mechanisms

Question 1

alkane to halogenoalkane

Answer 1

reagents: Cl2
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free-radical substitution

Question 2

alkene to halogenoalkane

Answer 2

reagents: HX
conditions: N/A
mechanism: electrophilic addition

Question 3

alkene to dihaloalkane

Answer 3

reagents: Halogen
conditions: N/A
mechanism: electrophilic addition

Question 4

alkene to alcohol

Answer 4

reagents: H20
conditions: Conc H2SO4, 300°, 7 MPa
mechanism: electrophilic addition

Question 5

1° halogenolkane to 1° amine

Answer 5

reagents: conc NH3
conditions: excess NH3 dissolved in ethanol
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 6

1° halogenoalkane to 2° amine

Answer 6

reagents: 1° amine
conditions: amine dissolved in ethanol
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 7

1° halogenoalkane to 1° alcohol

Answer 7

reagents: NaOH (aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 8

2° halogenoalkane to 2° alcohol

Answer 8

reagents: NaOH(aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 9

3° halogenoalkane to 3° alcohol

Answer 9

reagents: NaOH(aq)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 10

1°, 2° or 3° halogenoalkane to alkene

Answer 10

reagents: KOH (dissolved in ethanol)
conditions: Heat under reflux
mechanism: elimination

Question 11

1° halogenoalkane to nitrile

Answer 11

reagents: potassium cyanide (dissolved in ethanol)
conditions: N/A
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Question 12

alcohol to alkene

Answer 12

reagents: H2SO4
conditions: 170° for acid dehydration
mechanism: elimination

Question 13

alcohol to halogenoalkane

Answer 13

reagents: HX
conditions: heat under reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: substitution

Question 14

1° alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 14

reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and distil
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation

Question 15

2° alcohol to ketone

Answer 15

reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation

Question 16

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 16

reagents: Acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat and reflux
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: oxidation

Question 17

aldehyde to 1° alcohol

Answer 17

reagents: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous solution
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction

Question 18

ketone to 2° alcohol

Answer 18

reagents: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous solution
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction

Question 19

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 19

reagents: KCN followed by dilute acid
conditions: N/A
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: oxidation

Question 20

carboxylic acid to aldehyde

Answer 20

reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction

Question 21

carboxylic acid to 1° alcohol

Answer 21

reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction

Question 22

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 22

reagents: alcohol
conditions: conc. sulphuric acid
mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination
reagents: NaOH (aq)
type of reaction: elimination

Question 23

nitrile to 1° amine

Answer 23

reagents: LiAlH4
conditions: in dry ether
mechanism: nucleophilic addition
type of reaction: reduction

Question 24

carboxylic acid to ammonium salt

Answer 24

reagents: ammonia solution
conditions: room temp
mechanism: N/A
type of reaction: neutralisation

Question 25

carboxylic acid to sodium salt

Answer 25

reagents: NaOH (aq) conditions: room temp mechanism: N/A type of reaction: neutralisation

Question 26

acid chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 26

reagents: H20 conditions: room temp mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination type of reaction: hydrolysis

Question 27

acid chloride to amide

Answer 27

reagents: ammonia conditions: acid chloride added to conc ammonia mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination type of reaction: substitution

Question 28

acid chloride to ester

Answer 28

reagents: alcohol added to acid chloide conditions: room temp mechanism: nucleophilic addition elimination type of reaction: elimination

Question 29

ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 29

reagents: dilute HCl conditions: heat under reflux mechanism: N/A type of reaction: acid hydrolysis

Question 30

ester to salt carboxylic acid

Answer 30

reagents: sodium hydroxide solution conditions: heat under reflux mechanism: N/A type of reaction: base hydrolysis

Question 31

acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

Answer 31

reagents: H20 conditions: room temperature mechanism: N/A

Question 32

acid anhydride to amide

Answer 32

reagents: conc. NH3 conditions: room temperature mechanism: N/A

Question 33

acid anhydride to ester

Answer 33

reagents: alcohol conditions: room temperature mechanism: N/A

Question 34

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 34

reagents: conc H2SO4 conditions: low temperature mechanism: electrophilic substitution

Question 35

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 35

reagents: HCl conditions: heat under reflux and add NaOH (aq) mechanism: N/A

Question 36

benzene to phenylethanone

Answer 36

reagents: CH3COCl conditions: AlCl3 catalyst with CH3COCl mechanism: electrophilic substitution