mechanics of breathing Flashcards
(18 cards)
1- External respiration- — or – : air moved – and – of lungs
2-Exchange of gases - — and —- exchange in the —
3-Transport of gases- — and — transported by — to and from —
4-Internal respiration- Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between — and —
–> Cellular —
-> —
–> —- metabolism in the mitochondria
ventialtion or breathing
in and our
oxygen and carbon dioxide
lungd
oxygen anf carbon diaxide
blood
tissues
tissue and blood
cellular metbaolism
anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic oxidative
air is a — gas which obeyes — law which is —-
so if volume increases pressure —
aka if lungs expand pressure inside —
- barometric pressure :
- 760 mmhg = — atmospheric pressure
- hg pressure = to —-
compressable
boyeles law
P1V1=P2V2
decrease
falls
0
air pressure
check slide 8 for anatomy
respiratory pressure:
Intra-alveolar pressure or Intra — pressure ( — mm Hg)
Intra- — pressure or Intrathoracic pressure (— mm Hg)
[Note: Atmospheric pressure: — mm Hg]
Eupnoea:
Inspiration: — process.
Expiration: — process.
intra pulmonsry
760
pleural
758
760
active
passive
info :
1- Intra-alveolar Pressure (Intrapulmonary Pressure):
This is the air pressure — the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs).
At rest (between breaths):
Intra-alveolar pressure = — pressure (~ – mmHg or — cmH₂O relative to atmosphere).
During inhalation:
— cmH₂O) to draw air in.
During exhalation:
– cmH₂O) to push air out.
2-Intrapleural Pressure:
This is the pressure within the —- (between the visceral and parietal pleura).
Always —- relative to atmospheric pressure under normal conditions.
Typical values:
At rest: about — mmHg (or —cmH₂O).
This -ve pressure keeps the lungs –.
3- Rest Pressure (End-Expiratory Pressure):
This usually refers to the pressure at the end of a —, when no air is moving.
At this point:
Intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure (0 cmH₂O)
Intrapleural pressure = still negative (e.g., –5 cmH₂O)
This creates a — pressure (difference between — and — pressure), keeping lungs from — .
inside
atmospheric pressure
760
0
-1
+1
pleuaral cavity
-ve
-4
-5
expanded
passive exhalation
transpulmonary
alveolar and pleural
the —- pressure gradient inflates the lungs
Thoracic cavity — than lungs
Transmural (Across Lung Wall) pressure gradient holds — and — in close apposition
This pressure gradient is balanced by the — forces in the – producing —
transmural
larger
thoracic wall and lungs
elastic forces
alveoli
equilibrium
mechanism of inspiration:
—process,
— enlarged by:
— of inspiratory muscles
— movement,
—- movement.
According to property of gases P= nRT/ V
rib movement :
1- pump handle movement for —
2- bucket handle movement fir —- and its the contraction of —-
active
thorax
contraction
rib
diaphragmatic
2-6th
7th-10th
external intercostal msucles
more mechanism of inspiration :
Diaphragmatic movement: — movement
— cm in eupnoea.
— cm in deep inspiration.
1cm decent =— ml air sucked in. ( — % of tidal volume)
clinical siginifcance:
Transection of spinal cord.
–>Phrenic nerve that innervate — (C — )
—>above — cervical spinal segment is —- and needs —
–> below — cervical spinal segment – not
downward
1.5 cm
7 cm
200-300 ml
75%
diraphram
c3,4,5
3rd
fatal
artifical repsiration
5th
accessory muscles of inspiration :
1- — & —
2- — muscles of — : — of vocal cords – post cricoarytenoids – supplied by — , branch of —.
Paralysis – —-
Scalene & sternocleidomastoid
intrinsic muscle of laynx
abductors
recurrent largneal nerve
vagus
inspiratory stridor
expiration:
Return of ribs to – position causes diminishing of —
Return of diaphragm to — position also causes diminishing of –
Diminishing of lung volume causes pressure in lung to — to a — value than atmospheric pressure
Air flows — of the lungs
msucles of expiration :
- — abdominal wall muscles.
- — intercostal muscles.
-Accessory muscles of — . — of vocal cords.
rest
lung volume
rest
lung volume
raise
higher
out
anterior
internal
respiration
adductiors
pressure and volume changes during ventilation:
INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE, (INTRA-ALVEOLAR PRESSURE):
In quite breathing =
— atmospheric pressure i.e. — mm Hg.
During inspiration : — mm Hg.
During expiration : – mm Hg.
Factors affecting intrapulmonary pressure:
Valsalva manoeuvre ( – mm Hg)
Muller’s manoeuvre ( — mm Hg)
0
760
759
761
+100
-80
pressure and volume changes during ventiltion:
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE,(INTRA-THORACIC PRESSURE) :
In quite breathing ( — mm Hg.)
Reason – balance between
Lung – Tendency to — due to —- pressure..
Thoracic cage – Tendency to — due to – and —.
Factors affecting intra pleural pressure:
Physiological
Deep inspiration (—mm Hg.)
Valsalva manoeuvre (— mm Hg.)
Effect of gravity. — apex, — Base)
Clinical significance – during first part of inspiration more of inspired gas goes to — than to —.
Pathological:
Emphysema – loss or decrease in — ,decrease in — pressure , leads to — of thoracic cage, i.e. — shaped chest.
Injury to thoracic wall. ( — ) leads to — of lung.
-2
collapse
intra alveolar -ve
expand
ribs and elastic tissue
-30
+60-70
-7 , -2
apices than bases
lung elasticity
intra plearal
expansion
barrel
penumothroax
collaps
lung volumes:
1-Tidal Volume: — volume of air inspired or expired during – breathing (TV = — ml)
2-Expiratory reserve volume:— volume of air that can be — after — by — efforts
—- in a normal adult male(or) —- = M/F
3- Inspiratory reserve volume: — volume of air — after — by max —
— ml in adult male
(or) —- = M/F
4- Residual Volume: Volume of the air left out in lungs after —- or —
— = M/F
normal
quiet
500
extra
wxhaled
tidal volume
max expiratory efforts
1100
1200/700
extra
inhaled
tidal vokume
max inspiratory
3000
3300/1900
foreful expiration or complete expiration
1200/1100
lung capacities:
1- Inspiratory capacity: – — of air that can be — after normal tidal —
IC = —- = —- ml
Expiratory Capacity: — of air that can be – after normal tidal —
EC= — ( — ml)
3- Functional Residual Capacity: — of air — in lungs after normal tidal —
FRC= —- ( —- ml)
4- Vital capacity: — Amount of air — after — possible —
VC = —- ( — ml)
5-Total lung Capacity: — of air present in lung after —
TLC = —- ( —ml )
max volume
inspired
tidal expiration
TV+IRV = 500+3000 = 3500
2- max volume
expired
inspiration
TV+ ERV
500+1100 = 1600
volume
remaining
tidal expiration
ERV + RV ( 1100 + 1200 = 2300
max
explled
deepest
inspiration
TV+IRV+ERV
500+3000+1100= 4600
volume
max inspiration
VC + RV ( 4600+1200 = 5800
dynamic lung volume:
-Timed vital capacity or FVC : FVC is volume of the air that can be — rapidly with – force following a — , and its timed by a —
-Timed vital capacity or FVC
FEV1 – volume of air– in the -first second of — ; FEV1 is — ; FEV1 is expressed in —
FEV1 = —%
FEV2 = —%
FEV3 = — %
expired
max force
max inspiration
spriograph
expired
FVC
flow rate
percetnage
80%
90%
98-100%
1- Minute ventilation: — of air — or — per minute (Aka —)
RMV = — ( 500* 12 = 6000 ml)
—- L/min
2- Breathing reserve/Pulmonary reserve:
— amount of air – the – that can be inspired or expired in one min
PR = —
Pulmonary reserve is expressed as – of — and is known as —-
Normal DI is — %
Average of — %
Importance is dyspnoeia results when DI becomes less than —
3- Maximum Breathing Capacity: — volume of air that can be —- voluntarily for given interval of time ~(Aka — )
Subject asked to breath — and — , for —
Recorded by a — or—
Normal is — L/min
Reduced in — with — and respiratory muscle —
volume
inspired or expired
PV
6-7.5
mac
above
PV
MVV-PV
% of MVV
dyspneomic index
60-90%
75%
60%
max volume
ventilated
MVV
rapidly and deeply
15 seconds
spirometer or Douglas bag
80-170
pt
emphysema
weakness
-The volume of air that does not participate in gaseous exchange is called as —
V Dead space= ( — x — air) / ( —area + — area)
-Normal value for physiological dead space is — ml
-Physiological vs Anatomical dead space?
- measurement of intra pleural pressure:
1- NEEDLE IN — SPACE.
2- — PRESSURE
dead space air
grey area x v expired / pink + grey area
150 ml
intrapleural
intra esophegal
applied physiology - airway resistance:
-Flow of air depends on the
—- ( – , –, and —, —) and the airway — , –
F = —-
-Resistance depends primarily on the — of the conducting airways
-Parasympathetic stimulation — , while sympathetic —
pressure gardient ( gradient (atmospheric, Pa, and intra-alveolar, Pi)
resistance R
(Pa - Pi)/R
radius
constricts
dilates
resistance and disease:
COLDS
ASTHMA: — of small airways, excess —, and—-induced edema
BRONCHITIS :— term inflammatory response causing —- walls and overproduction of –
EMPHYSEMA: — of smaller airways and breakdown of — walls
ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION – Deficiency leads to increase in — pressure and — of lung.
constriction
mucus
histamine
long term
thicked
mucous
collapse
alveolar
-ve intra alveolar pressure
collapse
