MCQ Variants Flashcards by Shalini Selva

The basic laboratory parameters for body water balance assessment
include:

Hematocrit, MCV, Na+; Total protein, Albumin

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The lipid profile includes the following laboratory tests:
(1 Punkt)

Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Glucose, Fibrinogen

Total cholesterol, AST, ALT, LDL-cholesterol

Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol, Triglycerides

Total cholesterol, TSH, FT3, FT4

Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol, Triglycerides

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Which of the following enzymes is INCREASED in PERNICIOUS anemia:

CK
ALP
LDH
ALAT

LDH

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Which of the following parameters is the TUMOR marker of first choice in breast cancer:

CA 15-3

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The PROTHROMBIN TIME TEST is used for evaluation of the:
(1 Punkt)

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation

Intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Intrinsic and common pathways

EXTRINSIC pathway of coagulation

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The specimen required for the QUALITATIVE urinanalysis is:
(1 Punkt)

first or second mid-stream morning urine portion

after toilet
diuresis urine

urine collected with catheter

all are correct

first or second mid-stream morning urine portion

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Which laboratory tests are indicated in IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA:

CBC, morphology of erythrocytes, serum iron, ferritin, TIBC

CBC, morphology of erythrocytes, serum iron, ferritin, Vit B12

CBC, morphology of erythrocytes, serum iron, folate, TIBC

CBC, morphology of erythrocytes, serum iron, haptoglobin, TIBC

CBC, morphology of erythrocytes, serum iron, ferritin, TIBC

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In HEPATOCYTOLYSIS the activity of ASAT and ALAT INCREASES:
(1 Punkt)

10 times or more above the upper reference limit

between 100 and 200 times above the upper reference limit

up to 2 times above the upper reference limit

remains unchanged

10 times or more above the upper reference limit

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Which vitamin deficiency predisposes to HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS
(1 Punkt)

Vit K
Vit C
Vit B12
Vit D

Vit K

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The densitometry narrow-based peak is called:
(1 Punkt)

M-protein
M-gradient
Paraprotein
All are correct

M-gradient

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What is the correct sequence of events leading to blood clotting:
(1 Punkt)

Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, coagulation

Platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, coagulation

Vasoconstriction, coagulation, platelet aggregation

Vasoconstriction, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation

Vasoconstriction, PLATELET AGGREGATION, coagulation

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Which of the following does NOT belong to the basic laboratory tests for IRON DEFICIENCY anemia
(1 Punkt)

CBC
Haptoglobin
Morphology of erytrocytes
Reticulocytes

Haptoglobin

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The diagnostic sensitivity of CREATININE can be INCREASED:
(1 Punkt)

with multiple testing

by conducting a Creatinine clearance

with measurement in CSF

with measurement in random urine

by conducting a Creatinine clearance

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MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY may cause:
(1 Punkt)

hypocalcaemia and hypokalemia

hyperthyroidism

hypernatremia

hyperosmolalit

HYPOcalcaemia and HYOPkalemia

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Proteinuria ABOVE 3.5 g/24h is typical for:
(1 Punkt)

Alport syndrome

Diabetic nephropathy

IgA nephropathy

Nephrotic syndrome

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HYPERphosphatemia may be the result of:
(1 Punkt)

primary hyperparathyroidism

kidney failure

malabsorption

rickets

kidney failure

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Which of the following statements about OSMOLALITY is true:
(1 Punkt)

Osmolality is the number of osmotically active particles in 1 liter of body water

It is theoretically calculated parameter

Osmolality is the concentration of osmotically active particles in 1 kilogram of body water

Represents the part of the formed elements to the total amount of blood

Osmolality is the concentration of osmotically active particles in 1 kilogram of body water

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Jaundice is also known as:
(1 Punkt)

Icterus

Hemophilia

Anemia

Hypercholesterolemia

Icterus

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Which cytochemical analysis helps to differentiate LEUKEMOID REACTION from CML
(1 Punkt)

Nonspecific esterase

Sudan Black

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

Periodic acid Schiff

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

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INCREASED plasma concentration of D-DIMERS indicates:
(1 Punkt)

intravascular fibrinolysis

intravascular fibrinogenolysis

fibrinogen deficiency

thrombin deficiency

intravascular fibrinolysis

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The reference range for TOTAL SERUM BILIRUBIN is:
(1 Punkt)

5.1 - 21 g/l

3.4 - 21 μmol/l;

17 - 34 μmol/l

0.8 - 8.5 μmol/l

3.4 - 21 μmol/l;

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The activity of the Granulocyte ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE in LEUKEMOID REACTION is:
(1 Punkt)

in the reference range

significantly increased

significantly reduced

not informative

significantly increased?

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Which of the laboratory tests are indicated for the differential
diagnosis of JAUNDICE:
(1 Punkt)

Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin

ASAT, ALAT, ALP, GGT

All answers are correct

Total bilirubin, direct bilirubin

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Which of the following statements is NOT valid for DIC:
(1 Punkt)

it can result in the formation of blood clots as well as bleeding

it is an inherited disease

it has three phases

it is often associated with an underlying condition

it is an inherited disease

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The RDW measures: (1 Punkt) the average concentration of hemoglobin in one erytrocyte the total number of red cells the average volume of one erytrocyte the variation of the red cell size

the variation of the red cell size

26. Which of the following leukemias is likely to show an EXTREME LEUKOCYTOSIS and THROMBOCYTOSIS Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute monoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic MYELOID leukemia

27. Which is the STORAGE protein of Iron: (1 Punkt) Transferin Ceruloplasmin Ferritin Haptoglobin

Ferritin

The laboratory result is a function of many factors influencing the FINAL value: (1 Punkt) biological factors pathological factors factors in preanalytical stage pathological, biological, preanalytical, analytical and postanalitical factors

pathological, biological, preanalytical, analytical and postanalitical factors

29. The reference limits of the transaminases ASAT and ALAT are respectively: 0 - 200 U/L and 0 - 350 U/L 0 - 49 g/L and 0 - 35 g/L 0 - 49 U/L and 0 - 35 U/L 20 - 75 g/L and 25 - 100 g/L

0 - 49 U/L and 0 - 35 U/L

HYPERcalcaemia may occur in: (1 Punkt) primary hyperparathyroidism rickets hypoparathyroidism malabsorption

primary hyperparathyroidism

A typical morphological feature of PERNICIOUS anemia are: (1 Punkt) microcytes normocytes megalocytes microspherocytes

megalocytes

MICROALBUMINEMIA is an early marker for: (1 Punkt) Acute hepatitis Chronic hepatitis Diabetic nephropathy Hyperparathyroidism

Diabetic nephropathy

What type is the IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA: (1 Punkt) Macrocytic, hypochromic Macrocytic, hyperchromic Normocytic, normochromic Microcytic, hypochromic

MICROcytic, HYPOchromic

Mark the ERRONEOUS statement: (1 Punkt) PSA may be elevated in benign prostate adenoma* PSA may increase shortly after prostate resection PSA is a tumor marker for diagnosis of prostate cancer recurrence PSA is an absolutely specific tumor marker for prostate tumor malignancy

PSA is an ABSOLUTELY SPECIFIC tumor marker for PROSTATE tumor malignancy

Mark the rule for collection of diuresis urine: (1 Punkt) collection after morning toilet collection the whole urine from the first to the last portion the first portion is eliminated, the last is collected mid-stream urine portion

the first portion is eliminated, the last is collected

HYPERcholesterolemia is typical in: (1 Punkt) hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism

HYPOthyroidism

Which value defines HIGH atherogenic risk: ! (1 Punkt) Total cholesterol > 5.0 mmol/L HDL cholesterol > 1.15 mmol/L Total cholesterol 6.2 mmol/L LDL cholesterol > 4.0 mmol/L 6.2 mmol/L LDL cholesterol > 4.0 mmol/L (says high risk is more than 4.15)

LDL cholesterol > 4.0 mmol/L (says high risk is more than 4.15)

HYPERglycemia is NOT observed in: (1 Punkt) Diabetes Heart attack Insulinoma Brain attack

Insulinoma

Which of the following individual proteins is a POSITIVE acute phase reactant: (1 Punkt) Transferrin Prealbumin Albumin C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein

A bone marrow biopsy shows 5% MYELOBLASTS. The most likely diagnosis is: (1 Punkt) Acute myeloid leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia

CHRONIC MYELOID leukemia

The reference limits of serum K + in adults are: (1 Punkt) 3.5 - 5.6 mmol/ l 0.77 - 1.36 mmol/ l 2.12 - 2.62 mmol/ l 3.5-5.6 µmol/ l

3.5 - 5.6 mmol/ l

Autoantibodies against PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS (ICA) are laboratory markers for: (1 Punkt) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes Diabetes insipidus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The earliest laboratory marker of ACUTE MI is: (1 Punkt) AST CK-MB TnI LDH

TnI

The FINAL phase of BLOOD CLOTTING includes: (1 Punkt) Formation of prothrombin Formation of fibrin Activation of factor X Formation of thrombin

Formation of FIBRIN

The WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION of bilirubin is: (1 Punkt) Indirect bilirubin Total bilirubin Direct bilirubin Unfractionated bilirubin

DIRECT bilirubin

Which of the following conditions is an indication for a CALCIUM test: (1 Punkt) disorders of the acid-base balance rickets and osteomalacia impaired glucose tolerance atherosclerosis risk assessment

rickets and osteomalacia

47. The HbA1c test is NOT applicable in DIABETIC patients with: (1 Punkt) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes Hemolytic anemia

Gestational diabetes

The results of the PT test are expressed as: (1 Punkt) mmol/l minutes INR, seconds and activity % minutes and activity %

INR, seconds and activity %

Jaundice is caused by: (1 Punkt) Elevated uric acid in the blood High hemoglobin in the blood Increased bilirubin in the blood Increased potassium in the blood

INCREASED BILIRUBIN in the blood

Which is the TRANSPORT protein of Iron: (1 Punkt) Ferritin Transferin Hemopexin Hemosiderin

Transferin

PT is NOT prolonged in: (1 Punkt) overdosage of Vit K factor VII deficiency factor VIII defiency liver diseases

factor VIII defiency

Which of the following laboratory parameters is used as a TUMOR marker: (1 Punkt) Alpha fetoprotein TSH ASAT Alkaline phosphatase

Alpha fetoprotein

Which CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY occurs in CML: (1 Punkt) Auer body Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome Trisomy of chromosome 21 Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13

Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome

Which test is used for assessment of the FINAL key phase of COAGULATION: (1 Punkt) Thrombin time APTT Hemoglobin Bleeding time

Thrombin time

The expected laboratory constellation in ISOTONIC dehydration is: (1 Punkt) Decreased MCV, osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein and hematocrit MCV and osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein, increased hematocrit MCV in the reference range, high osmolality, increased total protein and hematocrit MCV and osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein, decreased hematocrit

MCV and osmolality in the reference range, INCREASED total protein, INCREASED hematocrit

Which of the following pathological conditions is NOT among the main indications for examination of ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE: (1 Punkt) differential diagnosis of jaundice rickets bone diseases prostate cancer

PROSTATE cancer

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE does NOT increase in: (1 Punkt) rickets megaloblastic anemia cholelithiasis osteomyelitis

MEGALOBLASTIC anemia

The ANTIBODIES of the PRIMARY IMMUNE response are: (1 Punkt) IgG IgD IgA IgM

IgM

The TOTAL and DIRECT bilirubin are NOT indicators for: (1 Punkt) Liver and biliary tract diseases Hemolytic anemias Congenital defects of bilirubin secretion Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome

Which of the following tests has the HIGHEST diagnostic reliability in HYPERthyroidism? (1 Punkt) Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Parathyroid hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

The lipid profile test is used for: (1 Punkt) Evaluation of the glucose tolerance Coronary risk assessment Assessment of the liver function Evaluation of the coagulation status

Coronary risk assessment

Indicate the reference limits for serum Na+ concentration in adults: (1 Punkt) 136 - 151 mmol/ l 110 - 200 mmol/ l 96 - 110 mmol/ l 136-151 µmol/ l

136 - 151 mmol/ l

Which glycated proteins are used to assess the GLYCEMIA for preceding period: (1 Punkt) Ferritin and transferrin Haptoglobin and hemosiderin HbA1c and fructosamine Hb and ceruloplasmin

HbA1c and fructosamine

Which screening test is used for evaluation of the PLATELET and the VASCULAR PHASE of hemostasis ? (1 Punkt) Bleeding time aPTT PT Thrombin time

Bleeding time

The reference range for HEMOGLOBIN for MALES is: (1 Punkt) 120-180 g/l 120-160 g/l 120-140 g/l 140-180 g/l

140-180 g/l

Which class of lipoproteins transports EXOGENOUS triglycerides: (1 Punkt) VLDL Chylomicrons HDL LDL

Chylomicrons

Which test can be used for control and treatment with DIRECT anticoagulants (HEPARIN): (1 Punkt) APTT Fibrinogen Platelets (PLT) PT

APTT

Which of the following is NOT a cause of MACROCYTIC Anemia: (1 Punkt) Lack of intrinsic factor Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Iron deficiency

Iron deficiency

Fibrinogen is DECREASED in: (1 Punkt) diabetes pregnancy liver diseases inflammation

liver diseases

GGT is located in the: (1 Punkt) cell membrane cytoplasm mytochondrium cytoplasm and mytochondrium

cell membrane

ELEVATED serum FERRITIN and LOW TIBC are typical for: (1 Punkt) Fe deficiency anemia Anemia of chronic disease Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia

Anemia of CHRONIC disease

Which of the following may be the cause for DIC: (1 Punkt) sepsis cancer complication of pregnancy all of these conditions could lead to DIC

ALL of these conditions could lead to DIC

Reference range for the FASTING blood glucose test is: (1 Punkt) 3.8 - 6.2 mmol/l 2.8 - 7.8 mmol/l 2.8 - 6.1 mmol/l 2.8 - 6.9 mmol/l

2.8 - 6.1 mmol/l

Which laboratory feature is NOT typical for IRON DEFICIENCY anemia: (1 Punkt) decreased serum iron level decreased serum ferritin level decreased MCH in red blood cells decreased total iron-binding capacity

DECREASED TOTAL-IRON binding capacity

HYPERbilirubinemia with predominantly ELEVATED INDIRECT bilirubin is detected in: (1 Punkt) Bile obstruction Primary biliary cirrhosis Hemolytic anemias Acute hepatitis

HEMOLYTIC anemias

Which of the following is a CONTRAINDICATION for OGTT: (1 Punkt) Gestational diabetes Fasting blood glucose in the range 6.1-6.9 mmol/l Patients with retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy Blood glucose >11,1 mmol/l on the second hour in postprandial glucose test

Blood glucose >11,1 mmol/l on the second hour in postprandial glucose test

77. The transaminases ASAT and ALAT have priority organ localization in: (1 Punkt) liver, lung, placenta liver, muscles, heart bones, erythrocytes, muscles heart, prostate, bones

liver, MUSCLES, heart

HYPERkalemia occurs in: (1 Punkt) insulin treatment treatment with diuretics (salidiuretics) vomiting, diarrhea, massive burns Massive Burns

*** massive burns

The DRINKING solution used for the OGTT contains : (1 Punkt) 75 g of glucose 50 g of glucose 100 g of glucose 65 g of glucose

75 g of glucose

Blood with SODIUM CITRATE is used for: (1 Punkt) clinical-chemistry tests coagulation tests hematological tests enzyme tests

COAGULATION tests

One of the most common MISTAKES BEFORE venipuncture is: (1 Punkt) conversation with the patient selection of a vein site without haematoma applying of a tourniquet for a short time tapping and massaging of the vein

tapping and massaging of the vein

Which changes are typical for HYPOtonic HYPERhydration: (1 Punkt) the water enters the intracellular space, the MCV decreases the water enters the intracellular space, the MCV increases water moves to the extracellular space, the MCV increases water enters the extracellular space, the MCV does not change.

the water enters the INTRACELLULAR space, the MCV INCREASES

Direct hyperbilirubinemia is present in the following cases of jaundice, except of: (1 Punkt) Hemolysis Obstruction of the bile ducts Drug-induced liver damage Acute hepatocytolysis

HEMOLYSIS

Screening tests for HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS are: (1 Punkt) ATIII, HC II f.VIII PT, APTT, TT, PLT, fibrinogen DBC

PT, APTT, TT, PLT, fibrinogen

Laboratory markers for BLOOD CLOTTING ACTIVATION are: (1 Punkt) PF 1 + 2, TAT fibrinogen, PT platelet count, TT Protein C, ATIII

PF 1 + 2, TAT

In BENIGN HYPERimmunoglobulinemias: (1 βαθμός) the monoclonal protein concentration is > 20 g/ l the other classes of immunoglobulins are not suppressed monoclonal proliferation is found in the bone marrow Bence-Jones protein is detected in the urine

the OTHER CLASSES of immunoglobulins are NOT suppressed

The antibodies of the PRIMARY immune response are: (1 βαθμός) IgG IgD IgA IgM

IgM

The INCREASED plasma D-DIMER concentration is a marker for: (1 βαθμός) intravascular fibrinolysis intravascular hemolysis fibrinogen deficiency thrombin deficiency

INTRAvascular FIBRINOLYSIS

HIGH atherosclerotic risk is related to the following serum concentration of TOTAL CHOLESTEROL: (1 βαθμός) up to 4.0 mmol/l from 1.71 to 2.28 mmol/l > 6.5 mmol/l up to 5.2 mmol/l

> 6.5 mmol/l

Point out the WRONG statement: (1 βαθμός) PSA is never elevated in benign prostate adenoma PSA may increase immediately after prostate resection PSA is a tumor marker for recurrence of prostate cancer PSA is a specific tumor marker for prostate tumor malignancy

PSA is NEVER ELEVATED in BENIGN prostate adenoma

ELEVATED serum URIC ACID concentration occurs in: (1 βαθμός) gout xanthinuria reduced protein intake overdose of uricosuric drugs

Gout

The tumor marker of first choice in BREAST cancer is: (1 βαθμός) СА 19-9 СА 15-3 PSA β-HCG

СА 15-3

Laboratory tests for CONTINUOUS BLOOD GLUCOSE monitoring include: (1 βαθμός) urinary sugar profile test blood sugar profile test postprandial test oral glucose tolerance test

*** ORAL glucose tolerance test BLOOD SUGAR Profile Test

The differential blood count (DBC) provides information on: (1 βαθμός) the distribution of WBC in %/ absolute number in peripheral blood maturation forms of RBC in %/ absolute number in peripheral blood the morphology of RBC in peripheral blood the distribution of WBC, RBC, PLT in %/ absolute number in peripheral blood

the distribution of WBC in %/ absolute number in peripheral blood

ANURIA means: (1 βαθμός) Diuresis 100 ml/ 24h Diuresis in the range 500 - 100 ml/ 24h painful urination Diuresis exceeding 2000 ml/ 24h

Diuresis 100 ml/ 24h

ELEVATED serum ALP activity occurs in: (1 βαθμός) heavy physical activity adolescents and pregnant women intake of carbohydrate-rich foods dehydration

adolescents and pregnant women

The diagnostic sensitivity of CREATININE can be INCREASED by: (1 βαθμός) multiple Urea testing measurement of the Creatinine clearance multiple Creatinine testing random urine testing

MEASUREMENT of the Creatinine clearance

HYPOkalemia occurs in: (1 βαθμός) treatment with insulin hemolysis massive burns transfusion of expired blood

*** treatment with insulin

Which of the following parameters does NOT indicate CHRONIC liver failure: (1 βαθμός) low serum albumin prolonged prothrombin time elevated serum bilirubin elevated serum acid phosphatase activity

ELEVATED serum acid PHOSPHATASE activity

Which of the following tests has the HIGHEST diagnostic RELIABILITY in HYPERthyroidism: (1 βαθμός) Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Parathyroid hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)

MEGALOBLASTIC anemias are characterized by: (1 βαθμός) bone marrow with erythroblastic microforms "blue bone marrow" bone marrow with hypochromic erythroblasts there are no characteristic changes in the bone marrow

"BLUE bone marrow"

PROTEINURIA is estimated by measurement of: (1 βαθμός) 150 mg/24h in diuresis 100 mg/24h in diuresis 130 mg/24h in diuresis 50 mg/24h in diuresis

150 mg/24h in diuresis

Which of the following lab parameters does NOT reflect the FIRST PHASE of the DIC: (1 βαθμός) PF1+2, TAT, FPA, FM аРТТ, TT platelet count differential blood count

differential blood count

The rule for collecting diuresis urine is: (1 βαθμός) midstream urine after toilette the genitalia the first portion is discarded, the last is collected the whole quantity from the first to the last portion is collected urine is collected until the vessel is full

the first portion is DISCARDED, the last is COLLECTED

The LEVEL of TIBC is a direct indicator for the amount of: (1 βαθμός) ferritin transferrin reserve Fe hemosiderin

transferrin

Serum TRANSFERRIN is REDUCED in INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES because: (1 βαθμός) anemia develops during infection the transport of the iron is disrupted it is a "negative" reactant of the acute phase of gut inflammation

it is a "NEGATIVE" reactant of the acute phase

The OSMOLARITY is calculated on the basis of the concentration of the following analytes: (1 βαθμός) urea, glucose and sodium glucose, sodium and potassium chloride, sodium and potassium urea, creatinine and sodium

Urea, Glucose and Sodium

Possible causes for HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS are: (1 βαθμός) DECREASED count or IMPAIRED function of PLATELETS VASCULAR disorders disorders affecting PLASMA COAGULATION FACTORS and FIBRINOLYSIS all listed

ALL LISTED

HYPERglycemia is NOT observed in: (1 βαθμός) diabetes mellitus myocardial infarction insulinoma CNS damage

insulinoma

ACUTE HEPATOCYTOLYSIS causes INCREASED ACTIVITY MORE than 10 times of: (1 βαθμός) ASAT and ALAT ALP and ACP ALP and GGT LDH and ACP

ASAT and ALAT

Which of the following is a CONTRAINDICATION for conducting OGTT: (1 βαθμός) serum glucose concentration two hours after feeding above 11.1 mmol / l borderline elevated fasting glucose levels evaluation of patients with unexplained retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy diagnosis of gestational diabetes

serum glucose concentration 2 hours AFTER feeding ABOVE 11.1 mmol / l

Serum ACID PHOSPHATASE activity is INCREASED in: (1 βαθμός) stroke acute appendicitis myocardial infarction prostate cancer

prostate cancer

ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE is a lab parameter for: (1 βαθμός) muscle damage kidney disorders pregnancy rickets

muscle damage

What are expected levels of Iron and TIBC in IRON DEFICIENCY anemia: (1 βαθμός) decreased Iron, increased TIBC decreased Iron, decreased TIBC increased Iron, decreased TIBC increased Iron, increased TIBC

DECREASED Iron, INCREASED TIBC

Laboratory markers for ACTIVATING BLOOD CLOTTING are: (1 βαθμός) PF1+2, ТАТ fibrinogen platelet count PrC/S, ATIII

PF1+2, ТАТ

Which parameter has the HIGHEST diagnostic value in HYPERthyroidism: (1 βαθμός) thyroid-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone parathyroid hormone thyrotropin releasing hormone

THYROID-stimulating hormone

In granulocyte LEUKEMOID REACTION, the activity of granulocyte ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE is: (1 βαθμός) not changed greatly increased greatly reduced depends on the number of the lymphocytes

*** greatly increased

Flow cytometric analysis allows: (1 βαθμός) immunophenotyping of leukemic blasts microchemical analysis of cellular constituents evaluation of erythrocytes by volume evaluation of the synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains

immunophenotyping of leukemic blasts

In CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, the ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE is: (1 βαθμός) not changed greatly reduced greatly increased functionally active

*** Greatly REDUCED

HYPERbilirubinemia with a PREDOMINANT INCREASE in UNconjugated bilirubin is found in: (1 βαθμός) bile duct obstruction primary biliary cirrhosis hemolytic anemias acute hepatitis

HEMOLYTIC anemias

MICROALBUMINURIA is a laboratory marker for: (1 βαθμός) assessment of type II diabetes mellitus assessment of the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy assessment of type I diabetes mellitus assessment of the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy

assessment of the risk of developing diabetic NEPHROPATHY

Which enzyme has INCREASED activity in PERNICIOUS anemia: (1 βαθμός) CK ALP LDH ALT

LDH

Morphological substrate of ACUTE LEUKEMIAS are: (1 βαθμός) atypical leukemic cells erythropoietic stem cells Philadelphia chromosome hairy lymphocytes

ATYPICAL leukemic cells

Which COAGULATION FACTOR are involved in the INTRINSIC pathway? (1 βαθμός) factors XII, XI, IX, VIII factors III, VII factors V, X, I, II, XIII none of the above is correct

factors XII, XI, IX, VIII

Which statement is NOT valid for DIC: (1 βαθμός) hereditary disease characterized by diffuse intravascular thrombosis and secondary hemorrhagic diathesis can lead to multiple organ failure takes place in three phases

hereditary disease

The EARLIEST laboratory indicator of ACUTE MI is: (1 βαθμός) AST CK-MB Troponin I LDH

Troponin I

SMUDGE CELLS (Gumprecht shadows) in a PERIPHERAL blood smear are specific for: (1 βαθμός) chronic myelogenous leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia acute lymphoblastic leukemia erythroleukemia

CHRONIC LYMPOcytic leukemia

What is NON-Selective PROTEINURIA: (1 βαθμός) detection of high molecular weight proteins in the urine presence of Bence-Jones protein in the urine detection of low molecular weight proteins in the urine presence of lipids in the urine

detection of LOW molecular weight proteins in the urine

Typical morphological feature of PERNICIOUS anemia are: (1 βαθμός) megalocytes microcytes microspherocytes echinocytes

MEGALOcytes

Indicate the reference limits for IONIZED CALCIUM in ADULTS: (1 βαθμός) 2,12 - 2,62 mmol/L 2,8 - 6,1 mmol/L 1,16 - 1, 32 mmol/L 1,5 - 3,2 nmol/L

1,16 - 1, 32 mmol/L

Which types of serum bilirubin are ELVEATED in CHOLESTASIS: (1 βαθμός) direct bilirubin and total bilirubin indirect bilirubin and total bilirubin both direct and indirect bilirubin total bilirubin and urobilinogen

DIRECT bilirubin and TOTAL bilirubin

The evaluation of serum FERRITIN is an indicator for the amount of: (1 βαθμός) functional Fe transferrin reserve Fe hemosiderin

RESERVE Fe

The ELEVATED concentration of Ig E is due to: (1 βαθμός) plasmocytoma primary biliary cirrhosis allergies and parasitic diseases intrauterine infections

allergies and parasitic diseases

How many grams of glucose dissolved in WATER should the patient take for OGTT:

75g

EXTENDED laboratory tests for HEMOLYTIC Anemia include: (1 βαθμός) osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, haptoglobin, bilirubin immunoelectrophoresis, ceruloplasmin, ferritin transferrin, ferritin, total protein morphology of cells in the bone marrow

transferrin, ferritin, total protein

The serum is: (1 βαθμός) the liquid phase of blood taken without anticoagulant and does not include fibrinogen the liquid phase of blood taken with an anticoagulant and does not include fibrinogen the liquid phase of blood taken without anticoagulant and includes fibrinogen the liquid phase of blood taken with an anticoagulant and includes fibrinogen

the liquid phase of blood taken WITHOUT ANTICOAGULANT and does NOT include FIBRINOGEN

In monoclonal gammopathy is observed: (1 βαθμός) a sharp peak in the field of gamma globulins (M-gradient) overproduction of all classes of immunoglobulins in hypoproteinemia none of the above

a sharp peak in the field of gamma globulins (M-gradient)

Which of the following individual proteins are POSITIVE reactants of the ACUTE phase: (1 βαθμός) prealbumin, albumin transferrin, albumin thromboplastin, kallikrein fibrinogen, CRP

fibrinogen, CRP

Factors CAUSING clot formation are called: (1 βαθμός) profibrinolytics procoagulants anticoagulants antifibrinolytics

PROcoagulants

Which lab parameter is NOT included in the main panel of the DIC: (1 βαθμός) hemoglobin platelet count fibrinogen aPTT

hemoglobin

IRON DEFICIENCY anemia is characterized with: (1 βαθμός) microcytosis macrocytosis microspherocytosis megalocytosis

MICROcytosis

What specimen is used for determination of THYROID hormones? (1 βαθμός) whole blood serum without hemolysis and lipemia cerebrospinal fluid citrate plasma without hemolysis and lipemia

serum WITHOUT hemolysis and lipemia

C-PEPTIDE is a laboratory marker for: (1 βαθμός) assessment of the insulin secretion in type I diabetes tumor marker hormone regulating calcium homeostasis diabetes insipidus

assessment of the insulin secretion in TYPE 1 diabetes

Which of the following conditions is an indication for serum CALCIUM testing: (1 βαθμός) impaired acid-base balance rickets and osteomalacia impaired glucose tolerance atherogenic risk assessment

rickets and osteomalacia

QUANTITATIVE determination of TOTAL CALCIUM, TOTAL PHOSPHATE and TOTAL MAGNESIUM is performed in: (1 βαθμός) serum and diuresis (D24) serum and random urine citrated plasma and diuresis (D24) citrated plasma and random urine

SERUM and DIURERSIS (D24)

Which ENZYMES are markers for CHOLESTASIS: (1 βαθμός) ALP and GGT CHE and amylase lipase and amylase ALP and ACP

ALP and GGT

Which of the following changes is NOT characteristic for the NEPHROTIC syndrome? (1 βαθμός) proteinuria above 5g/ 24h bilirubinuria peripheral edema hypoalbuminemia

bilirubinuria

THALASSEMIA syndromes are due to: (1 βαθμός) decreased hemoglobin synthesis imbalance between the synthesized polypeptide chains of Hb iron deficiency excessive intake of vitamin B12

IMBALANCE between the synthesized POLYPEPTIDE chains of Hb

BENCE-JONES PROTEINURIA is observed in cases of: (1 βαθμός) monoclonal gammopathy pyelonephritis glomerulonephritis nephrotic syndrome

monoclonal gammopathy

Which lab parameter is the EARLIEST indicator of MI: (1 βαθμός) CK-MB CK HBDH CK-BB

CK-MB

SODIUM is DECREASED and MCV is INCREASED at: (1 βαθμός) hypertonic dehydration hypotonic hyperhydration isotonic dehydration hypertonic hyperhydration

HYPOtonic HYPERhydration

The main laboratory parameters for assessment of water-electrolyte balance are: (1 βαθμός) Hematocrit, MCV, Na+ Total Protein, Albumin RBC, glucose, Na+, Albumin Albumin, Hematocrit, Urea, Creatinine RBC, Na+, Glucose, Cholesterol

Hematocrit, MCV, Na+ Total Protein, Albumin

Which of the following laboratory features is typical for CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: (1 βαθμός) Left shift to Myeloblast increased D-dimers Leucopenia absolute lymphocytosis

LEFT shift to MYELOBLAST

Drinking coffee and smoking a cigarette BEFORE taking blood for testing is an example of: (1 βαθμός) a constant lab results variation long-term lab results variation short-term lab results variation circadian lab results variation

SHORT-TERM lab results variation

Factor IX deficiency causes: (1 βαθμός) hemophilia A hemophilia B hemophilia C congenital immune deficiency

hemophilia B

LOW serum activity of which ENZYME has clinical significance: (1 βαθμός) CK LDH ALP CHE

CHE

HYPOnatremia occurs in: (1 βαθμός) renal retention of water and Na +, the water retention exceeding that of Na + renal loss of water and Na +, with water loss exceeding that of Na + increased intake of Na + all are true

renal RETENTION of water and Na +, the water RETENTION EXCEEDING that of Na +

HYPERtriglyceridemia is a risk factor for: (1 βαθμός) chronic renal failure nephrolithiasis pancreatitis anemia

pancreatitis

Indicate the reference limits of serum Na+ concentration in ADULTS: (1 βαθμός) 136 - 151 mmol/l 110-200 mmol/l 96-110 mmol/l 2.4 - 7.1 µmol/l

136 - 151 mmol/l

MYOGLOBIN as a lab marker for: (1 βαθμός) acute myocardial infarction hepatitis malignancies control of the anticoagulant therapy

ACUTE myocardial infarction

The therapeutic range of INR in treatment with VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS is: (1 βαθμός) 1.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 6.0 2.0 - 4.0 0.7 - 1.2

2.0 - 4.0

Which of the ENZYMES is used as a TUMOR marker: (1 βαθμός) LDH AST ALT CHE

LDH

aPTT is used for evaluation of: (1 βαθμός) the deficiency of f. VII the treatment with Vit K antagonists the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation fibrinolysis

the INTRINSIC pathway of the COAGULATION

CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY measurement provides information on: (1 βαθμός) the synthetic function of the liver bilirubin metabolism excretory function of the liver detoxification function of the liver

the SYNTHETIC FUNCTION of the LIVER

Calculating the ratio between URINE and SERUM OSMOLALITY is useful for: (1 βαθμός) assessment of homeostasis function of the kidneys assessment of cellular and humoral immunity assessment of hematuria quantitative assessment of urine sediment

assessment of HOMEOSTASIS FUNCTION of the KIDNEYS

The HEMOGLOBIN reference limits for women are: (1 βαθμός) 120-180 g/l 120-160 g/l 120-140 g/l 140-180 g/l

120-160 g/l

What is the specimen for evaluation of HEMOSTASIS parameters: (1 βαθμός) venous blood with anticoagulant heparin venous blood with anticoagulant EDTA venous blood with anticoagulant sodium citrate capillary blood with anticoagulant sodium fluoride

VENOUS blood with anticoagulant SODIUM CITRATE

Serum ACID PHOSPHATASE activity is increased in: (1 Point) stroke acute appendicitis myocardial infarction prostate cancer

prostate cancer

Which of the following lab parameters does NOT reflect the FIRST PHASE of the DIC: (1 Point) PF1+2, TAT, FPA, FM аРТТ, TT platelet count differential blood count

DIFFERENTIAL blood count

Which of the following parameters does NOT indicate CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE: (1 Point) low serum albumin prolonged prothrombin time elevated serum bilirubin elevated serum acid phosphatase activity

ELEVATED serum ACID PHOSPHATASE activity

PROTEINURIA is estimated by measurement of: (1 Point) > 150 mg/24h in diuresis 100 mg/24h in diuresis < 130 mg/24h in diuresis 50 mg/24h in diuresis

> 150 mg/24h in diuresis

What specimen is used for determination of thyroid hormones? (1 Point) whole blood serum without hemolysis and lipemia cerebrospinal fluid citrate plasma without hemolysis and lipemia

serum WITHOUT HEMOLYSIS and LIPEMIA

The WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION of bilirubin is: (1 Point) Indirect bilirubin Total bilirubin Direct bilirubin Unfractionated bilirubin

DIRECT bilirubin

DIRECT HYPERbilirubinemia is present in the following cases of JAUNDICE, EXCEPT OF: (1 Point) Hemolysis Obstruction of the bile ducts Drug-induced liver damage Acute hepatocytolysis

Hemolysis

DBC in MEGALOBLASTIC anemia shows the following characteristics EXCEPT a. Megakaryocytes b. Howell-Jolie bodies c. Increased reticulocytes d. Hypersegmented neutrophils

c. INCREASED reticulocytes

The reference limits of the transaminases ASAT and ALAT are respectively: (1 Point) 0 - 200 U/L and 0 - 350 U/L 0 - 49 g/L and 0 - 35 g/L 0 - 49 U/L and 0 - 35 U/L 20 - 75 g/L and 25 - 100 g/L

0 - 49 U/L and 0 - 35 U/L

Blood with SODIUM CITRATE is used for: (1 Point) clinical-chemistry tests coagulation tests hematological tests enzyme tests

COAGULATION tests

Which is the STORAGE protein of Iron: (1 Point) Transferin Ceruloplasmin Ferritin Haptoglobin

Ferritin

Fibrinogen is DECREASED in: (1 Point) diabetes pregnancy liver diseases inflammation

LIVER diseases

The reference range for TOTAL serum BILIRUBIN is: (1 Point) 5.1 - 21 g/l 3.4 - 21 μmol/l 17 - 34 μmol/l 0.8 - 8.5 μmol/l

3.4 - 21 μmol/l

The TOTAL and DIRECT BILIRUBIN are NOT indicators for: (1 Point) Liver and biliary tract diseases Hemolytic anemias Congenital defects of bilirubin secretion Nephrotic syndrome

NEPHROTIC syndrome

ELEVATED serum FERRITIN and LOW TIBC are typical for: (1 Point) Fe deficiency anemia Anemia of chronic disease Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia

ANEMIA of CHRONIC disease

A typical morphological feature of PERNICIOUS anemia are: (1 Point) microcytes normocytes megalocytes microspherocytes

MEGALOcytes

Which value defines HIGH ATHEROGENIC risk: (1 Point) Total cholesterol > 5.0 mmol/L HDL cholesterol > 1.15 mmol/L Total cholesterol < 6.2 mmol/L LDL cholesterol > 4.0 mmol/L

LDL cholesterol > 4.0 mmol/L

PROTEINURIA ABOVE 3.5 g/24h is typical for: (1 Point) Alport syndrome Diabetic nephropathy IgA nephropathy Nephrotic syndrome

NEPHROTIC Syndrome

HYPERcholesterolemia is typical in: (1 Point) hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism

HYPOthyroidism

Which of the following is NOT a cause of MACROCYTIC Anemia: (1 Point) Lack of intrinsic factor Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency Iron deficiency

IRON deficiency

Which of the following does NOT belong to the basic laboratory tests for IRON DEFICIENCY anemia (1 Point) CBC Haptoglobin Morphology of erytrocytes Reticulocytes

HAPTOglobin

The HbA1c test is NOT applicable in DIABETIC patients with: (1 Point) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes Hemolytic anemia

HEMOLYTIC anemia

Which changes are typical for HYPOonic HYPERhydration: (1 Point) the water enters the intracellular space, the MCV decreases the water enters the intracellular space, the MCV increases water moves to the extracellular space, the MCV increases water enters the extracellular space, the MCV does not change.

the water enters the INTRAcellular space, the MCV INCREASES

The expected laboratory constellation in ISOtonic DEhydration is: (1 Point) Decreased MCV, osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein and hematocrit MCV and osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein, increased hematocrit MCV in the reference range, high osmolality, increased total protein and hematocrit MCV and osmolality in the reference range, increased total protein, decreased hematocrit

MCV and OSMOLALITY in the reference range, INCREASED total Protein, INCREASED Hematocrit

Which laboratory feature is NOT typical for IRON DEFICIENCY anemia: (1 Point) decreased serum iron level decreased serum ferritin level decreased MCH in red blood cells decreased total iron-binding capacity

Decreased TOTAL-IRON BINDING CAPACITY

Which VITAMIN DEFICIENCY predisposes to HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS (1 Point) Vit K Vit C Vit B12 Vit D

Vitamin K

Which of the following leukemias is likely to show an EXTREME LEUKOCYTSIS and THROMBOCYTOSIS (1 Point) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute monoblastic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia

CHRONICC MYELOID Leukemia

MICROALBUMINURIA is an early marker for: (1 Point) Acute hepatitis Chronic hepatitis Diabetic nephropathy Hyperparathyroidism

Diabetic NEPHROPATHY

PT is NOT prolonged in: (1 Point) overdosage of Vit K factor VII deficiency factor VIII defiency liver diseases

factor VIII deficiency

Hemolysis

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

Lipemia

the presence in the blood of an ABNORMALLY HIGH concentration of EMULSIFIED FAT. FATTY serum, WHITE serum PRESENCE

Which of the following criteria is VALID FOR REJECTION of a specimen as INVALID?

IMPROPER collection tube was used, sample HEMOLIZED, LIPEMIC, or ICTERIC, ANTICOAGULATED blood clotted sample IMPROPERLY transported

What kind of BIOLOGICAL material do we use for CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY analyses:

Serum

PLASMA with anticoagulant SODIUM CITRATE is used for:

COAGULATION Test

What BIOLOGICAL material does NOT contain FIBRINOGEN?

Serum

Which are the BIOLOGICAL factors with PERMANENT activity of the variation of results

Sex / Race

The RELIABLE laboratory results are:

Is a REAL evaluation of the ACTUAL value of the examined parameters in BIOLOGICAL fluids and TISSUES and it presents USEFUL information

Which of the following is NOT VALID when a BIOLOGICAL materials is taken for testing:

The METHOD for this test to be SELECTED correctly

Put in the CORRECT ORDER for BLOOD COLLECTION tubes:

Haemoculture Serum tube Sodium citrate ESR Li heparin EDTA

Mark the INCORRECT answer

In collecting 24 hour specimens the FIRST morning specimen is to be ADDED to the container

The EXTRINSIC pathway of coagulation is ACTIVATED by

TISSUE Factor

Factors that AFFECT the lysis of a clot

ANTI-FIBROlytics

Which test can be used for CONTROL and treatment with DIRECT anticoagulants (HEPARIN)

APTT

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a result of:

LOW or MISSING level of INSULIN in the blood

In which type of diabetes the 2 hours postprandial test has HIGHER Diagnostic Sensitivity THAN the Measurement of glucose at FASTING?

Type 2

HbA1c is used as a test for blood glucose concentration for past PERIOD of :

8 - 10 Weeks

Fibrinolysis

A COMPLEX of processes, which ENHANCES the LYSIS of the clot

CAPILLARY blood is used for:

BLOOD GLUCOSE Levels

Serum

LIQUID, NON-Cellular Portion of CLOTTED Blood

In VIRAL Hepatitis, what can be found in the urine

Bilirubin POSITIVE, Urobilinogen INCREASED

The enzyme AMYLASE is PRODUCED from

Pancreas

What is the EFFECT of SOMATOTROPIN hormone of GLUCOSE blood levels?

INCREASES Blood GLUCOSE Levels

FRUCTOSAMINE reference values are:

> 350 mmol/l

When in HEALTHY individuals there is a HIGHER activity of MM-CK?

PHYSICAL Activity

The LYSIS of blood GLUCOSE is called

GlycoLYSIS

What is the FUNCTION of LDH enzymes

CATALYSE the CONVERSION of PYRUVATE-LACTATE

The CK activity must NOT be investigated AFTER : Surgical intervention Injection Palpation of the granulate prostate X-ray

X-ray

Coagulation factors that OBSTRUCT the clot lyses antifibrinolytics Profibrinolysis Procoagulants Anticoagulants

ANTI-FIBRINOlytics

CREATINE KINASE (CK) is Transferase Kinase Oxydoreductase Hydrolase

Transferase

Investigation of ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE is informative for Transportation of amino groupies between alpha amino and alpha keto acid Catalase transport of macroenergy phosphates Catalase conversion pyruvate-lactate Hydrolyse phosphate esters

HYDROLYSE Phosphate ESTERS

In the serum of a NEWBORN there are: igA, igM, igG IgM, IgG igA, igM igA, IgG

igA, igM, igG

Blood UREA is FINAL product of: Metabolism of purine bases Metabolism of amino acids Metabolism of carbohydrates Metabolism of lipids

Metabolism of AMINO ACIDS

What do you expect to be the iron and FIBC in IRON DEFICIENT anemia Decreased iron, increased FIBC Decreased iron, decreased FIBC Increased iron, decreased FIBC Increased iron, increased FIBC

DECREASED Iron, INCREASED FIBC

DYSPROTEINAEMIA is used to indicate Hypoproteinemia Disturbed ratio of protein fraction in electrophoresis Euproteinemia Hypoproteinemia

DISTUBED Ratio of PROTEIN fraction in ELECTROPHORESIS

Which of the following laboratory parameters has BETTER diagnostic reliability in evaluation of RENAL function Urea Uric acid Creatinine Total protein

Creatinine

The CLINICAL RELIABILITY of laboratory results requires High clinical and analytic reliability Variety of factors influencing the final value Correct interpretation of laboratory parameters Specific requirements for Laboratory analysis

HIGH Clinical and Analytic reliability

Which of the following hormones take part in the GROUP of INSULIN Adrenaline Progesterone Aldosterone Parathormone

Progesterone

FRUCTOSAMINE is used as a test for blood GLUCOSE concentration for past period of: 20 days 8-10 weeks 1 week 6 month

20 days

In which of the following methods is used for QUALITATIVE investigation Immunoelectrophoretic Enzyme methods Electrophoresis Immunochemical methods

ELECTROphoresis

In HYPERtonic DEhydration the values of Na and MCV must be as follows increased Na, decreased MCV Decreased Na, increased MCV Decreased Na, decreased MCV Increased Na, increased MCV

INCREASED Na, DECREASED MCV

What kind of test is LDH and HBDH in the ACUTE MI Early Earliest Late Retrograde

EARLY

In which organ there is GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS Central nervous system Muscles Erythrocytes Pancreas

Muscles

Which of the following values of blood GLUCOSE are in the PATHOLOGICAL range in the POSTPRANDIAL test: Less that 7.7mmol/L 7.78-9.99mmol/L More than 10.00 mmol/L 2.78-5.55 mmol/L

More than 10.00 mmol/L

In what cases in HEALTHY individuals the activity of ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP) is over 1000 U/l: Physical activity Postprandial In stress Children

Children

Blood with EDTA ANTICOAGULANT is used for the investigation for Clinical chemistry parameters Coagulation parameters Hematological parameters Heavy metals

HEMATOLOGICAL parameters

Which of the following screening tests shows the DISTURBANCE in EXTRINSIC pathway of the FIRST PHASE of COAGULATION:

In which values of GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE test is NOT DISTURBED: a) at fasting, at 60 minutes, at 120 minutes are in the reference range b) at fasting is in the reference range, at 60 minutes-in pathological range, at 120 minutes-boundary range c) at 60 minutes and at 120 minutes >11.1 mmol/I d) at 60 minutes <8.9 mmol/I, at 120 minutes <7.7 mmol/I

d) at 60 minutes <8.9 mmol/I, at 120 minutes <7.7 mmol/I

What kind of BIOLOGICAL material is used for CLINICAL CHEMISTRY analyses? (1 Point) EDTA plasma serum plasma with sodium citrate whole blood

Serum

In which of the following conditions the concentration of serum Fe is HIGH? (1 Point) malabsorption syndrome pregnancy nephrotic syndrome hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis

What is OLIGURIA? (1 Point) 1000-2000 ml/24h urine output 100-500 ml/24h urine output >2000 ml/24h urine output <100 ml/24h urine output

100-500 ml/24h urine output

Which is the biologically ACTIVE FORM of CALCIUM in the blood circulation? Ceruloplasmin ionized and protein bound Ca protein bound Ca ionized Ca

IONIZED Ca

Patient with DIABETES MELLITUS has Urine WITH? (1 Point)

INCREASED Volume INCREASED Specific Gravity

A 17-year-old girl decided to go on a STARVATION diet. After 1 week of starving herself, what substance would most likely be found in her URINE? (1 Point) Protein Ketones Glucose Blood

KETONES

What kind of BIOLOGICAL material is used for COAGULATION Parameters? (1 Point) whole blood plasma with sodium citrate serum EDTA plasma

PLASMA with SODIUM CITRATE

In ACIDOSIS the level of iСа2+ is? (1 Point) decreased increased not changed

INCREASED

The TRANSPORT Protein for Ca2+ in PLASMA is? (1 Point) apoprotein albumin trasferrin ceruloplasmin

Albumin

What is the PATHOLOGICAL finding in the URINE in ACUTE Hepatitis? (1 Point) urobilinogen (+), bilirubin (+) urobilinogen (-), bilirubin (+) urobilinogen increased, bilirubin (+) urobilinogen not increased, bilirubin (+)

Urobilinogen INCREASED Bilirubin (+)

HYPSOSIDEREMIA is observed in? (1 Point) frequent blood transfusions hemolytic anemias pregnancy hemochromatosis

Pregnancy

In which of the following conditions there is HYPER-Phosphatemia? (1 Point) malabsorption syndrome treatment with corticosteroids hypoparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism

HYPO-Parathyroidism

Which of the following does NOT result in HAEMATURIA? (1 Point) glomerulonephritis Renal trauma Renal calculus Rhabdomyolysis

RHABDOMYOLYSIS

Which of the following is a YOUNG FORM of PLATELETS? . Single choice. (1 Point) proerythroblast band cell monoblast megakaryoblast

MEGAKARYOblast

Which parameters are included in the COMPLETE blood count (CBC) test . Single choice. (1 Point) RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW and ESR RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC and Differential blood count RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW ESR and Differential count

RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW

CYTOCHEMICAL Analysis is: . Single choice. (1 Point) Determination of routine clinical-chemistry parameters in the blood Microscopic examination of cell chemical components by selective staining for specific substrates and / or enzymes Clinical-chemistry analysis of the chemical composition and activity of the cells Microscopic examination of the cell morphology in blood or bone marrow

MICROSCOPIC examination of cell CHEMICAL components by SELECTIVE STAINING for SPECIFIC substrates and / or enzymes

Flowcytometry is NOT: . Single choice. (1 Point) An effective laser method for analyzing the structural and functional characteristics of blood cells. Method for the quantitative measurement of specific antigen marker expressed on and in blood cells Method for immunophenotypic characterization of blast cells. method for staining of blood cells

Method for the QUANTITATIVE measurement of SPECIFIC ANTIGEN marker expressed on and in blood cells

For CHRONIC Granulocytic Lekuemia, differential blood count resembles: . Single choice. (1 Point) thrombellogram myelogram densitogram ionogram

Myelogram

The LARGEEST cells in the blood that LEAVE the bloodstream to become MACROPHAGES are: . Single choice. (1 Point) eosinophils monocytes basophils neutrophils

MONOcytes

Main MORPHOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE of ACUTE Leukemias are: . Single choice. (1 Point) The youngest maturation forms of granulopoesis Atypical blasts cells (parablasts) Plasmoblasts Basophils

The YOUNGEST MAUTRATION forms of GRANULOPOESIS

Which of the cells does NOT develop FROM a MYELOBLAST? . Single choice. (1 Point) basophil monocyte eosinophil lymphocyte

LYMPHOcyte

55-year-old male comes to the Emergency with a TEMPERATURE of 39 °C. His lab findings are: WBC 44.8 G/L Hb 115 g/L PLT 305 G/L GAP (granulocyte alkaline phosphatase) 210 Units; DBC: 7% myelocytes 5% metamyelocytes, 39% bands 41% segs 3% monocytes 4% lymphocytes 1% eosinophils 0% basophils. . Single choice. (2 Points) CML ALL Leukocytosis with left shift Leukemoid reaction

ALL!

A 53-year-old male had noticed the onset of EASY FATIGABILITY and BRUISING. His CBC and subsequent BONE MARROW exam were ABNORMAL. Lab data: WBC 78.0 G/L Hb 73 g/L PLT 59 G/L. DBC - Hiatus leucaemicus. What is the most likely diagnosis? . Single choice. (2 Points) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic granulocytic luekemia Acute leukemia Leukemoid reaction

ACUTE Leukemia

The type of WBCs that often ARRIVES FIRST at the site of infection, is a GRANULOCYTE called: . Single choice. (1 Point) basophil eosinophil neutrophil monocyte

NEUTROphil

A person with EOSINOPHILLIA is most likely SUFFERING from: . Single choice. (1 Point) allergy or parasitic infection anemia autoimmune disease diabetes

ALLERGY or PARASITIC Infection

How do erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH) change in PERNICIOUS anemia? . Single choice. (1 Point) decrease increase do not change

INCREASE

A HIGH RETICULOCYTE Count in the blood could indicate that there is a SLOW PRODUCTION of ERYTHROCYTES from the BONE MARROW . Single choice. (1 Point) True False

TRUE

THROMBOCYTOPENIA or an INCREASED TENDENCY to BLEED is a common consequence of ACUTE Leukemia. . Single choice. (1 Point) True False

TRUE

Which dietary component(s) is/are needed for DNA synthesis, and thus GREATLY influence the production of RED BLOOD CELLS? . Single choice. (1 Point) calcium iron vitamin B12 and folic acid protein

Vitamin B12 and FOLIC Acid

1. What are the parameters included in the COMPLETE blood count (CBC) test a. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC and ESR b. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC and Differential count c. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC d. ESR and Differential count

c. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC

The ratio of the volume of RED BLOOD CELLS to the TOTAL VOLUME of Blood in CBC is expressed as: . Single choice. (1 Point) plasma hematocrit erythrocytes serum

Hematocrit

The PORTION of blood cells in whole blood in CBC is expressed as: a. plasma b. hematocrit c. erythrocytes d. serum

b. hematocrit

What measure the DIFFERENTIAL COUNT CHECKING? a. the distribution of WBC in %/absolute count in peripheral blood b. the maturation forms of WBC in %/absolute count in peripheral blood c. the morphology of RBC in peripheral blood d. the distribution of WBC, RBC, PLT in %/absolute count in peripheral blood

d. the distribution of WBC, RBC, PLT in %/absolute count in peripheral blood

The type of WHITE BLOOD CELLS that often ARRIVES at the site of infection FIRST, is a GRANULOCYTES, and CONTAINS GRANULES that stain LIGHT PURPLE is a: a. basophils b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. monocytes

c. neutrophils

A HIGH RETICULOCYTE count in the blood could indicate that there is a SLOW PRODUCTION of ERYTHROCYTES from the BONE MARROW a. True b. False

TRUE

The ERYTHROCYTE MICROforms are characteristic of: a. megalocytic anemia b. acute leukemia c. iron deficiency anemia d. chronic leukemia

IRON DEFICIENCY Anemia

Which BIOCHEMICAL parameters would you investigate in case of doubt about IRON DEFICIENCY anemia. a. serum Iron and TIBC b. Hemoglobin electrophoresis c. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase d. Vit B12 and folate

Serum Iron and TIBC

In the Vitamin B12 DEFICIENCY, in the blood cells is DISTURBED: a. Iron absorption b. Synthesis of folic acid c. Production of an internal factor d. DNA synthesis

DNA synthesis

DBC in MEGALOBLASTIC Anemia shows the following characteristics EXCEPT a. Megakaryocytes b. Howell-Jolie bodies c. Increased reticulocytes d. Hypersegmented neutrophils

INCREASED RETICULOcytes

HEMOLYTIC Anemia is caused by a DEFICIENCY of IRON in the blood a. True b. Not true

FALSE

What are the 2 MAIN Types of THALASSEMIA? a. Alpha and Beta Thalassemia b. Alpha and Delta Thalassemia c. Beta and Delta Thalassemia d. Gamma and Delta Thalassemia

a. ALPHA and BETA Thalassemia

ACUTE Leukemias by the evaluated laboratory HEMATOLOGICAL parameters are most often characterized by a. normochromy, normocytosis, leucopenia and left shift, thrombocytosis b. hypophosphataemia, leukocytosis, megaloblastic transformation c. reticulocytosis, basophilically dashed erythrocytes, normal CBC d. anemia, thrombocytopenia, most commonly moderate leukocytosis and the presence of atypical, "blast" cells

ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, most commonly MODERATE Leukocytosis and the PRESENCE of ATYPICAL, "BLAST" cells

Case No C - A 6-year-old BOY had a 2 to 3 weeks history of FEVER AT NIGHT and CERVICAL ADENOPATHY. Physical exam showed a generalized LYMPHADENOPATHY. His lab data are: WBC 20.7 G/L Hgb 109 g/L PLT 123 G/L. Diff count results: 1 segs -17 lymphs -1 monos -81 blasts. The BONE MARROW obtained on the patient in Case No C was HYPER-Cellular with 80% BLASTS that were fairly SMALL and HOMOGENOUS. His blasts were peroxidase/SBB NEGATIVE and PAS POSITIVE. Immunophenotyping showed POSITIVITY for CD10, CD19/20, and CD34; cells were NEGATIVE for CD2/3; CALLA positive. These results are most consistent with: a. Precursor-B ALL, CALLA type b. T cell ALL

Precursor-B ALL, CALLA type

aPTT is an indicator of: a. deficiency of f. VII b. Control of treatment with indirect anticoagulants c. Evaluation of the coagulation cascade in the intrinsic pathway d. Assessment of fibrinolysis

c. EVALUATION of the COAGULATION CASCADE in the INTRINSIC pathway

What are the ways of expressing the result in a PT study? a. %, seconds, minutes, ratio b. Seconds,%, ratio, INR c. Seconds,%, attitude, ISI d. Seconds,%, ratio, minutes

Seconds,%, ratio, INR

BEFORE treatment with standard HEPARIN, which indicator will you test: a. PT b. TT c. aPTT d. fibrinogen

aPTT

What is the EFFECT of ASPIRIN on the processes of HEMOSTASIS? a. Antifibrinolytic b. Procoagulant c. Anti-aggregate d. Fibrinolytic

ANTI-Aggregate

Typical laboratory features in DBC for CHRONIC MYELOID Leukemia is: Single choice. (1 Point) Left shift up to Myelocyte Leukocytosis Neutropenia Absolute lymphocytosis

LEFT SHIFT up to MYELOcyte

Which of the following lab parameters does NOT reflect the FIRST PHASE of the DIC: Single choice. (1 Point) PF1+2, TAT, FPA, FM аРТТ, TT platelet count differential blood count

DIFFERENT BLOOD Count

IRON DEFICIENCY Anemia is characterized with: Single choice. (1 Point) Hypochromia normochromic Hypochromia macrocytosis

HYPO-Chromia

Which of the following individual proteins is NEGATIVE reactant of the ACUTE phase: Single choice. (1 Point) Fibrinogen Transferin C-reactive protein Alfa-1 Antitrypsin

Transferin

Factors PROVIDING clot formation are called: Single choice. (1 Point) profibrinolytics procoagulants anticoagulants antifibrinolytics

PRO-Coagulants

Which of the following enzymes has the HIGHEST activity in the LIVER: Single choice. (1 Point) AST ALT Amylase LDH

ALT

MEGAGLOBLASTIC Anemia is due to: Single choice. (1 Point) decreased hemoglobin synthesis imbalance between the synthesized polypeptide chains of Hb iron deficiency deficiency of vitamin B12

DEFICIENCY of VITAMIN B12

Laboratory tests for HEMOLYTIC Anemia include: Single choice. (1 Point) Specialized Hemoglobin electrophoreses, cytochemical test for HbS Hemoglobin concentration, immunoelectrophoresis, Cytochemical tests for blast cells, transferrin Morphology of cells in the bone marrow

HEMOGLOBIN Concentration, IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS,

PHOSPHOR Organic compounds specifically INHIBIT: Single choice. (1 Point) ALP CHE Amylase CK

ALP

MEGALOBLASTIC Anemias are characterized by: Single choice. (1 Point) bone marrow with erythroblastic microforms bone marrow with erythroblastic hyperplasia bone marrow with hypochromic erythroblasts there are no characteristic changes in the bone marrow

bone marrow with ERYTHOBLASTIC HYPERplasia

LOW serum activity of which ENZYME has CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Single choice. (1 Point) CK LDH ALP CHE

CHE

Plasma

Liquid Phase of Blood WITH Anticoagulant, CONTAINING Fibrinogen

Which of the following laboratory constellations confirms CHOLESTASIS: Single choice. (1 Point) ALP, GGT LDH, ALP Cholinesterase, GGT AST, ALT

ALP, GGT

SENSITIVE marker for evaluation GLOMERULAR FILTRATION is: Single choice. (1 Point) Cystatin C Beta -2- microglobulin Urea Retinol-binding protein

Cystatin C

The main laboratory parameters for assessment of water-electrolyte balance are: Single choice. (1 Point) Hematocrit, MCV, Na+, Total Protein, Osmolality Hematocrit, RBC, Na+, Osmolality Hematocrit, Urea, Osmolarity, Albumin Hematocrit, MCV, Na+, Total Protein, Glucose

Hematocrit, MCV, Na+, Total Protein, Osmolality

What is the specimen for evaluation of HEMOSTASIS parameters: Single choice. (1 Point) venous blood with anticoagulant heparin venous blood with anticoagulant EDTA venous blood with anticoagulant sodium citrate capillary blood with anticoagulant sodium fluoride

venous blood with anticoagulant SODIUM CITRATE

Which of the following conditions is an indication for serum CALCIUM testing: Single choice. (1 Point) disproteinemia screening for osteoporosis impaired glucose tolerance atherogenic risk assessment

screening for osteoporosis

C-peptide is a laboratory marker for: Single choice. (1 Point) insulin secretion tumor marker hormone regulating calcium homeostasis diabetes insipidus

INSULIN Secretion

HYPER-triglyceridemia is a risk factor for: Single choice. (1 Point) chronic renal failure nephrolithiasis cardiovascular disease anemia

CARDIOVASCULAR Disease

The TUMOR MARKER for screening of PROSTATE cancer is: Single choice. (1 Point) СА 19-9 СА 15-3 PSA β-HCG

PSA

PREGNANCY and BODY WEIGHT are example for: Single choice. (1 Point) a constant lab results variation long-term lab results variation short-term lab results variation circadian lab results variation

LONG-TERM lab results variation

The level of TIBC is a INDIRECT indicator for the amount of: Single choice. (1 Point) ferritin transferrin functional Iron hemosiderin

FUNCTIONAL Iron

Sodium is INCREASED and MCV is DECREASED at: Single choice. (1 Point) hypertonic dehydration hypotonic dehydration isotonic dehydration hypotonic hyperhydration

HYPERtonic DEhydration

The level of glycated hemoglobin for GOOD CONTROL of diabetes is: Single choice. (1 Point) lower than 7 % > 6.5 % lower than 6 % 6.0-6.5 %

6.0-6.5 %

HYPERkalemia occurs in: Single choice. (1 Point) treatment with insulin hemolysis metabolic acidosis primary hyperaldosteronism

METABOLIC ACIDosis

Which of the following parameters will DIFFERENTIATE DEhydration from HYPERhydration: Single choice. (1 Point) Hematocrit Platelets Potassium Creatinine

Hematocrit

Laboratory tests with HIGHEST diagnostic reliability in HYPER-Thyroidism are: Single choice. (1 Point) TSH, FT4 FSH, LH TSH, LH FSH, FT4

TSH, FT4

aPTT is used for evaluation of: Single choice. (1 Point) the deficiency of f. VII the treatment with Vit K antagonists the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation fibrinolysis

the INTRINSIC pathway of the COAGULATION

The test with SULFOSALICYLIC ACID is used for: semi-quantitative analysis of protein in urine quantitative analysis of protein in urine semi-quantitative analysis of glucose in urine quantitative analysis of protein in urine

SEMI-Quantitative analysis of PROTEIN in urine

Mark the CORRECT answer: serum contains all clotting factors serum contains factors of coagulation plasma is the liquid, noncellular portion of clotted blood serum is the liquid, noncellular portion of clotted blood

SERUM is the liquid, NON-cellular portion of CLOTTED BLOOD

WHOLE blood with EDTA is used for: coagulation tests clinical chemistry analysis trace elements CBC and DBC

CBC and DBC

The express strip tests for URINALYSIS are used for: qualitative and semi-quantitative clinical chemistry analysis microbiological analysis of urine quantitative clinical chemistry analysis microscopic analysis of the sediment

QUALITATIVE and SEMI-QUANTITATIVE CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Analysis

SERUM is the biological material, required for: coagulation tests clinical chemistry analysis microelements CBC and DBC

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Analysis

Mark the INCORRECT answer: Random urine specimens should be collected in a chemically clean receptacle Random urine specimens may be collected at any time In collecting 24-hour specimens the first morning specimen is to be discarded In collecting 24-hour specimens the first morning specimen is to be added in the container

In collecting 24-hour specimens the FIRST MORNIN specimen is to be ADDED in the container

Good venipuncture technique follows a strict protocol. What is the maximum acceptable time to keep the tourniquet until venipuncture? 2 min 3 min 1 min 30 sec

1 min

What kind of BIOLOGICAL material is used for COAGULATION Tests? whole blood with EDTA serum plasma with heparin plasma with Sodium citrate

PLASMA with SODIUM CITRATE

QUANTITATIVE Measurement of PROTEIN in URINE requires Diuresis urine (D24) Random urine Sterile urine All given options are acceptable

Diuresis urine (D24)

Mark the CORRECT standard conditions for preparation of the patient for clinical laboratory analysis: - 12 hours fasting and drinking pause, 24 hours alcohol pause, sampling between 7:00am and 9:00, no coffee and cigarette for 12 hours - 12 hours fasting pause, 24 hours alcohol pause, sampling between 7:00am and 9:00, no coffee and cigarette before venipuncture - 12 hours fasting, 24 hours alcohol pause, sampling between 7:00am and 9:00, no coffee and cigarette for 12 hours - 12 hours fasting and drinking pause, 12 hours alcohol pause, sampling between 7:00am and 9:00, no coffee and cigarette before venipuncture

- 12 hours FASTING PAUSE, 24 hours ALCOHOL PAUSE, sampling between 7:00am and 9:00, NO coffee and cigarette BEFORE VENIPUNCTURE

What is the CORRECT ORDER OF DRAW (blood tubes) by venipuncture All options are acceptable 1. coagulation tube (plasma); 2. hematology tube (whole blood); 3. serum; 1. hematology tube (whole blood) 2. serum; 3. coagulation tube (plasma); 1. serum; 2. coagulation tube (plasma); 3. hematology tube (whole blood)

1. Serum 2. Coagulation tube (plasma 3. Hematology tube (whole blood)

The main MORPHOLOGICAL SUBSTRAE of LEUKEMIAS are: The youngest maturation forms of myelopoiesis Parablasts Plasmocytes Basophils

PARABLASTS

To which of the pathological conditions do you refer the following laboratory constellation: HGB: 103 g/L HCT 0,35 l/l MCV: 70fl MCH: 20 pg, INCREASED RDW, LOW Reticulocyte count, ferritin concentration: 3 ng/mL, TIBC: 90 µmol/L , transferin saturation 20%? (2 points) Megaloblastic anemia Acute leukemia Primary iron deficiency anemia Hemolytic anemia

MEGALOBLASTIC Anemia

To which of the pathological conditions do you refer the following laboratory constellation: HGB: 76 g/L HCT 0,29 l/l MCV: 88fl MCH: 30 pg, LOW reticulocyte count, WBC: 80x109/L; Platelets: 60x109/L; INCREASED LDH, INCREASED uric acid; HYPER-Plastic bone marrow? (2 points) acute aleukemic leukemia acute leukemia with a high percentage of parablasts in the peripheral blood chronic myelogenous leukemia chronic lymphogenous leukemia

ACUTE Leukemia with a HIGH percentage of PARABLASTS in the PERIPHERAL blood

Which of the following NEUTROPHILLIC MATURATION forms are normally found in a PERIPHERAL blood smear?: Reticulocytes and Myelocytes Banded and Segmented neutrophils Eosinophils and Monocytes Promyelocytes and Segmented neutrophils

PROMYELOCTES and SEGMENTED Neutrophils

DBC contains information about the following blood cells: Segmented Neutrophils, Erythrocytes, etc. Monocytes, Lymphocytes, etc. Eosinophils, Reticulocytes, etc. Basophils, Erythrocytes, etc.

SEGMENTED Neutrophils, ERYTHROCYTES, etc.

What levels of Iron and TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) do you expect in HEMOLYTIC anemia? decreased Iron, increased TIBC decreased Iron, decreased TIBC increased Iron, normal TIBC increased Iron, increased TIBC

**** INCREASED Iron, Normal TIBC

Which of the following INDIVIDUAL proteins belong to the group of the NEGATIVE acute phase reactants? ferritin and CRP ferritin and transferin albumin and transferin albumin and CRP

ALBUMIN and TRANSFERIN

What is the FUNCTIONof FERRITIN? Physiological form for Iron storage pathological form for Iron storage individual protein for Iron transport functional Iron

PHYSIOLOGICAL form for Iron STORAGE

MICROFORMS of the ERYTHROPOEITIC lineage are a typical characteristic of: Megaloblastic anemia Acute leukemia Primary Iron deficiency anemia Chronic leukemia

*** Primary Iron deficiency anemia ?/

Which of the following forms of ERYTHROPOESIS are normally found in a PERIPHERAL blood smear? Reticulocytes and Erythrocytes Basophilic erythroblasts and Erythrocytes Polychromatophilic erythroblasts and Erythrocytes Basophilic erythroblasts and Reticulocytes

RETICULOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES