mechanisms

Question 1

what are the conditions for hydrogenation

Answer 1

nickel catalyst
50 degrees 60atm

Question 2

whta is hydrogenation

Answer 2

adding hydrogen to an alkene to make an alkane

Question 3

what are the conditions for hydration reactions

Answer 3

conc H2SO4 high temp high press or h3po4

Question 4

how to test for an alkene

Answer 4

bromine water

Question 5

what is a carbocation

Answer 5

a carbon that is electron deficient - how many carbons it is attached to depend whetehr it is primary secondary or tertiary

Question 6

how does electrophilic addition work

Answer 6

1. arrow goes from double bond in alkene to the delta positive and delta neg
2. a carbocation - where the alkene chainused to be- is made
   and a free floating anion (negative ion)
3. the negative ion which has a lone pair and the carbocation bond together

Question 7

what is an electrophile

Answer 7

something which will accept a lone pair of electrons - it is electron deficient

Question 8

what is a nucleophile

Answer 8

donates a lone pair of electrons

Question 9

what determines the major and minor product

Answer 9

which has a higher carbocation

Question 10

why is water not an elctrophile in the reaction with h2so4

Answer 10

water is a nucleophile

Question 11

where does the first arrow on nucleophilic sub go

Answer 11

onto the carbon - THE CARBON ATOM

Question 12

outline the mechanism for nucleophilic substitution

Answer 12

from the middle of the lone pair on the nucleophile to the carbon atom
- that carbon that is being attacked becomes delta positive
- then the halgogen (may not be a halogen) next to it will delta neg
turns into a compound with a negative ion that also has lone pairs

Question 13

what are the reagents and conditions for nucleophilic sub with CN

Answer 13

aqueous KCN - reagents
conditions - reflux/warm

Question 14

what do anti-bumping granules do

Answer 14

ensure smooth boiling

Question 15

what is reflux

Answer 15

heating a chem reaction while cntinually the vapour back into a liquid form

Question 16

what is the difference in the nucleophilic substitution reaction in ammonia

Answer 16

it is excess and an N+ is formed

the excess NH3 attacks the h and forms the N+

Question 17

why is ammonia in excess

Answer 17

stops further substitutions from occurring

Question 18

are the conditions for ammonias nucelophilci sub

Answer 18

heated in a sealed tube

Question 19

what does reactivity depend upon

Answer 19

bond enthalpy

Question 20

where does the first arrow go in an elimation reaction go

Answer 20

GOES TO THE HYDROGEN

Question 21

outline an elimation reaction

Answer 21

first arrow from inbetween the lone pair to the hydrogen
- second arrow goes to the adjecent carbon
third arrow to the downwards halogen

ALL ARROWS ON THE BOND

Question 22

if you have an aqueous solution which mechanism are you using sssssss

Answer 22

substitution

Question 23

if you have an alcoholic solution which mechanism are you using abc

Answer 23

elimination