MDMA Lecture Slides pg. 339- 342 Flashcards
ecstasy is cocktail and where MDMA is the?
active ingredient ( when we have a cocktail we dont know what the effect is from)
phenethylamine also known as methylated amphetamine is exhibits characteristics of? and functionally looks like? and structurally looks like?
stimulant and psychedelic properties
- functionally like amphetamine and structurally like mescaline
what company patented and created MDMA?
- in 1970 it replaced what in the streets until when?
Merck Pharmaceuticals
- LSD and MDA until 1985
how is the intake method? and how long does it last?
- ingestion
- 30/60 min onset –> 3.5 hours
MDMA is highly?
lipid soluble
the metabolite of MDMA is? and is also psychoactive. this contributes to what?
MDA
- the longer lasting high time (6-8hrs)
10% of Caucasians and asian don’t have what?
- what does this lead to?
the enzyme responsible for metabolism of MDMA
= prolonged effects and toxicity
what also inhibits the enzyme responsible for decomposing MDMA? why is this problematic?
SSRI’s
- if your on anti depressants and take MDMA it can kill you
what are the 4 steps to potential mechanisms of MDMA?
- Step 1a: competitive reuptake inhibitor
- Step 2a: leaky vesicles
- Step 3a: agonist to 5HT1 and 5HT2 receptor
- Step B: MAO-A inhibitor
on low doses of MDMA you get leaky vesicles of what? compared to high doses when you get leaky vesicles of?
- serotonin
- serotonin and dopamine
(effects on DA are weaker than on serotonin)
step 3a of MDMA facilitates the release of? suggesting involvement of ?
oxytocin (warm fizzy feelings)
- limbic system
the sympathomimetic effects of MDMA are ? - like
–> they have what kind of onset?
amphetamine like
- sudden and extreme
name the sympathomimetic acute effects of MDMA
- LOC, brain hemorrhaging, erratic heart rate, and the club scene (hypothermia, dehydration – organ failure, kidney failure, muscle breakdown and blood clot)
what are the psychological (empathogenic) effects of MDMA
increased emotional warmth/ empathy, lowered defensiveness, increased verbal behaviour
during the empathogenic effects, there is mild ? due to oxytocin. (whose more susceptible)
– they have what kind of effects?
- euphoria
- females
- rapid and extreme (paranoia, panic, delirium, hallucinations)
an MDMA overdose is typified by?
impulsive irrational behaviour
what is “suicide tuesday” referring to?
- when does it occur?
- subacute negative side effects. depression and lethargy, similar to MDD
- occurs within 24hours and lasts for 1 week
2 subacute negative side effects of MDMA
- suicide tuesday
- sleep disturbances
2 chronic/ post withdrawal negative side effects of MDMA
- substance induced paranoid psychosis
- selective serotonergic neurotoxin
temporary state of “false yet feasible beliefs” of threat or danger to the individual
–> this is what?
substance induced paranoid psychosis
-Relapse of pre-existing illness (Schizophrenia, bi-polar)
– Lower seizure threshold
– With chronic use, (small) elevated risk for triggering psychotic disorders
—> these are what?
due to selective serotonergic paranoid psychosis
in individuals with serotonin based disorders, relapse in pre existing symptoms
describe the tolerance of MDMA
– effects wear off after?
- diminished effects after first 7 uses
- serotonin receptor down regulation and less serotonin release
- -> 1 year of abstinence
tolerance occurs due to what factors?
- physiological factors (no withdrawal behaviours)
- psychological dependence has not been documented
what is the problem with dependence?
- whats in MDMA may not be MDMA
