Measure

Question 1

process mapping

Answer 1

a graphical representation of a process, showing the sequence of tasks using a modified version of standard flow-charting symbols

Question 2

steps of process mapping

Answer 2

• select a process to be mapped
• define the process
• map alternative paths
• map intersection points
• use map to improve the process

Question 3

flow charts

Answer 3

• graphically displays the inputs, actions, and outputs of a given system
• symbols standardized by the ANSI standards

Question 4

operational definition

Answer 4

• an operation definition is a precise description that tells how to get a value for the characteristic you are trying to measure
• it describes what something is and how to measure it
• it should remove ambiguity so that everyone has the same understanding

Question 5

normality assumption

Answer 5

• many statistical techniques assume data normality (t-tests, Z-tests, ANOVA, many others)
• 2 approaches to testing normality: graphical and statistical

Question 6

what if the data is not normal?

Answer 6

• do nothing (if the curve fits the region of interest you might be okay to proceed even if p<0.05 might occur even if the lack of fit is not practical importance)
• transform the data to make it normal
• use averages
• fit another distribution
• use a Non-Parametric technique

Question 7

Why use NP statistics

Answer 7

• no assumptions regarding population distributions
• the qualifiers on the conclusions are less restrictive
• apply to numbers on scales other than interval or ratio

Question 8

Why no use NP statistics all the time?

Answer 8

• if assumptions are valid, parametric tests are more powerful
• more people are familiar with parametric tests
• parametric tests produce models that are more useful in many real-world solutions

Question 9

classic interpretations of Cp and Cpk

Answer 9

• if Cp (Pp) > Cpk (Ppk), the process is not centered at its target value. if they are approximately equal, then the process is centered
• if Cp or Cpk < 1, process is incapable
• if Cp or Cpk are between 1 and 1.33, process is barely capable
  if Cp or Cpk > 1.33, process is capable

Question 10

for six sigma quality, Cp and Cpk = ?

Answer 10

• Cp = 2

- Cpk = 1.5

Question 11

What is z.bench?

Answer 11

the combination of the two tail areas into one and thier corresponding Z or sigma value

Question 12

dpu

Answer 12

defects per unit (average) = number of defects / number of units

Question 13

dpmu

Answer 13

defects per million units = (dpu) * (10^6)

Question 14

dpo

Answer 14

defects per total opportunities (i) = number of defects / total # opportunities = dpu / opportunities per unit

Question 15

dpmo

Answer 15

defects per million opportunities = dpmu / # opportunities per unit = (dpo)8(10^6)

Question 16

Yield (types)

Answer 16

• classical overall yield
• first time yield
• rolled throughput yield

Question 17

How to increase Z-score (sigma)

Answer 17

• decrease standard deviation
• decrease mean (have to be careful though, want it to be centralized)
• increase USL (cant really do this, doesnt help - cheating)

Question 18

3 versions of a process map

Answer 18

• what you think it is
• what is really is
• what it should be