measurement principles

Question 1

definition: the process of value assignment

Answer 1

measurement

Question 2

definition: characteristics of indiv., objects, or environmental conditions that may have one or more values

Answer 2

variables

Question 3

definition: the value that is purposefully manipulated by researchers in a research study to produce a change in outcome (x axis)

Answer 3

independent variable

Question 4

(true/false) intervention studies can only have one independent variable

Answer 4

FALSE (they can have multiple)

Question 5

definition: the outcome of interest in a study (Y axis)

Answer 5

dependent variable

Question 6

definition: a factor other than the independent variable which may influence or confound the dependent variable

Ex: multiple investigators, subjects, new equipment, environment

Answer 6

extraneous variables

Question 7

definition: a variable that can only be measured in separate units and that cannot be measured in intervals of less than one

Answer 7

discrete

Question 8

definition: when only two values are possible

Answer 8

dichotomous

Question 9

definition: a quantitative variable that can theoretically take on values along a continuum

Answer 9

continuous

Question 10

What are the four levels of management?

Answer 10

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Question 11

Give an example(s) of nominal measurements.

Answer 11

sex, nationality, blood type

Question 12

Give an example(s) of an ordinal measurement.

Answer 12

MMT, pain

Question 13

Give an example(s) of an interval measurement.

Answer 13

calendar years, IQ, centigrade

Question 14

Give an example(s) of a ratio measurement.

Answer 14

distance, age, time, weight

Question 15

definition: interpretation of a score based on its value relative to a standard or “normal” value

Answer 15

norm-referenced

Question 16

definition: interpretation of a score based on its actual value

Answer 16

criterion-referenced

Question 17

definition: the difference between the true value and the observed value

Answer 17

measurement error

Question 18

definition: predictable errors of measurement

Answer 18

systematic error

Question 19

definition: error due to change and is unpredictable

Answer 19

random error

Question 20

definition: the degree to which test scores are free from errors of measurement; the amount of variability in a measure

Answer 20

reliability

Question 21

definition: measures the consistency of measurement values between different individual raters

Answer 21

inter-rater reliability

Question 22

definition: measures the consistency of measurement values of one individual

Answer 22

intra-rater reliability

Question 23

definition: the ability of a measurement to capture what it was intended to capture

Answer 23

validity

Question 24

definition: is it appropriate to measure the variable using the selected instrument?

Answer 24

face validity

Question 25

definition: all relevant components of a variable are measured by the instrument

Answer 25

content validity

Question 26

definition: the ability of a measure to represent the concept/construct being evaluated

Answer 26

construct validity

Question 27

definition: the degree to which instrument scores relate to a reference standard instrument's scores

Answer 27

criterion related validity

Question 28

definition: the degree to which an instrument can distinguish between or among different concepts/constructs

Answer 28

discriminant validity

Question 29

definition: refers to the degree to which two measures demonstrate similar results

Answer 29

convergent validity

Question 30

defintion: validity that is used when tests are administered at the same time and can replace another test

Answer 30

concurrent validity

Question 31

definition: how a test predicts from a reference standard

Answer 31

predictive validity

Question 32

What Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is an indication of excellent reliability?

Answer 32

> 0.9

Question 33

What Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is an indication of poor reliability?

Answer 33

< 0.5

Question 34

What statistic accounts for chance agreements?

Answer 34

Kappa statistic (cohen's)

Question 35

What value is considered as excellent agreement using kappa statistic?

Answer 35

> 0.8

Question 36

What value is considered as fair-poor agreement using kappa statistic

Answer 36

< 0.4

Question 37

definition: the # of exact agreements / number of possible agreements (the closer to 100%, the better)

Answer 37

percent agreement

Question 38

What tests are used for testing the association of 2 measures?

Answer 38

pearson, spearman

Question 39

What value is considered as little to no association when using pearson and spearman tests?

Answer 39

0.0-0.3

Question 40

What value is considered as good to excellent association when using pearson and spearman tests?

Answer 40

0.75-1.00

Question 41

What is the equation for finding the coefficient of variation?

Answer 41

CV= SD/ mean