Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Flashcards
(15 cards)
oxygen transport:
O2 is transported by the – either by:
-Combined with — in the red blood cells (—%) (or)
-Dissolved in the — (–%).
The resting body requires — of O2 per minute.
We have — billion haemoglobin containing red blood cells.
The haemoglobin allows nearly – times more O2 than dissolved in plasma
blood
haemoglobin ( hb)
>98%
blood plasma
<2%
250 ml
4 to 6
70 times
structure of hb:
- has beta and alpha chain
- fe+2 and heme
1- Haemoglobin molecules can transport up to — 02
2- Co-operative binding: haemoglobin’s affinity for O2 increases as its saturation —
3- Oxygen binding occurs in response to the — PO2 in the lungs
4- When 4 O2’s are bound to haemoglobin, it is 100% —, with fewer O2’s it is —.
5- hb ( deoxyhaemoblobin , reduced haemoglobin ) +02 –> ( lungs ) —< ( tissue) hb02 ( oxyheamoblobin ) which will move from — to — form
4
increases
high
saturated
partially staurated
tense
relaxed
( in relaxed form we will having the binding and higher affinity for oxygen )
hb saturation:
Haemoglobin saturation is the amount of – bound by each molecule of —
Each molecule of haemoglobin can carry — molecules of O2.
When oxygen binds to haemoglobin, it forms — ;
Haemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is referred to as — .
oxygen
haemoglobin
4
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
DEOXYHAEMOGLOBIN.
hb saturation:
-The binding of O2 to haemoglobin depends on the – in the blood and the — or — , between haemoglobin and oxygen.
-Haemoglobin saturation is determined by the — of oxygen. When these values are graphed they produce the —
-The graph shows an oxygen dissociation curve, which reveals the amount of haemoglobin — at different — values.
- In the lungs the partial pressure is approximately – mm Hg, at this Partial Pressure haemoglobin has — affinity to 02 and is — saturated.
- In the tissues of other organs a typical PO2 is – mmHg here haemoglobin has a — affinity for O2 and releases some but not all of its O2 to the tissues. When haemoglobin leaves the tissues it is still – saturated.
P02
bonding strength or affinity
partial pressure
oxygen disassociation curve
hb saturation
p02
100
high
98%
40
lower
75%
1- bohrs effect:
- a shift of the curve to the —
- increase release of 02 depends on condition at tissue which is the increase of — , — , — , — and decrease of –
2- hb saturation at higher values:
- Lungs at high elevations: PO2 of — mmHg, haemoglobin — saturated
- Lungs at sea level: PO2 of — mmHg haemoglobin is — SATURATED
- When the PO2 in the lungs declines below typical sea level values, haemoglobin still has a — affinity for O2 and remains almost —
- Even though PO2 differs by 20 mmHg there is almost no difference in haemoglobin saturation.
right
pc02 , 2,3 biphospholcytate , temp , [h+] , low ph
80
95%
100
98%
high
fully saturated
- actively contracting muscles cells uses – oxygen and has — p02( 20 mmhg)
- low — and high – and — will — hb affinity for oxygen releasing — oxygen to the active muscle c;;s
more
low
ph
temp and pco2
decreases
more ( aka increases oxygen unloading)
( so basically shifts to the right )
factors affecting dissassociation:
1- BLOOD TEMPERATURE
increased blood temperature — haemoglobin affinity for O2
hence — O2 is delivered to —-up tissue
2- BLOOD Ph:
lowering of blood pH (making blood more acidic)
caused by presence of – ions from — or — ,- — affinity of Hb for O2
and — O2 is delivered to — sites which are working harder
3- CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
the higher CO2 concentration in tissue
the – the affinity of Hb for O2
so the – the tissue is working, the – O2 is released
reduces
more
warmed
h+ from lactic and carbonic acid
reduced
more
acidic
less
harrder
more
types of hb:
hb a1: low levels indicate — or —
hb a2: high levels indicate —
hb f: normally high in — and long term elevation indicates —
hb s: presence is – and indicates —
blood loss or anemia
thaelssemia
neonates
thalasemia ( if its b thalesmia then problem w beta globin )
abornmal
sickle cell ( altered beta globin )
myoglobin vs haemoglobin during exercise:
Hemoglobin (Hb):
In exercising muscle, PO₂ drops due to high oxygen consumption.
Hb responds to low PO₂, high CO₂, and low pH (Bohr effect) by releasing more O₂.
This oxygen then diffuses into muscle cells.
Myoglobin (Mb):
Inside muscle, Mb holds oxygen and only releases it when PO₂ is very — such as during intense exercise.
It acts like an oxygen reservoir
Why Myoglobin Is Important During Exercise:
Muscles may outpace O₂ delivery briefly.
Mb buffers against O₂ shortage and supports aerobic metabolism.
It ensures continuous energy production during high-demand activity, delaying anaerobic metabolism and fatigue.
Summary Analogy:
Hb = Oxygen delivery truck
Mb = Emergency oxygen tank in the muscle
low
mb basically has a very high affinity for 02 and releases it during low p02
- total 02 in blood is the sum of — and — :
total [02] = —- - c02 transport:
Solubility of Oxygen – ml/(dl.mmHg)
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide — ml/(dl.mmHg)
- Hb-BOUND AND DISSOLVED O2
- TOTAL [O2] = 1.39 x [Hb] x % SATURATION/100 + 0.003 x PO2
- =(1.39 x 15 x 0.97) + (0.003 x 100)
= 20.5 ml/dl
0.003
0.067
carbon dioxide transport:
1- Plasma
–> Dissolved form (— %)
Solubility of CO2 is – times more than O2
Carbon dioxide also relies on the — for transportation. Once carbon dioxide is released from the cells, it is carried in the blood primarily in three ways…
Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions resulting from the dissociation of — (— %)
2- Bound to — (— %)
7-10
20
blood
carbonic acid 70-80
hb 20-30
dissolved carbon dioxide:
-Part of the carbon dioxide released from the tissues is dissolved in —. But only a small amount, typically just – %, is transported this way.
-This dissolved carbon dioxide comes out of solution where the PCO2 is — , such as in the —.
-There it diffuses out of the— into the — to be exhaled
Carbon dioxide is carried in the
blood in three forms:
1- —
2- —
3- –
plasma
7-10
low
lungs
capillaries
alveoli
dissolved , bicarbonate , carboamino compound
formation of bicarbonate:
1- — + — –> —< — –> —< — ( to – ) + — ( to — )
2- — + – from hb as hb.nh2 –> <— — aka —
c02+ h20
h2c03 aka carbonic acid ( by using: carbonic anhydrase )
h+ to hb
hco3- to plasma
c02 + proteins from hb
carbamino hb ( Hb.NH.COOH )
1- Haldane effect :a — process by which CO2transport by hemoglobin is influenced by —. Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin — unloading of CO2on the fetal side.
2- Chloride shift (also known as the — orHamburger’s phenomenon) is a process which occurs in a — system and refers to the exchange of — and — across the membrane of —
complementary
oxygen
increases
hamburgers shift
cardiovascular
bicarbonate (HCO3-) and chloride (Cl-)
red blood cells
revision:
- Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to haemoglobin though a small amount is dissolved in blood plasma.
Haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases.
When: PO2 — .
When pH — .
When temperature — .
Each of these conditions can reflect increased local oxygen demand. They— oxygen uploading in the needy area.
3) Haemoglobin is usually about — saturated with oxygen. This reflects a much higher oxygen content than our body requires, so the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity seldom limits performance.
-Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood primarily as — . This prevents the formation of — which can cause— to accumulate, — the pH. Smaller amounts of carbon dioxide are carried either — in the plasma or bound to —
decreases
decreases
increases
increases
98%
bicarbonate ion
carbonic acid
h+decreases
dissolved or bound to hb
