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Science 8 > Mechanical Systems > Flashcards

Mechanical Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Force

A

A push or pull

Has magnitude and direction

Measured in Newtons (N)

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2
Q

Work

A

Transfer of energy through motion

Requires a force and distance

Measured in Joules (J) (unit for energy)

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3
Q

How do you calculate work?

A

W=Fxd

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4
Q

How do you calculate force?

A

F=W/d

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5
Q

How do you calculate distance?

A

d=W/F

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6
Q

What does NM stand for?

A

Newtons x Meters which is the same as joules

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7
Q

How much is 1kg in newtons?

A

10N

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8
Q

How much is 100g in newtons?

A

1N

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9
Q

How much is 1m in cm?

A

100cm

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10
Q

Machine

A

A device for multiplying forces or changing the direction of a force

Can increase the speed with which work is done

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11
Q

Levers

A

A simple machine that changes the amount of force you must exert in order to move and object

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of a lever?

A

Fulcrum

Load

Effort Force

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13
Q

Fulcrum

A

The pivot point of a lever

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14
Q

Load

A

The mass of the object being moved

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15
Q

Effort force

A

The force used to operate a lever

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16
Q

Class 1 lever

A

Fulcrum is between the effort force and the load

Seesaw, scissors, etc

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17
Q

Class 2 lever

A

The load is between the fulcrum and effort force

Nutcracker, wheelbarrow, etc

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18
Q

Class 3 lever

A

The effort force is between the fulcrum and load

Baseball bat, gold club, arms, legs, hockey stick, etc

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19
Q

What are some levers in the body?

A

Bones act as levers in the body
Joints act as fulcrum in the body
Muscles exert the effort force

Nodding your head, tiptoeing, etc

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20
Q

Inclined Plane

A

A simple machine

A ramp or slope

Force advantage (decreased effort needed by increasing distance)

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21
Q

Example of inclined plane

A

Lifting a box out of a vehicle vs pushing it down a ramp

distance from ground to vehicle= 1m
mass of box=10kg
Work= Force 100Nx 1m distance
Work=100J

5m inclined plane to move the box

Force= Work/distance
Force= 20N (much less force

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22
Q

Wedge

A

Simple machine

Triangular tool

Portable inclined plane

Used to separate objects or pieces

Used to hold objects in place

Used to lift

Axe

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23
Q

Pulley

A

Simple machine

Grooved wheel that carries a rope

Used to change the direction of the effort force

Used to lift objects with less effort (force advantage)

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24
Q

Wheel and axle

A

Simple machine

2 wheels of different diameters that turn together

Can produce a distance advantage or force advantage

Effort on wheel=force advantage

Effort on axle=s/d advantage

Door knob

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25
Screw
Simple machine Cylindre wrapped with an inclined plane Provides a force advantage Turns rotational motion into liner motion
26
Mechanical Advantage
A value that indicates how much a machine multiplied force or distance
27
How do you calculate mechanical advantage?
MA=Fo/Fi
28
MA force advantage
>1 Trade off is speed or distance Loses speed or farther distance
29
MA speed or distance advantage
<1 Trade off is force
30
What does MA=1 do?
Change of direction only
31
What affects the MA of the lever?
Changing the length of the arms
32
MA of a class 1 lever
MA=1 is fulcrum is exactly in the middle like a seesaw MA<1 (speed/distance advantage) is fulcrum is closer to effort force like a catapult MA>1 (force advantage) is fulcrum is closer to the load like a carjack
33
MA of a class 2 lever
Always a force advantage (MA>1) Wheel barrow, nutcracker, etc.
34
MA of a class 3 lever
Always a speed/distance advantage (Ma<1) Hockey stick, baseball bat, golf club, etc.
35
What is a fixed pulleys mechanical advantage?
MA=1 Provide a change of direction only
36
Draw a class 1 lever
Answer in booklet
37
Draw a class 2 lever
Answer in booklet
38
Draw a class 3 lever
Answer in booklet
39
Draw a fixed pulley
Answer in booklet
40
What is the force output?
The load
41
What is the force input?
The effort force
42
What is the mechanical advantage of a moveable pulley?
Ma>1 Provide a force advantage
43
Draw a moveable pulley
Answer in booklet
44
What hint could you use to help find the mechanical advantage of a pulley?
The amount of ropes attached to the load is the number of mechanical advantage Do math to make sure though
45
Block and tackle (pulley)
Made of multiple pulleys working together Used to lift a large load
46
What is a block and tackle’s mechanical advantage?
MA>1 Provides a force advantage Force can be in any direction
47
What is the force input for a inclined plane?
The force needed to push the load up the ramp
48
Work input
The work you do
49
Work output
The work the machine does
50
How do you calculate work input?
Wi=Fi x di
51
How do you calculate work output?
Wo=Fo x do
52
What is always the output?
The load ( no matter what machine is being used )
53
Energy
Ability to do work Work is done whenever a force causes an object to move When work is done, energy is transferred or transformed
54
What are the 2 types of energy?
Kinetic energy Potential energy
55
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion Used by simple machines in motion There a, energy is kinetic energy Roller coasters dropping, pulling a rope of a pulley, pushing one end of a lever, pushing something up a ramp
56
Potential energy
Stored energy Chemical potential energy (food, batteries) Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy
57
The law of conservation of energy
Energy can’t be created or destroyed only changed in form Work is the conversion of potential to kinetic energy or kinetic to potential energy
58
Friction
A force that resists movement Anywhere 2 surfaces rub against each other Results in loss of energy due to heat Prevented by using lubricants such as oil Lubricants are used in machines like engines and gears
59
Efficiency
A value indicating how much energy is lost due to friction or heat Expressed as a percentage
60
How do you calculate efficiency?
E=Wo/Wi x 100
61
Label do, do, Fi, Fo and calculate Wo Wi and Efficiency
Answer in booklet, use on of the questions in booklet
62
Gears
Rotating wheel like objects with teeth cut into the rim Work together in groups called gear trains Motion is transferred from one to the other Changes the direction of force
63
Explain force in gears
The driver gear is force input The follower gear is force output Any gear in between the driver and follower is the idler Idler gears allow for the follower and driver gear to turn in the same direction
64
What are the 3 types of gear trains?
Parallel gears Multiplying gears Reducing gears
65
Parallel gears
Driver and follower are the same size (same number of teeth) Used to change direction only MA=1
66
Multiplying gears
Large driver gear and smaller follower gear Speedy advantage MA<1
67
Reducing gears
Small driver and large follower Force advantage MA>1
68
Formula for MA of gears
MA= #teeth of follower divided by #teeth of driver
69
Speed ratio of gears
If a machine has different sized gear the smaller gear turns faster than the bigger one SR is the difference between the two speeds of the gear Reciprocal of MA
70
How do you calculate speed ratio of gears?
SR= #teeth driver divided by #teeth follower When doing speed ratio everything is the opposite even force and speed advantage MA<1 Force MA>1 Speed
71
Pressure
A measurement of the amount of force citing over certain area Pascals is the unit
72
How do you calculate pressure?
P=F/A
73
Pascal’s law
If you apply pressure to a fluid in a closed container, the fluid will transmit for same amount of pressure in all directions
74
Hydraulic systems
A mechanical system that uses liquid under pressure in a closed system to do work Uses pistons of different sizes to create a force advantage Pressure is the same e throughout the container
75
How do you calculate the Force in a hydraulic system?
F=PxA
76
MA of Hydraulic systems
A small amount of force can be applied to the small piston Resulting in a large amount of force on the large piston Pressure stays the same throughout the system
77
Examples of hydraulic systems
Brake systems Cranes Ferris wheel Elevator Snow plow Backhoe Log splitter Forklift Bucket trucks
78
Pneumatic systems
Use pressurized air to transfer force
79
Examples of pneumatic systems
Dentist drills Hovercrafts Air casts Jack hammers Staple guns Pneumatic nailers

Science 8 (8 decks)

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