mcqs Flashcards

Question

Match the screening test with appropriate age! Orchidopexia! (Orchiopexy is a surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there.) From age 11 At age 1, 3 and 6m From age 6 to 11 0-8 days From age 6 to 18 every two years

Answer 1

Match the screening test with appropriate age! **Orchidopexia!** From age 11 **At age 1, 3 and 6m** From age 6 to 11 0-8 days From age 6 to 18 every two years | (Orchiopexy is a surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there.)

Answer 2

From what age is it recommended to screen BP regularly **3 years** 6 years 10 24 35

Answer 3

Number of deaths in infants less than 28 days Postneonatal mortality Abortion rate Perinatal **Neonatal** Fetal

Answer 4

Which of the following public health intervention is the most successful in preventing initiating or reducing the prevalence of smoking? Media campaign against smoking Prohibiting sale of tobacco to minors **Restriction of indoor smoking** Lawsuits against tobacco industry Increases in cigarette prices through taxation

Answer 5

Which is **NOT** a measure of reduced demand of tobacco products? Support smoking cessation **Combating illicit trade** Tax (price) increase Prohibit indirect advertising Label products with anti-smoking messages

Answer 6

Which test measures nicotine addiction? Ames **Fagerström** Wassermann Weil-Felix APTT

Answer 7

You are employed by a state substance abuse program and are responsible for design, implementation and evaluation of drug prevention in schools. Which is most likely to impact drug use behaviour? Size of program Length of program Expert instruction **Peer interaction** Socioeconomic status of the students

Answer 8

Genetic counselling before pregnancy recommended at 25 30 **35** 40 45

Answer 9

Which of following factors is associated with reduced drug use in young adults? Low socioeconomic status Early drug use **Marriage** Parental drug use Depression

Answer 10

The association between induced abortion and breast cancer has been the subject of previous epidemiological studies. Cohort studies have found no association, while at least one case-control study has found a positive association. Possible explanations for the different results in case-control and cohort studies of this topic include case control are prone to selection bias, cohort are not **recall bias may explain the association in case-control, and would not be a problem in cohort** the method of disease classification is different in case-control and cohort the association proved in case-control are always a result of bias and misleading all of the above

Answer 11

Three hundred bird watchers are invited to participate in a study. They have the chance to choose between a telescope and a pair of cheap binoculars. What kind of study describes this observation best? Case-control Cohort **Cross-sectional** Ecological Randomized trial

Answer 12

What is the normal body fat percentage in men and women? Men **15-25%,** women **20-30%** Men 30-40%, women 15-40% Men 10-14%, women 10-15% Men 45-55%, women 20-22%

Answer 13

You brought a friend to the ER because he suffers from hallucinations and paranoia, and thinks that he’s Kipod. What is the most likely thing he took? **LSD** Benzo Morphine Heroine

Answer 14

What causes relaxation, disinhibition, motor and memory impairment, and anxiolysis? **Cannabis** Amphetamine Dobutamine Cocaine Angel dust

Answer 15

The crude death in USA is 150/100000 and in a smaller developing country the crude death rate is 75/100000. What is the real cause of the difference? In developing countries there is high emigration The population in USA is much bigger **The infant mortality rate in developing countries is much higher and is not included in the crude death**

Answer 16

Definition of microrisk? 10 of 100000 **1 of 1 million** 100 of 1 million

Answer 17

Match the pairs Analytic study Descriptive study Experimental epidemiology Clinical epidemiology Cause-effect **d** Population survey **b** Trial of water fluorination **c** Case control **a**

Answer 18

Characterize ecological trials, **except:** Less expensive than cohort **Evaluates single individuals** Takes less time than cohort Better results than cohort in cause-effect

Answer 19

Can be calculated from odd’s ratio Attributable risk **Relative risk** Absolute risk Age standardized incidence Age standardized prevalence

Answer 20

What is the difference in years between life expectancy in North American countries to African countries? 5 years **22 years** 30 years 40 years 17 years

Answer 21

Which is true? None, all or just one? Screening of inborn metabolic diseases in newborns is a form of primary prevention **A Hungarian survey which takes participants form all the different population can be applied to all of Hungary** **The difference between diagnosis and screening is: cost, specificity and sensitivity**

Answer 22

What is the infant mortality rate in Hungary per 1000 births? **5-6 of 1000** 10-15 of 1000 35-50 of 1000 100-120 of 1000

Answer 23

Match the pairs a) Cohort b) Case control c) Experimental d) Cross-sectional e) Aggregate i) Prospective a ii) Retrospective b iii) Interventionalc iv) At a given point of time d v) Ecological e

Answer 24

Screening is primary prevention True **False**

Answer 25

Incidence is the number of sick people in the population True **False**

Answer 26

Highly sensitive screening tests have less false negative results **True** False

Answer 27

If after a cohort study, the **RR is 5**, it means **Strong moderate** Very strong Weak Overwhelming

Answer 28

How much is the chemical components of a cigarette? 100-250 300-500 **\>4000** 1000-2000

Answer 29

How many people have DM world wide? 150 mill **300 mill (450 million)** 650 mill 50 mill

Answer 30

The number of deaths in infants less than 28 days old, per 1000, refers to Postneonatal mortality **Neonatal mortality** Perinatal mortality Fetal mortality

Answer 31

# Choose the correct statement about suicide! Leading cause of death in young people in Europe **Second leading cause of death in young people in Europe** Third leading cause of death in young people in Europe Fourth leading cause of death in young people in Europe Fifth leading cause of death in young people in Europe

Answer 32

How many deaths of children under 5 years of age is cause by malnutrition? 10% 30% **50%** 70% 90%

Answer 33

how many deaths does smoking account for? **10%** 30% 50% 70%

Answer 34

How many medical consultations in Europe are due to depression? 10% 20% **30%** 40% 50%

Answer 35

Highest suicide rate in the EU? Finland **Lithuania** Hungary

Answer 36

Which method is least effective in decreasing smoking Increased taxes Ban advertisements Prevent youth access **Commercials against tobacco** Access to NRT

Answer 37

In the statement below, data are presented based on a cohort study of coronary heart disease. Match the best parameter to the statement! At the end of the study, a total of 129 non-fatal myocardial infarctions per 54,560 **person years** of observation occurred in the study population. Incidence Point prevalence **Incidence density** (standardized) morbidity ratio Case fatality

Answer 38

Which statement is true for the relationship between risk and odds? Risk is simply another name for odds **Only few types of epidemiological studies allow for risk calculation, while most allow for odds calculation** Risk and odds are measures interchangeable in almost every epidemiological study Risk is generally used to estimate odds Risk cannot be estimated by odds

Answer 39

# Choose the missing word! “…is a set of techniques used to remove as far as possible the effects of differences of age or other confounding variables when comparing two or more populations” Risk assessment Variance analysis **Standardization** Odds calculation Regression

Answer 40

The infant mortality rate in the world is 3,5/1000 7,3/1000 15/1000 22,4/1000 **35/1000**

Answer 41

# Choose the correct formula fo**r absolute risk!** Incidence of the non-exposed \* incidence of the exposed Incidence of the exposed / incidence of the non-exposed Incidence of the non-exposed + incidence of the exposed Incidence of the exposed + incidence of the non-exposed **None of the above**

Answer 42

Which is the correct order (weakest to strongest) of the following epidemiological study types concerning the strength of evidence they can provide? Cohort, case-control, ecological, interventional Ecological, cohort, interventional, case-control **Ecological, case-control, cohort, interventional** Interventional, ecological, case-control, cohort Interventional, case-control, cohort, ecological

Answer 43

Certain errors that result from the interplay of numerous factors that cannot be eliminated, only constrained within given limits. This error type is… **Random error** Confounding error Selection error Recall bias Observation error

Answer 44

A highly specific screening test will produce less Patient discomfort Superfluous follow-up examination True positive results **False positive results** False negative results

Answer 45

The following data are from a screening test result. Calculate the positive predictive value! screening result confirmed not confirmed positive 694 431 negative 12 5478 87% 78% 99% 51% **62%**

Answer 46

# Choose the true statements! The broad based age-sex pyramid means a rapidly growing population The infant mortality of Sweden is higher than Hungary The number of live births in a year divided by the mid-year female population aged 15-44 in the same year \* 1000 is the crude birth rate **Statement 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false** Statement 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false Statement 3 is correct, 1 and 2 are false All are true All are false

Answer 47

The total fertility rate in Hungary is… than in the world Five times higher Three times higher Two times higher About the same **Half**

Answer 48

Which study-type do the following criteria apply to? Prevalence of the disease should be very similar to incidence The exposition should not vary in time Case-control **Cross-sectional** Cohort Experimental Ecological

Answer 49

What is the incidence of a disease in the exposed group when the relative risk is 3, and an attributable risk is 14/1000 for a given risk factor? 35/1000 30/1000 35/1000 **21/1000** 20/1000

Answer 50

As an epidemiologist you are requested to recommend a type of study appropriate to the needs of study the causes of a rare sarcoma. What type of study do you recommend? Cohort Cross-sectional Experimental **Case-control** Ecological

Answer 51

A research team will investigate a possible association between smokeless tobacco use and oral lesions among professional baseball players. At a spring training camp they ask each baseball player about current and past use of smokeless tobacco, cigarettes and alcohol, a dentist examines the type and extent of oral lesions. What type of study is this? **Case control** Cross sectional Prospective cohort Clinical trial Ecological

Answer 52

In the study mentioned in the last question, which measure of disease occurrence can be calculated? Incidence rate Attributable risk Prevalence Relative risk **Odds ratio**

Answer 53

The average number of years an individual can live without disability at a given age is… Life expectancy DALE HALE **DALY** HALEY

Answer 54

# Choose the true statements! If there is no screening method with an acceptable sensitivity and specificity, we can start screening with a test of high specificity followed by a test of high sensitivity. Results produced by a good screening test can be accepted as a definitive diagnosis. Screening is a technique of primary prevention Statement 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false Statement 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false Statement 3 is correct, 1 and 2 are false All are true **All are false**

Answer 55

Results obtained from a nationally representative sample in a country apply to Only the participants of the study The participants of the study and their families The participants of the study and their friends and family **The population of the country** The population of the world

Answer 56

Recall bias is present in… **Case-control studies** Ecological Interventional Cohort Descriptive

Answer 57

Case-control studies belong to… Experimental Ecological Descriptive **Analytic** Cross-sectional

Answer 58

Approximately how many people die in the world annually? 120 mill 89 mill 72 mill **56 mill** 41 mill

Answer 59

Advantages of case-control studies over cohort studies include Lower costs More reliable data Applicability to rare diseases Direct assessment of absolute risk Answer 1, 2 and 3 are correct Answer 1 and 2 are correct **Answer 1 and 3 are correct** Answer 2 and 4 are correct Answer 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Answer 60

The same screening test is applied simultaneously into two different populations. To confirm the results of the screening tests in people who tested positive, follow up diagnostics reveal a radical difference in positive predictive value between the two populations. Which of the following entries are possible explanations? **Frequency of disease is very different in both populations** The two populations have very different age-distributions **Personnel conducting the screening tests applied these in different ways** Participation rate was much higher in one of the populations Answer 1, 2 and 3 are correct Answer 1 and 2 are correct **Answer 1 and 3 are correct** Answer 2 and 4 are correct Answer 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Answer 61

Age-standardized incidence rates are Not comparable to each other Not comparable over lengthier time periods Not true incidence rates **Not employed routinely** Not useful for international comparison

Answer 62

# Choose the correct statements! The developed countries have high life expectancy because the young population is increasing in these countries Screening for inborn errors of metabolism is a form of primary prevention because primary prevention aims to detect disease in its pre-clinical phase Incidence describes the proportion of people who have a certain disease in a given population at a specific time All are true Statements 1 and 2 are true, 3 is false Statement 1 is false, 2 and 3 are true Statement 1 and 3 are false, 3 is true **All are false**

Answer 63

The time interval between entry of an infectious agent to the onset of symptoms Communicable period Preinfectious period Noncontagious period **Incubation period** Decubation period

Answer 64

When do we claim a communicable disease endemic? In a given geographic area the disease appears in every 3-5 years **In a given geographic area the disease is constantly present** The disease affects me than one continent in a short time The occurrence of the disease in a region is more frequent than expected After a break with a couple of years the disease reappears with more cases than previously detected

Answer 65

Which of the following is NOT necessary when setting up the diagnosis of high blood pressure? At least 2 measurements on each occasion Nothing to eat before the measurement Nothing to drink (alcoholic) No smoking before measurement **Blood pressure check after short physical activity**

Answer 66

By the WHO, which people are “getting old”? 50-54 55-59 **60-64** 65-69 70-74

Answer 67

The estimated annual cancer death worldwide is… 2-3 mill 5-6 mill **7-8 mill** 11-12 mill 15-16 mill

Answer 68

Which of the following conditions is the leading cause of adolescent DALYs? Road traffic accidents Violence **Mental illness** HIV/AIDS Maternal conditions

Answer 69

What does the SCORE system estimate? **Ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease** Two-year risk of cardiovascular disease Five-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease Five-year risk of cardiovascular disease Stratification of total cardiovascular risk

Answer 70

Which of the followings would not recommend to your patient who is a 27-years old current smoker woman and planning pregnancy? Stop smoking 3 months before planning to become pregnant Take folic acid supplements at least 1 month before she gets pregnant Avoid consumption of raw fish Do not use supplements with very high amounts of vitamin A **Do not ask for influenza vaccine**

Answer 71

Which of the following is **NOT** a risk factor for IHD High plasma LDL Atherosclerosis High cholesterol intake **High plasma HDL** Obesity

Answer 72

Which country has the highest suicide rate from the following? Greece Israel Norway Hungary **Lithuania**

Answer 73

Which factor is responsible for most cancer death from the following Indoor air pollution Outdoor air pollution Occupational carcinogenic materials Chronic hep B infection **Sedentary lifestyle**

Answer 74

Maximum daily recommended intake for salt NaCl? 1g 3g **5g** 7g 9g

Answer 75

# Choose the correct statements! The total fertility rate is higher in Greece than in Israel! The maternal death rate shows a declining tendency in the past decades in Europe WHO recommends for women not to have more than four pregnancies in total All are true **Statement 1 is false, 2 and 3 are true** Statement 1 is true, 2 and 3 are false Statement 3 is true, 1 and 2 are false All are false

Answer 76

The pregnancy rate (Pearl index) for coitus interruptus (withdrawal) is… 0-1% 3-8% **12-42%** 51-74% 80-90%

Answer 77

What age period is considered late adolescence? 8-10 10-13 14-16 **16-20** 21-24

Answer 78

A 47-years old man appears in your office and you measure 145/101 mmHg BP. He has… Normal BP Elevated normal BP Mild hypertension **Moderate hypertension** Severe hypertension

Answer 79

# Choose the primary health care type that is not a mandatory task and not financed by the Hungarian local communities! GPs, family doctors Basic dental care between 18 and 62 years **Occupational health service** School health service (general and dentistry) Maternity and child health service

Answer 80

Who established the first PH faculty in the world? ## Footnote **Max Von Pettebkofer**

Answer 81

WHO… **192** members (194 now) Part of **UN** Based in Washington DC Based in **Geneva,** Switzerland Established at the beginning of the 20thcentury Established in **1948**

Answer 82

The highest amount of medical waste per bed is produced in **North America** South America Eastern Europe Western Europe Eastern Asia

Answer 83

## Footnote **False negative results**

Answer 84

## Footnote **50**

Answer 85

What did John Snow discover? Relationship between **water wells** in London and outbreaks o**f cholera**

Answer 86

The average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live if current age-specific mortality rates continue to apply? ## Footnote **Life expectancy**

Answer 87

What is the relationship between public health and medicine? (one correct) **PH is a subdivision of medicine** Medicine is a subdivision of PH PH address more people than medicine Medicine address more people than PH

Answer 88

Which one is influenced by the prevalence of a disease? Sensitivity Specificity **Ppv** Npv

Answer 89

What is the name of the error where varations cannot be prevented, but can be limited? **Random error** Confounding error Selection error Observational error Semmelweis error

Answer 90

What can we calculate from odds? **Relative risk** Incidence Prevalence Coincidence Luminescence

Answer 91

While calculating proportion **Numerator is included in the denominator** Denominator is included in the numerator Two independent quantities are divided Only a part of the numerator is included in the denominator Only a part of the denominator is included in the numerator

Answer 92

Neonatal mortality means that infants die Within the first week Within 24 hours **Between 7th and 27th days of life** Within the first two months Between 27thand 365thday of life

Answer 93

In stage 2 of the demographic transition Mortality increases and natality decreases Natality decreases and mortality increases Natality and mortality are increasing at the same rate Natality is decreasing more intensively than mortality **Mortality is decreasing more intensively than natality**

Answer 94

Fertility rate is the number of children that All women have in one year One woman has in one year **All women have in their age 15 to 50** One woman has in her age 15 to 50 One woman will probably have in her age 15 to 50

Answer 95

Statistical definition of reproduction depends on Mortality Fertility Natality **Gender ratio** Age distribution

Answer 96

A researcher is looking at 200 children of which 100 went to day and 100 did not . of those children who went to day care 90 caught a cold.Of those that did not go to day care 75 caught a cold . What is the odds ratio of developing a cold for those in day care to those not in day care **(90\*25)/(10\*75)** 90/165 25/35 (90/100)-(75/100) (90/100)/(75/100)

Answer 97

A new test is used to identify patients with disease X. The test was preformed on 400 subjects. There were 200 with disease X and 200 without disease X . the test was positive in 120 patients with disease X and the test was negative in 170 patients without disease X . What is the likilhood that a positive test indicates that a patient has disease X 85% **80%** 60% 68%

Answer 98

A researcher finds out that out of 100 people undergoing a certain test, 60 people have a disease and 40 are healthy . Of the 60 people who have the disease , 45 have a positive test and 15 have a negative test . Of the 40 people who are healthy , 30 have a negative test and 10 have a positive test . What is the prevalence of this test? 45/100=45% **60/100=60%** (45+30)/100=75% 45/(45+10)=82% 10/100=10%

Answer 99

A researcher is trying to determine the risk factors for bulimia. The sample chosen is 50,000 teenagers that are then followed for 5 years to see which ones develop bulimia. What type of study is this ? **Cohort study** Case control study Clinical trial Case study Meta –analysis

Answer 100

A patient undergoes a mammogram screening for breast cancer. What type of disease presentation is this? Primary prevention Tertiary prevention **Secondary prevention** Community prevention Gender specific prevention

Answer 101

There are 50 deaths per year from disease X in a population where every year ( at mid year) there are 500 people with the disease X. The community size is 100’000 people . What is the **cause specific** mortality rate of disease X 450 per 99550 per year **50 per 100’000 per year** 50 per 500 per year 550 per 100000 per year

Answer 102

What Is the definition of sensitivity The ability of a test when negative to predict health The likelihood of a test being negative in people without the disease The ability of a test when positive to predict disease The overall likelihood of a test correctly categorizing people as having a disease or not having a disease **The likelihood of a test being positive in people with disease**

Answer 103

A test is preformed on 200 people . the test is positive in 75 people and negative in 125 people. Of the 125 people with a negative test, 100 are healthy and 25 are sick. Of the 75 people with a positive test , 60 are truly sick and 15 are actually healthy. What is the positive predictive value of this test 160/200 60/85 75/200 **60/75** 60/15

Answer 104

A new test to detect diabetes has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 75% it is tested on a group of people where the prevalence of diabetes is 25%, the positive predictive value of the test is 52%. What is the primary effect when the test is done on a group of patients where the prevalence of the diseases is 75% compared to the group of patients where the prevalence was 25%? **The positive predictive value increases** The specificity of the test increases The positive predictive value decreases The sensitivity of the test increases The negative predictive value increases

Answer 105

A large group of people who are healthy are followed over a period of several years to see if they develop a disease. The study is observational and prospective. The study findings were described in terms of relative risk. What kind of study is this? Case – control Meta-analysis **Cohort** Case stdy Cross sectional

Answer 106

What is the definition of specificity? The ability of a test when negative to predict health The overall likelihood of a test correctly categorising people as having a disease or not having a disease **The likelihood of a test being negative in people without the disease** The likelihood of a test being positive in people with disease

Answer 107

A deck of cards consists of 52 cards, 13 hearts, 13 spades, 13 diamonds and 13 clubs. What is the probability of picking either a heart or a diamond? 33% **50%** 2% 25% 4%

Answer 108

A study looks at 500 people at a specific point in time and determines the disease prevalence. What type of study is this? Case study Meta analysis Cohort Case control **Cross sectional**

Answer 109

Which is not necessary when setting up the diagnosis of high blood pressure At least 2 measuments on each occasion Nothing to eat before measurement Nothing to drink (alcoholi) No smoking before measurement Blood pressure check after short physical activity

Answer 110

What frequency range is responsible for global effects (whole body) vibration 0-4 Hz **5-11 Hz** 20-200 Hz 500-2000 Hz

Answer 111

In the very early stages of hearing loss , a threshold shift first manifests itself around 500 hz 1200 Hz 2500 hz **4000 hz** 7000 hz

Answer 112

The heat exposure threshold limit value for heavy physical work in effective temperature is.. 29 degrees **27 degrees** 25 degrees 23 degrees 21 degrees

Answer 113

By the WHO which people are getting old Between 50-54 Between 55-59 **Between 60-64** Between 65-69 Between 70-74

Answer 114

# Choose the symptom that is applicable to heat stroke Dilated pupils Subnormal body temperature **Dry hot skin** Tremor in the fingers Swallowing problems

Answer 115

Which environment factor is related to childhood otitis media Household chemicals Not appropriate hand hygiene Agricultural chemicals Cold weather **Second hand smoke**

Answer 116

A 47-year-old man appears in your office and you measure 145/101 Hgmm blood pressure for him. This guy has… Normal blood pressure Elevated normal blood pressure Mild hypetension **Moderate hypertension** Severe hypertension

Answer 117

The fungal toxin causing cancer Falloidin Ochratoxin **Aflatoxin** Muscarine Atropine

Answer 118

Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated during pregnancy Rabies **MMR** Tetatus toxoic Influenza vaccine Hep b vaccine

Answer 119

The BMI of your patient is 22.3. By this your patient is in the: Underweight range **Normal range** Overweight range Obese range

Answer 120

The measured BP for a patient is 135/95 mmHg. The patient has: Normal BP High (elevated) normal BP **Mild hypertension** Moderate hypertension Severe hypertension

Answer 121

Which one i**s NOT** a primary preventive method for hypertension? Reducing Na-proportion of food Reducing the energy content of food Building bicycle paths TV commercials for healthy lifestyles **Blood pressure check-up at shopping malls**

Answer 122

# Choose the risk factor that contributes the most to the worldwide cancer mortality in the 2000’s **Overweight and obesity** Physical inactivity HPV infection Alcohol consumption Hepatitis C infection

Answer 123

Which of the following diseases is the most frequent comorbidity with alcoholism or other drug abuse? Asthma Arthritis **Depression** Diabetes Allergy

Answer 124

Amount of folic acid pregnant women should take. 0. 4mg (0. 6-0.8 acc to google)

Answer 125

When pregnant women should take oral glucose test **BMI \> 30** Previous **gestational DM** Family **history of DM** **Ethnicity** with high prevelance of DM **Glucosuria** on dipstick test 2+ or more, on 1 occasion 1+, on 2 or more occasions **All correct**

Answer 126

Who made the connection btwn smoking and lung cancer? ## Footnote **Richard Doll and Bradford Hill**

Answer 127

How much can you lower blood pressure with 5 days a week exercise: ## Footnote **4-9 mmhg**

Answer 128

When to screen for breast cancer: Age \> 50 years

Answer 129

Mortality due to cancer: 8.2 million in 2012

Answer 130

What is notincluded in the SCORE? Score includes Systolic bp Total cholesterol **Total cholesterol : HDL ratio**

Answer 131

Continuation rates for illegal drugs are **20%**

Answer 132

# Choose the location where NO skinfold measurement with caliper is required! Biceps Triceps **Quadriceps** Subscapular Suprailiac

Answer 133

The typical pregnancy rate (Pearl index) for coitus interruptus (withdrawal) is... 0.5% 4% (The lowest possible) 10% 19% (the typical – 22.3 % ) 38%

Answer 134

The waist circumference of your male patient is **98cms**. By this your patient’s risk of metabolic complications is... Undterminable **Normal** Increased Substantially increased Life threathening

Answer 135

What is the threshold score for positive result with the **CAGE s**cale for hazardous drinking? **2 points or more** 5 points or more 10 points or more 20 points or more 40 points or more

Answer 136

# Choose the most appropriate target group for breast cancer screening! **Between 45-65** Between 25-35 Between 55-80 Between 35-55 Between 65-75

Answer 137

Which country runs a so-called national (state run) health service model? United States **United Kingdom** Germany Hungary Switzerland

Answer 138

A 22-year-old blonde lady (D.T.) with drug consumption history is brought to the emergency room by his friend (J.M.) because she has delusions about flying on back of dragons, being unharmed in a huge fire fire and in general has paranoid thoughts and behaviors. Which of the following drugs is most likely to be causing this psychiatric syptoms? Cannabis Heroin **LSD** Barbiturates Sedatives

Answer 139

Estimated number of HIV cases worldwide a. 100 million b. 80 mill. **c. 40 mill. [30-36mill - from wiki]** d. 25 mill. e. 10 mill.

Answer 140

With how much do we have to increase the calorie intake in pregnancy per day? **200-300ckal**

Answer 141

How many % of DM is type 2? **90%**

Answer 142

What is most important in treating hypertension? **decrease weight by 20kg**

Answer 143

215. What is SCORE **not** measuring? a. age b. sex c. smoking d. cholesterol e. **diastolic BP**

Answer 144

216. Blood pressure of 155/95 is: a. normal b. high normal c**. mild [Stage 1 HTN]** d. moderate e. severe

Answer 145

218. BMI = kg / m2 You need to calculate BMI (which is 28) and to decide? s a. normal b**. overweight** c. obese І d. obese ІІ e. obese ІІІ

Answer 146

When you have to increase the dose of the drug and it leads to physical dependence [Drug Abuse - Use of illegal drugs, or inappropriate use of legal drugs. To produce pleasure, alleviate stress, alter or avoid reality Addiction - chronic, relapsing disease char. by compulsive drug-seeking behaviour, abuse, and by long-lasting chemical changes in brain **Tolerance - higher doses are required to produce same effect as during initial use; often leads to physical dependence** Physical dependence - adaptive physiological state that occurs with regular drug use & results in withdrawal syndrome when drug use stopped]

Answer 147

Domestic injuries account for how many of all accident-related deaths? **70%**

Answer 148

What is considered as early adulthood? a. 8-10 b. 10-13 c. 14-16 d. 16-18 **e. 18-21**

Answer 149

Woman, age 35, came to your office. What screening would you recommend? s a. **cervical** screening, every 3 years **[25 -** 65 years old, every 3yrs] b. [breast screening: \>45 years old, every 2 yrs] c. [colorectal screening: 50 - 70 years old, every 2 yrs]

Answer 150

. How many people have DM worldwide? s a. 150 million b. **300 million** c. 650 million d. 50 million

Answer 151

Second highest incidence of cancer in women? s skin [in Hungary - practice ppt] **breast** colorectal cervical

Answer 152

Which continent affected by hypertension? s **North America** Europe Asia Africa

Answer 153

What is true? (2) percentile tables is region specific. CHECK percentile tables is only **before puberty.** percentile tables is **sex specific.** evaluation of nutritional status is possible with percentile tables in adults.

Answer 154

Which country has the highest mortality rate among men in car accidents? Germany **Hungary** Israel Greece

Answer 155

What is the secondary prevention of injuries? health education safety belt **first aid** crash helmet speed limit

Answer 156

How do you disinfect (or sterilise) the needles? **H2O2** ethylene oxide autoclave formaldehyde

Answer 157

Child restrainers reduce infant death by? **71%**

Answer 158

How often should public health authorities check the function of autoclaves? every 6 months every 1 year **every 3 years**

Answer 159

Which of the following is **NOT** contraindicated for vaccination? **allergy** fever childhood neurological conditions pregnancy hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 160

Risk factors of high blood pressure? **Salt intake** **increase OH consumption** **inactivity stress** **family history**

Answer 161

What percentage of GP consultations are mental related? 5 % **30 %** 50% 90%

Answer 162

What does not belong to the infections? airborne **overcrowded area** sexual contact

Answer 163

Which IS NOT a Primary Factor of Epidemic Process host transmission **crowded places**

Answer 164

What percentage of smokers are expected to quit if tobacco cost is increased by **10%?** **3 %** 10 % none

Answer 165

What is the age for elderly according to the WHO? 60-64 **65-70** 70-75 75-89

Answer 166

290. Which is the best way to reduce hypertension? stop smoking sports **decrease salt intake**

Answer 167

Cancers in Hungary with highest incidence in the world? **Lung** (trachea/bronchus/lung) & colorectal cancer mortality are highest in the World [Cancer stats.for Hungary:Lung, Colon and Oropharynx cc mortality are highest in Europe; Highest cancer mortality in Europe and 3rd highest Worldwide; 80,000 new cc cases / year; Every 4th death in Hungary is cc.]

Answer 168

281. What is a standard amount of alcohol? **1 beer (330ml @ 5%)** **1 glass of wine (140ml @ 12%)** **1 single shot of spirits (40ml @ 40%)**

Answer 169

How many accidents in a year worldwide result in death? 200,000 700,000 **1.2M** 2M

Answer 170

Which of the following DOESN’T the WHO consider an environmental risk factor for children and adolescents? **Asbestos** indoor pollution outdoor pollution injury water

Answer 171

Risk factors for car leading most commonly to injury (not car accident) high speed driving at night not using restrainer **alcohol ingestion**

Answer 172

Which of the next drugs is a partial agonist of α4β2 nicotinic Ach Receptor which helps in reducing the craving for smoking? Bupropione [decreases psychological effects of withdrawal!] **varenicline** madolol

Answer 173

More females cause car accidents than males True/**False**

Answer 174

Using lights in the daytime doesn’t reduce the risk for car accident True/**False**

Answer 175

Which of the sentences has the most probable to cause cardiac attack in 10 years in patient at 55 years old? Male smoking with normal BP. Male not smoking with BP\>160 and cholesterol level of 8 mmol/L. **Male smoking with BP\>160.** Female smoking with with BP\>160 and cholesterol level of 8 mmol/L.

Answer 176

A **52 years old** women whom her last menstruation was 6 months ago, comes to your office and complains about hot flashes. From her history it was found that she drinks 1 glass of beer each day, smokes 10 cigarettes/day, she doesn’t do any physical exercise and she is obese. The most dangerous risk factor for that woman to get osteoporosis is: **age** smoking alcohol **No physical exercise** obesity

Answer 177

What is NOT helping to reduce the demand for cigarettes? Advertisements Write on the cigarette box **Fight the illegal smuggle** Not to sell cigarettes to minor

Answer 178

What consider as "older elderly" age? 60-64 65-69 70-74 **75-89** above 90

Answer 179

WHO guidelines for pregnancy ## Footnote **at least 2 years spacing between children** **no more than 4 children per mother** **breastfeeding recommended as sole nutrition for first 6 months of life**

Answer 180

What is NOT true about developed countries? 2.5 fertility 60 years old man account 20% pop 65 15% **Old dependency rate 40%**

Answer 181

Total fertility **rate = 2**

Answer 182

Not an applied sterilization technique? **UV light**

Answer 183

Match street name for illegal drugs with pharma name ## Footnote **ecstacy \> MDMA** **angel dust \> PCP**

Answer 184

How long should a heavy smoker stop smoking in order to go back to having same risk of CVD as a non-smoker? ## Footnote **15 years**

Answer 185

Percentile curves indicate a problem when… **under 3 % and over 97 %**

Answer 186

Point prevelance **a. Short duration** b. Long duration

Answer 187

Which of these substances is related to Altzheimer disease? a. Iodine b. Cadmium c. Iron **d. Aluminum** e. Mercury

Answer 188

For which cancers there is routinly screening in hungary? **a. Breast** **b. Cervical** c. Liver

Answer 189

Which agents are responsible for lung cancer? **a. Tobacco** b. Sulfure dioxide **c. Radon** **d. Asbestos**

Answer 190

Sick building syndrome referrs to? a. Work place accidents b. Diarrhea and vomiting c. Upper **respiratory tract symptoms** **d. Poor ventilation**

Answer 191

Who invented health insurance? ## Footnote **Bismarck**

Answer 192

There was an increase in asthma cases in children and adults but not in cardiovascular and diabetic patients. What is the cause? a. lead b. PM **c. Ozone** d. CO

Answer 193

What causes in acute form inhalation fever, soor throat, red spots and in chronic use nervous degeneration a. Lead b. Mercury c. Cadmium d. Nickel **e. Arsenic**

Answer 194

Which are related to public health? **a. Cheaper** than diagnositcs. **b. Diagnostics** are usually **more invasive.** **c. Conclusions** are **not drawn** from them.

Answer 195

Particles smaller than **10 μm** are most capable of lung damage - **True** or false

Answer 196

Sulfure dioxide can cause asthma - **True/** false

Answer 197

The difference between life expectancy of men and women? a. **Men** live **8** years **less** b. Men live 8 years more

Answer 198

Who formed the multilevel quality insurance in healthcare (structure - process - outcome) ## Footnote **Donabedian**

Answer 199

Number of live birth in a year ÷ female population aged 15-44 at that year **a. General fertility rate** b. Infant mortility rate c. … rate d. Direct method

Answer 200

What kind of cancer does asbestos cause? **a. Lung cancer (Bronchogenic cc)** b. Kidney cancer **c. Mesothelioma** d. ? e. ?

Answer 201

**20 μm** particles **can not** reach the alveolar - **True** or false

Answer 202

Second highest incidence of cancer in women? s a. skin b. lung **c. breast**

Answer 203

Which statement is true in a duoble-way public financing ? A. running costs are covered by taxation B. capital costs are covered by contributions **C. capital costs are covered by taxation** D. both running and capital costs are covered by taxation E. capital and running costs are not separated

Answer 204

Which disease of the following could be related to the above portrayed picture? (blue picture) a. Silicosis b. Asbestosis **c. Siderosis** d. Stannosis e. Farmer’s lung

Answer 205

Which is not a component when calculating the corrected effective temperature? a. Air temperature b. Air humidity c. Air speed **d. Body temperature** e. Radiant heat

Answer 206

**yellow bags, disinfection or incineration, and then communal waste**

Answer 207

Possible health problems in a work place with poor ergonomic conditions- a) spine problems b) carpal tunnel sy. c) musculoskeletal pain d) frequent injuries **(all answers are correct)**

Answer 208

Which are related to public health: **a)Demography** **b)Epidermiology** **c)Environmental surveilance.**

Answer 209

A bell shaped curve of a population suggests a rapid increase of the population. True / **False**

Answer 210

CO can cause Cardiovascular problem – **true**/false

Answer 211

What does **NO** cause – **asthma** emphysema **rhinitis**, conjunctivitis bronchitis

Answer 212

Know advantage and disadvantage: Cohort=**pro**spective Case control=**retro**spective Experimental=**inter**ventional Ecological=**cross** sectional

Answer 213

Which one is not a functional element of the quality management: A. Protocol B. Standard C. Indicator **D. Stucture** E. Audit

Answer 214

Which one is **not** a part of process of total quality management: A. Protocol B. Analysis C. Planning D. Maintenance E. Development

Answer 215

Which one is **not** a financial partner while reimbursing health care provider: A. Indemnity Insurance Companies **B. Patients’ Societies** C. Consuments’ Cooperatives D. Non-profit Insurance Companies E. Social Health Insurance

Answer 216

Which one is **not true** as a precondition of insurance business ? A. The risk must exist for large groups of people. **B. All risks must be recognised by the society as a justification to set up relevant institutions.** C. Persons exposed to the risk must feel the responsibility for the risk taken by themselves. D. Disastrous events must be accidental. E. Disastrous events must be independent from the insurer or those seeking to insure.

Answer 217

A researcher is looking for a good screening test for breast cancer. What is the most important characteristic for a screening test? High overall test accuracy Hugh negative predictive value High positive predictive value **High sensitivity** High specificity

Answer 218

Which of the following best describes the retrospective design where subjects are sampled by disease status and is often used when the investigator is interested in rare diseases. A.intervention trial **B.case control study** C.retrospective cohort D.ecologic study E.none of the above

Answer 219

Age-related maculopathy is a leading cause of blindness among people 65 and older in the United States, and is estimated to affect between 16 and 26% of people in this age group. In a recent study by Klein, residents aged 43 to 86 years in the town of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin were asked to participate in a study to determine whether cigarette smoking was related to age-related maculopathy. At a baseline examination, participants were asked to report their lifetime smoking habits. After 5 years, participants had an examination to determine whether they had developed agerelated maculopathy. The following table presents the number of cases of age-related maculopathy measured at the follow-up examination among the 1232 male participants ages 43-86 who did not have age related maculopathy (ARM) at the baseline examination: [TABLE] 1. A.Population based cross-sectional study B.Case cohort study **C.Nested case control study** D.Prospective cohort study E.None of the above 2. Calculate the **attributable risk fraction** for the study! A.11,65% **B.22,72%** C.34,56% D.43,93% E.62,23%

Answer 220

After choosing the appropriate level, the Swedish study experts analyzed the screening method for ovarian cancer on a population of 6425 women. The test turned positive for 1271 women, from this 349 cases proved to be cancer. During the study they detected 361 ovarian cancer all together. **Sensitivity** for PSA screening? **96.675%** **Specificity for** PSA screening 21. 8 % 17. 9 % 96. 7 % **84.8 %** 78.2 %

Answer 221

Researchers select 100 patients with colon cancer and 300 patients without colon cancer. Of the 100 patients with colon cancer, 10 smoke cigars while 20 of the 300 patients without colon cancer smoke cigars. What typo of study can be conducted with the given data? Cohort study **Case-control study** Randomized controlled trial Cross-sectional study Survival study which of the following can be calculated with the above mentioned data? Relative risk Absolute risk **Odds ratio** Standardized prevalence ratio Attributable risk Calculate the value of the measure applicable to this study! Choose the correct value: **1.55** 1. 4 0. 79 0. 08 0. 028

Answer 222

A researcher concludes that every year there are **1000 people with Disease** X in a comunity of 100,000 people. **80 people die** each year from disease X. There are total of 1100 deaths per year in the population. What is the **case fatality rate** for Disease X? 80 per 1100 per year 1000 per 100,000 per year 1180 per 100,000 per year **80 per 1000 per year** 1100 per 100,000 per year

Answer 223

There are 250 deaths per year in a population of 100,000. What does this represent? Adult mortality rate Cause-specific mortality rate Case fatality rate **Crude mortality rate** Proportionate mortality rate

Answer 224

A researcher collects all the previous studies published in the medical literature looking at the effect of a risk factor upon Disease X. She analyzes the data, and where appropriate**, combines the data into a single large database**. Then, she performs the appropriate statistical tests and makes a conculsion. What type of study is this? Cross-over Case-control **Meta-analysis** Cohort Cross-sectional

Answer 225

A researcher has a **patient** with a **very rare disease,** and writes up the history, physical and clinical course of the patient. What type of study is this? Cohort study Case study Meta analysis **Case-control study** Clnical trial

Answer 226

You are reading a case control research article in the New England ournal of Medicine, what can you determine from this type of study? The incidence of disease The attributable risk **The odds ratio of various risk factors** The prevalence of disease Relative risk

Answer 227

A new medication is very effective in patients with a stroke, but deadly in patients who do not have a stroke. What is the most important characteristic for a confirmatory test for stroke, that will ensure as few people without a stroke recieve the new medication? High sensitivity High Positive predictive value **High specificity** High Negative predictive value High overall test accuracy

Answer 228

There are 500 people in a community of 25,000 that have Disease X in 2008. what is represented by 500/25,000? **Prevalence** Specific rate Crude rate Specificity incidence

Answer 229

Out of 100,000 people, there are 50,000 with heart disease and 25,000 with cancer. A total of 15,000 people die in 1 year as follows: 7500 deaths from heart disease, 2500 from cancer and 5000 from other causes. What is the **case fatality rate** for cancer? 2500 per 100,000 per year **2500 per 25,000 per year** 15,000 per 100,000 per year 2500 per 15,000 per year 25,000 per 100,000 per year

Answer 230

A **cohort study** _differs_ from a **case control** study in that: Subjects are asked about their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study Case-control studies require many years to conduct, but cohort studies do not **Subjects are enrolled or categorized on the basis of their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study** Cohort studies are conducted to investigate chronic diseases, case-control studies are used for infectious diseases Cohort studies and case-control studies seem totally the same to me

Answer 231

In a hospital based study of the association between coffee consumption and the occurance of stroke, a group of patients hospitalized after suffering a stroke was compared to control population hospitalized for other reasons. Stroke patients were found to consume significantly more coffee than the controls. The statements represent possible explanations for the observed positive association between coffee consumption and stroke**, EXCEPT:** Heavty coffee consumers may also be heavy smokers, so smoking rather than coffee drinking is the relevant causal factor **The patients restricted their coffee intake after suffering a stroke** The hospitalized controls consume less coffee, on the average, than individuals n the general population, resulting in a spurious association between coffee consumption and stroke. Excessive coffee consumption can cause stroke Controls were selected from the gastrointestinal department of the hospital and they were recommended years ago not to consume coffee because of chronic condition

Answer 232

Which of the following statements is **false** related to tobacco smoking? **Third-hand smoke cannot affect children** Third-hand smoke can affect people both during and after smoking a cigarette Environmental tobacco smoke exposure of nonsmokers could be decreased by setting home smoking rules Secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of nonsmokers stroke attack Exposure to secondhand-smoke increases the risk of sudden infant death

Answer 233

What are the **«5 As»** of brief smoking cessation intervention? Consider the steps as well as the order of the steps. Ask, assist, arrange, advise, asses Advise, ask, assist, assess, arrange Advise, ask, assess, arrange, assist **Ask, advice, assess, assist, arrange** Ask, advice, assist, asses, arrange

Answer 234

A patient who tells you the following «I will try to quit smoking soon, in the next month» is in the following stage of behavioral change process: Action stage of transtheoretical model Precontemplation stage of health belief model **Preparation stage of transtheoretical model** Contemplation stage of health belief model Contemplation stage of transtheoretical model

Answer 235

Which of the following statements is **false?** The long term safety of electronic cigarette use is unknown **Vareniclin does not stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens** The recommended duration of nicotine replacement therapy use is 2-6 months Nicotine relacement therapy does not include varenicline in itself Proactive quitline counseling includes cognitive behaviour therapy elements

Answer 236

What are the differences between health promotion program goals and objectives? Indicate the **false** response **The wording of both goals and objectives should consider SMART conception** A goal states the end results of the program Objectives specify steps that need to be achieved in order to attain the goal Objectives must be measurable by indicators A health promotion program should clarify both program goals and objectives

Answer 237

What are the elements of a logic model for program implementation? Indicate the right response option. Resources/inputs, outputs, outcomes, impact. Resources/inputs, activities, strategies, assumptions, impact Resources/inputs, needs assessment, activities, outcomes, impact. **Resources/inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, impact**. Problem issue, resources/inputs, strategies, outcomes, assumptions.

Answer 238

Which of the following steps is **false** for elements of health promotion program planning? Identifying the target population **Primary data collection from previously existing databases** Conducting the needs assessment and establishing priorities Determining program indicators Setting program goals and objectives

Answer 239

Which of the following statements is **true?** Ventilation and designated smoking rooms are an effective method to ensure full protection for nonsmokers. **The «5 Rs» method is used to promote motivation to quit** Roll-your-own cigarettes are less toxic than manufactured cigarettes Loss of taxes and contributions tothe state budget are direct costs related to the social burden of smoking Thirdhand tobacco smoke does not contain nicotine and carcinogens

Answer 240

A patient who tells you the following «I have started to considered carrying out smoking cessation» is in the following stage of behavioral change process: Action stage of Transtheoretical model Precontemplation stage of health belief model precontemplation stage of Transtheoretical model contemplation stage of health belief model **contemplation stage of Transtheoretical model**

Answer 241

which of the following statements is **false?** The estimated highest smoking abstinence rate with pharmacological monotherapy could be acheved by varenicline Cognitive behaviour therapy combined with pharmacotherapy has the highest smoking abstinence rate Nicotine replacement therapy does not include varenicline in itself Proactive quitline counselling includes cognitive behavior therapy elements **Recommended regular use of varenicline is a 1 year period to achieve and maintain smoking abstinence**

Answer 242

What are the basic elements of planning a health promotion program**, except?** Conducting a needs assessment Defining program goals and objectives Deciding on program intervention **Designing a new intervention** Conducting the planned intervention’s pilot survey

Answer 243

What does it mean «**SMART objective»?** Sensitive, measurable, attainable, rational, timely **Specific,** Measurable**,** Attainable**, Relevant,** Timely Sensitive, meaningful, achievable, relevant, timely Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, timeless Sensitive, meaningful, achievable, rational, timeless

Answer 244

Which of the following statements is **false?** Logic model is a visual depiction of the underlying logic of a planned initiative Logic model could be used in program planning, implementation and evaluation phases Logic model produce better program design and a system to strategically monitor, manage, and report program outcomes **Logic model** prevents creating **shared understanding** of and focus on **program goals** and **methology,** **relating activities** to projected outcomes. The components of a logic model illustrate the connection between the planned work and the intended results

Answer 245

The Iowa Women’s health study, in which researchers enrolled 41,837 women in 196 and collected exposure and lifestyle information to assess the relationship between these factors and subsequent occurence of cancer, is an example of which type(s) of study? Experimetal Case report **Cohort** Case-control Clinical trial

Answer 246

Number of death between the ages of 28 and 365 day per 1000 live birth in a year: Fetal mortality rate Infant mortality rate Maternal mortality rate **Postneonatal mortality rate** Neonatal mortality rate

Answer 247

People who drink coffee tend to smoke more and for this reason coffee drinkers have a higher risk of lung cancer. This description is... Length bias **Confounding** Misclassification Lead time bias Type I error

Answer 248

If a rapidly progressive cancers are missed by a screening test, which type of bias will occur? Lead-time bias Selection bias Surveilance bias **Length bias** Information bias

Answer 249

Which of the following statements is **correct?** Health promotion is a method of health education Health promotion programs always have to set the target population without determining the setting of activities Components of health education could be health skill development, policy regulation and improvement os health knowledge One of the basic health promotion documents is the **Ontario Charter (WHO, 1986)** Health promotion programs can target different levels of the Social Ecological Model

Answer 250

Which of the following established human carcinogenic agents (IARC group 1) **cannot cause l**ung cancer? Vinyl-chloride **Second-hand-tobacco smoke** Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution Cadmium

Answer 251

Which of the following statements is not a primary prevention method of cancer? HPV vaccination Smokefree air laws **Referral a smoker to a cessation clinic** Social marketing campaigns to promote physical activity among youth Sunscreen use

Answer 252

Which of the following drugs are classified as stimulants? Heroin LSD **Cocaine** Inhabitants Barbiturate

Answer 253

Which of the following statements is **true?** Binge drinking means consuming less than 4 drinks on a single occasion A standard drink in Hungary is any drink that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol CAGE-questionnaire consists of 6 question to screen alcohol use disorders A glass of wine is approximately 2 standard drinks **There is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy**

Answer 254

Which of the following cardiovascular risk chart is based on gender, age, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking status? Framingham risk chart **SCORE chart** DASH risk chart EOSS chart NYHA chart

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