Med (Neuro, GI, Ortho)

Question 1

What are somatic reflexes

Answer 1

reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
- e.g touching a hot object

Question 2

What are autonomic reflexes

Answer 2

reflexes that regulate body function

Question 3

What are meninges

Answer 3

three connective tissue membranes covering an protecting the CNS structures

Question 4

Explain the blood-brain barrier

Answer 4

if the brain was exposed to chemical changes, uncontrolled neural activity might result

Question 5

What is meningitis

Answer 5

inflammation fo the rbain or spinal cord caused by bacteria viruses etc.
- different treatment for each organism

Question 6

symoroms of bacterial meningitis

Answer 6

fever, tachy and chills
throbbing headached, photophobia
increased ICP

Question 7

What is encephalitis

Answer 7

an acute febrile viral illness with nervous involvment . Herpes 1 is most common cause

Question 8

What is TBI

Answer 8

Impact, penetration or rapid movement of the brain within the skull that results in altered mental state

Question 9

What is the GCS, what does the scoring mean

Answer 9

Neuro examination
- higher scores (14,15) predict better recovery

Question 10

What is a stroke

Answer 10

heterogenous group of disorders involving sudden, focal interruption of cerebral blood flow

Question 11

Define an ischemic stroke

Answer 11

sudden neurological defecits that result from focal cerebral ischaemia

Question 12

define a TIA

Answer 12

focal brain ischaemia that causes sudden, transient neurological deficits

Question 13

define intracerebral haemorrhage

Answer 13

focal bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain

Question 14

define subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 14

sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space

Question 15

What is the stroke warning signs (FAST)

Answer 15

F- facial dropping
A- arm, unable to lift both
S- speech, slurred speech and not understaning
T- time, is critical call for help

Question 16

What is epilepsy

Answer 16

chronic brain disorder characterised by reccurent seizure s that are unprovoked

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of a seizure

Answer 17

an aura may precede seizures

Question 18

Interventions for seizures

Answer 18

elimination of the cuase
do not touch and roll on left side to prevent aspiration

Question 19

what is multiple sclerosis

Answer 19

chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of CNS myelin, caused by autoimmune response to self or microbial agents

Question 20

What is the function of ingestion

Answer 20

food being placed into the mouth

Question 21

What is the function of propulsion

Answer 21

to be processed by more than one digestive organ foods must be propelled from one organ to the next

Question 22

Food breakdown (mechanical)

Answer 22

Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue churning of food in the stomach

Question 23

food breakdown (digestion)

Answer 23

the sequence of steps in which large food molecules are chemically broken down

Question 24

What is the function of absorbtion

Answer 24

transport of the end products by the lumen of the gI tract to the blood or lympoh

Question 25

what is the function of defaction

Answer 25

the elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form of faeces

Question 26

What are the two types of peptic ulcers

Answer 26

superficial, erode the mucosa but do not penetrate true ulcer, extend through the muscular mucosa and damage blood vessels causing haemorrhage

Question 27

What is colorectal cancer

Answer 27

most often occurs as transformation within adenomatous polyps

Question 28

what is appendicitis

Answer 28

inflammation of the appendix which is a projection from the apex of the cecum.

Question 29

What is post-op paralytic ileus

Answer 29

inhibitory neural reflexes caused by postoperative adhesions leading to distension caused by impaired absorption/

Question 30

What is jaundice

Answer 30

yellowish discolouration of the skin and mucus membranes cuased by hyperbilirubenia.

Question 31

What is acute pancreatitis

Answer 31

acute inflammation of the pancreas most commonly triggered by gallstones and alcohol intake

Question 32

What is chronic pancreatitis

Answer 32

persistent inflammation of the pancreas that results in permanent structural damage with fibrosis and ductal structures

Question 33

What is ulcerative collitis

Answer 33

a chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucousa

Question 34

What is chrons disease

Answer 34

an idiopathic inflammatory disorder than affects any part of the GI tract

Question 35

How is Hep -A transmited

Answer 35

faecal-roral route and contaminated foodsw

Question 36

how is hep-b transmitted

Answer 36

IV needkes, unproc sex, bodily fluids, blood products

Question 37

how is hep c transmitted

Answer 37

IV needles and mother to baby

Question 38

What is a fracture defined as

Answer 38

break or injury in a bony structure caused by injury or fall

Question 39

define a stable fracture

Answer 39

broekn ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place

Question 40

define an open/ compound fracture

Answer 40

skin may be pierced by the bone

Question 41

What is traction used for

Answer 41

to immobilise a fracture, maintain alignment and decrease muscle spasms

Question 42

What is compartment syndrome

Answer 42

increased tissue pressure within a closed fascial space resulting in tissue ischaemia - commonly aligned with pain out or proportion to the severity of the injury

Question 43

what is osteoporosis

Answer 43

chronic and progressive bone disorder can be caused by low calcium levels and chronic steroid use

Question 44

what is gout caused by

Answer 44

increased uric acid in the joints

Question 45

What is rheumatoid athiritis

Answer 45

systemic and chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation

Question 46

Phase 1 of wound healing consists of:

Answer 46

haemostasis - inflammation - inured tissue - forms a dry scab

Question 47

Phase 2 of wound healing consists of:

Answer 47

inflammation During the inflammatory phase, damaged cells, pathogens, and bacteria are removed from the wound area. The white blood cells, growth factors, nutrients and enzymes create the swelling, heat, pain and redness commonly seen during this stage of wound healing.

Question 48

phase 3 of wound healing consits of:

Answer 48

proliferation: The wound contracts as new tissues are built. A new network of blood vessels must be constructed so that the granulation tissue can be healthy and receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

Question 49

phase 4 of wound healing consists of

Answer 49

maturation - remoddeling of the affected area