treatment control the disease and why?
A) reduce faecal contamination and kill/cook fish properly B) No. Parasite can be maintained in a zoonotic cycle
95
Common name for Dracunculus medinensis?
Guinea worm
96
How do humans get Guinea worm?
Drink water containing Copepoda
97
Pathology of Guinea worm
Painful burning blister Wound susceptible to infection Sepsis and treatment
98
What are the General morphologically features of Trematoda?
``` Three life cycle stages Indirect life cycles Dorsoventrally flattened Blind ended gut No anus ```
99
Number of people infected with ascaris
1 billion
100
How do you become infected with ascaris?
Ingestion of eggs in faeces/soil containing eggs with viable larvae
101
Migration of ascaris larvae after hatching in the small intestine
Penetrate gut > liver > lungs > bronchioles > coughed up pharynx
102
Infective L3 larvae mature into adults on their return to the small intestine. True or false?
True
103
How is transmission of ascaris enhanced?
Asymptomatic individuals continuously produce eggs
104
Migratory symptoms of ascaris
Eosinophilia, lung inflammation, hepatomegaly and Loefflers syndrome
105
Intestinal symptoms of ascaris
Obstruction and perforation of bowel Nausea Diarrhoea
106
General symptoms of STHs in young children
Nutrient deficiency, growth retardation and cognitive ability reduction
107
How would you control Ascaris?
Improved sanitation Education Community targeted deworming Correct preparation of food/water
108
Common name for Trichiuris trichuria
Whipworm
109
How are whipworm transmitted to humans?
Ingestion of embryonated eggs
110
Larvae development/migration in the small intestine
Large migrate to LARGE intestine and mature into adults in the mucosa
111
Whipworm larvae develop in the environment. True or false?
True
112
Pathology of whipworm
Inflammatory bowel disease Anaemia Bloody/watery stools
113
Extreme symptom of whipworm in young children
Rectal prolapse
114
Name two species of hookworm
Ancylostoma diode ale | Necator americanus
115
Hookworm life cycle
Eggs passed in stool which hatch in environment On contact with host. L3 penetrate skin. Migrate to blood vessels > heart > lungs > bronchioles > coughed up Then swallowed and mature into adults in the small intestine
116
Hookworm pathology
``` Ground itch Enteritis Eosinophilia Anaemia Cardiac failure ```
117
Two species which cause cutaneous larval migrans
Ancylostoma braziliense | Ancylostoma caninum
118
Pathology of cutaneous larval migrans
Intense puritus
119
Hookworm control
Wear protective footwear | Human hookworm vaccine initiative
120
Common name for enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm
121
Where are pinworm eggs deposited?
Perianal folds
122
How does self infection of pinworm occur?
Scratching anus and then eggs from fingernails deposited into mouth
123
Hookworm Larvae hatch in the environment. True or false?
False. They hatch in the small intestine
124
Where do adult hookworms live?
Colon
125
Pathology of hookworm
Mild gastro-intestinal discomfort Puritus Irritability Secondary infection
126
Common name for threadworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
127
Adult Strongyloides pass larvae in stool true or false?
True
128
How do humans become infected with strongyloides
Filariform larvae penetrate skin
129
Strongyloides larvae migration in host
Penetrate skin | Migrate to small intestine where they become adults
130
Strongyloides can autoinfect. True or false?
True
131
Pathology of Strongyloides
``` Diarrhoea Larval currens Abdominal pain Weight loss Immune system suppression ```
132
How is trichinella transmitted?
Consumption of undercooked meat containing larvae
133
Where are adult trichinella found in humans ?
Small bowel mucosa
134
Where do trichinella encyst?
Skeletal muscle cells
135
Pathology of trichinella
Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting Muscle pain, fever, swelling to face, headache
136
Causative agents of visceral and ocular larval migrans
Toxocara catis | Toxocara canis
137
Pathology of VLM/OLM
``` Fever Respiratory CNS disturbances Eosinophilia Hepatomegaly Inflammatory responses in viscera, organs and eyes ```
138
Majority of filarial infections are caused by?
Wucheria bancrofti
139
Where do schistosoma mansoni mature?
Liver

LSTM Parasitology (19 decks)

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