Mechanisms Of Disease Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Pathology
A
The study of disease
2
Q
Signs
A
Objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient
3
Q
Symptoms
A
The subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient
4
Q
Syndrome
A
A collection of different signs and symptoms
- presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition
5
Q
Acute
A
Signs and symptoms appear suddenly and persist for a short time, then disappear
6
Q
Chronic
A
Disease that develops slowly and last for a long time
7
Q
Subacute
A
A disease with characteristics of somewhere between acute and chronic
8
Q
Etiology
A
Study of all factors involved in causing disease
9
Q
Idiopathic
A
Undetermined cause of disease
10
Q
Communicable or infectious
A
Disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another
11
Q
Etiology
A
Refers to the theory of a diseases cause
12
Q
Pathogenesis
A
The pattern of a diseased development
13
Q
Latent
A
“Hidden”
14
Q
Incubation
A
Latent stage
15
Q
Convalescence
A
Recovery
16
Q
Remission
A
Reversal of symptoms/ reversal of a chronic disease
17
Q
Epidemiology
A
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans
18
Q
Endemic
A
A disease that is native to a local region
19
Q
Epidemic
A
A diseases that spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographic region
20
Q
Pandemics
A
Epidemics that spread throughout the world
21
Q
Casual relationships
A
Establish the cause of a disease outbreak
22
Q
Coincidental relationships
A
Events that coincide by chance
23
Q
Morbidity
A
Information on disease rates in specific populations
24
Q
Mortality
A
Numbers of deaths caused by specific diseases
25
Pathophysiology
The study of underlying physiological processes associated with disease
26
Genetic mutism
Altered or mutated genes that cause production of abnormal proteins
27
Infectious mechanism
Pathogenic organisms or particles that damage the body is some way
28
Parasite
An organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients
29
Neoplasticism mechanism
Abnormal tissue growths that can cause a variety of physiological disturbances
30
Traumatic mechanism
Physical and chemical agents that can affect the normal homeostasis of the body
31
Metabolic mechanism
Endocrine imbalances or malnutrition that cause insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients
32
Degeneration
Breaking apart of tissues
33
Inflammatory mechanisms
Autoimmunity and inflammation
34
Autoimmunity
Faulty response or over reaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body
35
Inflammation
Common response of the body to disturbances
36
Rick factors for diseases
Genetic factors (gene pool, inherited traits), age, lifestyle, stress, environmental factors, preexisting conditions
37
Microbes
Microscopic organisms
38
Viruses
Intercellular parasites that consist of a nuclear can acid core surrounded by a protein coat
39
Prions
Pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins
40
Bacterium
Tiny, primitive cell without a nucleus
41
Aerobic
Requiring oxygen for their metabolism
42
Anaerobic
Requiring an absence of oxygen
43
Ways to classify bacteria
Growth requirements, staining properties, shape and size
44
Bacilli (rods)
Bacterium:
Bacillus organisms, clostridium organisms, enterobacteria organisms, pseudomonas organisms
45
Cocci (spheres)
Bacterium:
Staphylococcus organisms, streptococcus organisms, neisseria organisms
46
Curved or spiral rod
Bacterium:
Vibrio organisms, campylobacter organisms, spirochetes
47
Small bacterium
Bacterium:
Rickettsia organisms, chlamydia organisms
48
Bacilli shape
Large, rod-shaped cells
49
Cocci shape
Large, round bacteria (found in pairs or strings)
50
Curved or spiral rods shapes
Curved rods arranged singly or in strands
Large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies
51
Small bacteria shapes
Round or oval (very very very tiny)
52
Spores
Bacteria can develop into resistant dormant state and grow again when conditions allow
Resistant to chemicals, heat, and dry, arid conditions
53
Archaea
Like bacteria but differ in their chemical makeup and metabolism. Thrive in harsh environments (none have been proven to cause disease yet)
54
Fungi
A group of simple organisms similar to plants but without chlorophyll
55
Yeasts
Small single celled fungi
56
Mold
Large multi cellular fungi
57
Protozoa
One celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and DNA is organized in the nucleus
58
Amoebas shape
Large cells of changing shape
Pseudopodia (false feet that move/ pull it around)
59
Flagellates shape
Similar to amoebas but move by wiggling along
Flagella (whiplike extensions)
60
Ciliates shape
Round
Cilia (short haired like projections that move it along)
61
Sporozoa shape
Unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells (coccidia)
62
Amoeba
Entamoeba organisms:
Diarrhea, amebic dysentery, liver and lung infections
63
Flagellate
Giardia organisms:
Giardiasis, diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome
Trichomonas organisms:
Trichomonas, vaginitis, urinary tract infections
64
Cillate
Balantidium organisms:
Gastrointestinal disturbances (pain, nausea, anorexia)
65
Sporozoan (coccidium)
Isospora organisms:
Isosporiasis infection of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome
Plasmodium organisms:
Malaria
Toxoplasma organisms:
Toxoplamosis and congenital damage to fetus
66
Candida organisms
Classified as fungus
Thrush and mucous membranes infections (vaginal yeast infections)
67
Epidermophyton and microsporangia organisms
Classified as fungus
Tinea infections (ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot)
68
Histoplasma organisms
Classified as fungus
Histoplasmosis
69
Aspergillosis organisms
Classified as fungus
Aspergillosis and pneumonia
70
Coccidioides organisms
Classified as fungus
Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin fever)
71
Bacillus organisms
Classified as bacteria
Anthrax and gastroenteritis
72
Clostridium organisms
Classified as bacteria
Botulism, tetanus, and soft tissue infections
73
Enterobacteria organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Salmonella, diseases and gastroenteritis
74
Pseudomonas organisms
Classified as a bacteria
External otitis (swimmers ear), endocarditis, and pulmonary infections
75
Staphylococcus organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Staphylococci infections, food poisoning, urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome
76
Streptococcus organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Throat infections, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, rheumatic fever, dental caries
77
Neisseria organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Meningitis, gonorrhea , pelvic inflammatory disease
78
Vibrio organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Cholera, gastroenteritis, wound infections
79
Campylobacter organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Diarrhea
80
Spirochetes
Classified as a bacteria
Syphilis, Lyme disease
81
Rickettsia organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever
82
Chlamydia organisms
Classified as a bacteria
Genital infections, lymphograniloma, venereum, pelvic inflammatory disease, conjunctivitis, parrot fever
83
Metazoa
Pathogenic animals
Large multicellular organisms
84
Nematodes shape
Large parasites (roundworms)
Transmitted though food or flies that bite
85
Plathelminths shape
Large parasites (flatworms or flukes)
86
Arthropods shape
Group of parasites
Mites, ticks, lice, fleas
Boring and stunning wasps and bees, mosquitos, and spiders
87
Vector of disease
An organism that spreads disease to another organism
One to another
88
Nematode
Animal:
Ascaris organisms, enterobius organisms, trichinella organisms
89
Ascaris organisms
Classified as a Parasite
Intentional round worm, gastrointestinal obstruction, bronchial damage
90
Enterobius organisms
Classified as a parasite
Pinworm infestation of the lower gastrointestinal tract, itching around the anus, and insomnia
91
Trichnella organisms
Classified as a parasite
Trichinosis, fever, and muscle pain
92
Platyhelminth
Animal:
Schistosome organisms, fasciola organisms, taenia organisms
93
Schistosoma organisms
Classified as a parasite
Schistosomiasis (snail fever)
94
Fasciola organisms
Classified as a parasite
Liver fluke infestation
95
Taenia organisms
Classified as a parasite
Pork and beef tapeworm infestation
96
Arthropod
Animal:
Arachnids organisms, insecta
97
Arachnida organisms
Classified as a parasite
Infestation by mites and ticks, toxic bites by spiders, scorpions, and transmission of pathogens
98
Insecta
Classified as a parasite
Infestations of fleas, ticks, toxic bites by wasps, mosquitoes, and bees, and transmission of other pathogens
99
Aseptic technique
Killing of or disabling pathogens on surfaces before they can spread to other people
100
Sterilization
Destruction of all living organisms
Ex:
Pressured steam bath, extreme temperature, radiation used to sterilize surgical equipment
101
Disinfection
Destruction of most or all pathogens on inanimate objects but on necessarily all harmless microbes
Ex:
Chemicals such as iodine, chlorine, alcohol, phenol, and soaps
102
Antisepsis
Inhabitation or inactivation of pathogens
Ex:
Chemicals such as alcohol, iodine quaternary ammonium compounds, and dyes
103
Isolation
Separation of potentially infectious people or materials from non infected people
Ex:
Quarantine, protective apparel, disposal of bodily fluids, tissues, and other materials
104
Opportunistic invasion
Pathogenic organisms that don’t cause disease until they have the opportunity
105
Vaccine
Killed or weakened pathogen or part of a pathogen given to a person to stimulate immunity
106
Antibiotics
Compounds produced by certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill inhibit pathogens
(Penicillin)
107
Bioterrorism
A pathogen that has been intentionally distributed to healthy victims
108
Inflammatory response
Combination of processes that attempt to minimize injury to tissues (maintain homeostasis)
109
Inflammatory response reasons
Mechanical injury:
Cuts, burns
Irritants:
Chemicals, radiation, toxins released by bacteria
110
Regeneration
Tissue repair, new cells are similar to those they replace
111
Replacement
New cells are different from those they replace
Like a scar
112
Fibrosis
Fibrous tissue replaced the old tissue
113
Signs of an inflammatory response
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
114
Inflammation mediators
Histamine, prostaglandins and compounds such as kinins
Some mediators cause blood vessels to dilate (widen) to increase blood flow to the tissue
115
White blood cells
Help to fight infections or diseases
116
Edema
Water leaking out of a vessel causing tissue to swell
117
Inflammatory exudate
Fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue
118
Chemotaxis
The movement of white blood cells in response to a chemical attractant
119
Pus
Thickened inflammatory exudate with white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacterial cells, and other bebris
120
Local
Confined to a point/ spot/ area of the body
121
Systemic
Entire body
122
Fever
Irritant or Inflamation of the body reset the internal “thermostat” to a higher temperature to kill or inhibit pathogenic microbes
123
Neoplasm
“New matter” refers to an abnormal growth of cells
124
Benign tumors
Remain localized within the tissue from which they arose
125
Malignant tumors
Tend to spread to other regions of the body
126
Benign tumor characteristics
Grows slow, is encapsulated in dense tissue, doesn’t expand to other tissues, similar to normal tissue cells, low mortality rate
127
Malignant tumor characteristics
Grows rapidly, not encapsulated, spreads to other tissues, abnormal to the tissues in your body, high mortality rate
128
Metastasis
Cells migrate through lymphatic or blood vessels
129
Papilloma
Benign tumor (epithelial tissues)
Forms finger like projections like a wart
130
Adenoma
Benign tumor (epithelial tissue)
Glandular epithelium
131
Nevus
Benign tumor (epithelial tissues)
Small pigmented tumors of the skin
132
Lipoma
Benign tumor (connective tissues)
From adipose tissue
133
Osteoma
Benign tumor (connective tissues)
Involves bone tissues
134
Chondroma
Benign tumor (connective tissues)
Cartilage tissues
135
Melanoma
Malignant tumor (epithelial tissues)
Involves melanocytes (skin)
136
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumors (epithelial tissues)
Glandular epithelium
137
Lymphoma
Malignant tumors (connective tissues)
Cancer of the lymphatic tissues
138
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor (connective tissues)
Tumor of bone tissue
139
Myeloma
Malignant tumor (connective tissues)
Bone marrow tumor
140
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant tumors (connective tissues)
Cancer of fiberous connective tissue
141
Adenofibroma
Benign neoplasm formed by epithelial and connective tissues
142
Neuroblastoma
Malignant tumor that arises from nerve tissue
143
Hyperplasia
A process that creates too many cells
144
Anaplasia
A process of creating Abnormal, undifferentiated tumor cells
145
Cachexia
Syndrome including loss of appetite, severe weight loss, and general weakness
Usually suffered by cancer patients
