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NCNZ state exam prep > Med (normal, cardiac and resp) > Flashcards

Med (normal, cardiac and resp) Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Normal body temp

A

36 degrees

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2
Q

Normal HR

A

60-100 BPM

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3
Q

Normal resp rate

A

16- 20 BPM

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4
Q

Normal BP

A

approx 120/80 mmHg

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5
Q

How is pain measured

A

numeric pain scale

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6
Q

What does delayed skin turgor indicate

A

potential dehydration

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7
Q

ffaundice is?

A

yellow tinged colour of the skin is caused nby liver disease

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8
Q

what is erythma

A

redness to an effected area

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9
Q

what is cyanosis

A

blue-tinged colour commonly seen of finger tips or toes - low 02 circulation

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10
Q

What is normal urine output

A

at least 30ml every hour

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11
Q

Blood gas, Normal pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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12
Q

Blood gas, normal PaCo2

A

35-45 mmHg

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13
Q

Blood gas, normal Pa02

A

80-100mmHg

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14
Q

Blood gas normal HCO3

A

22-26 mEq/L

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15
Q

Normal sodium

A

135-145 mEg/L

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16
Q

Normal potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEg/L

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17
Q

Normal magnesium

A

1.5-2.6 mg/dL

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18
Q

normal phosphorus

A

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL

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19
Q

normal calcium

A

8.6 - 10.4 mg/dL

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20
Q

What is hypovolemia + symptoms

A

dehydration
increased HR, decreased BP, low UO

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21
Q

what is hypervolemia + symptoms

A

excess of fluid, swelling
crackles in lungs, bounding pulse, weight gain, increased BP

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22
Q

what is hypokalaemia + causes it and symptoms ?

A

pottasium below 3.5 mEg/L can be caased by vommiting, diarrhoea

symptoms: irreg pulse, arrhythmia, muscle weakness and cramping

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23
Q

what is hyperkalaemia + symptoms

A

pottasium above 5.0 mEq/L

slow HR, weakness, cardiac arrythmias, abdo cramps

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24
Q

what is hyponatremia + symptoms

A

sodium levels below 135 mEg/L

headache, confusion, abdo cramps, muscle cramps, nausea

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25
what is hypernatremia + symptoms
sodium levels above 145 mEg/L oedema, weigh gain, thirst, wekaness and fatigue
26
What is isotonic solutions used for + examples
treats dehydration and metabolic acidosis - 0.9% sodium chloride - Lactated ringers solutin - 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
27
what is a hypotonic solution used for + examples
low osmotic pressure treating oedema and hypotension -0.455 normal saline - 5% dextrose
28
what is hypertonic solution used for + examples
high osmotic pressure and are used to treat blood loss, hypovolemia and hyponatremia - dextrose 5% in any of 0.9% or 0.45% normal saline or lactated ringers
29
what are the three factors that affect cardiac output
Heart rate and stroke volume
30
what three factors determine stroke volume
Preload Contractility Afterload
31
Examples of beta blockers
atenolol, metoprolol, carvedilol
32
Mechanism of action of beta blockers
decreases cardiac output by acting on beta 1 receptors
33
ACE inhibtor examples
prils
34
MoA of ACE inhibitors
dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow
35
what is the MoA of calcium channel blockers
dilate blood vessels
36
MoA of diuretics
increase UO, decreases total blood volume = Decreases BP
37
what is atherosclerosis
build up of fats,, cholesterol and other substances on the artery walls which restricts blood flow
38
common anticoagulants and MoA
heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatrin inhibit hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent coag factors
39
common antiplatelets + MoA
aspirin, clopidogrel decreases platelet aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation in their arterial circulation
40
What is angina caused by
build up of lactic acid caused by ischaemia of the cardiac muscle pain may also be reffered to jaw, left arm `
41
what is the first line therapy for angina and MoA
GTN spray relaxation of vascular smooth muscles
42
what is MI caused by
plaque within coronary circulation is displaced causing activation of the clotting cascade and formation of thrombus
43
medical interventions for MI (MONA)
Morphine: pain relief and reduces anxiety 02: only if sats drop below 95% nitroglycerin: vasodilation Aspirin: antiplatlet
44
CHF - left sided patho + symptoms
blood pools and congests in a backward effect via left atria into pulmonary veins - restlessness, tachy, fatigue, orthopnea
45
CHF - Right sided patho +symptoms
Fluid pools and causes backwards effects and oedema - fatigue, increased PVP, GI distress, oedema
46
What is A-Fib
irregular and often rapid heart rhythm where the atria beat chaotically and irregularly
47
what is A-Flutter
Causeb by one or more rapid circuits in the atrium - more organised and regular than a-fib
48
What is V-Tach
rapid, regular heart rhytm originating from ventricles. - prevents the heart from filling adequately with blood
49
What is V-fib
an erratic, disorganised firing of impulses from the ventricles, causes ventricles to quiver
50
What is sepsis
Life threatning organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection
51
common symptoms of sepsis
fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tachypnoea
52
What is a pneumothorax
collapsed lung or partial collapsed lung caused by air entering the pleural cavity
53
what are the types of pneumothorax
- spontaneous - iatrogenic - traumatic - tension -haemothorax -chylothorax
54
Symptoms of pneumothorax
mild tahcy, dyspnoea,resp distress, chest pain and cough no auscultation sounds
55
What is a pleural effusion
the build up of excess fluid within the pleura
56
symptoms of pleural effusion
dry unproductive cough difficulty breathing fever chest pain
57
What is cor pumonale
enlargment of the right ventricle cause by a primary disorder of the resp system - causes HTN in lungs
58
What is COPD
airflow limitation and persistent resp symptoms due to airway/alveolar abnormalities
59
What is emphysema characterised by
-affects aveoli abnormal permanent enlargement of the airways and destruction of the alveolar walls
60
What is chronic bronchitis characterised by
- affects bronchioles mucosa of the bronchioles becomes severely inflamed causing narrowing and excessive amounts of mucus
61
what is CF
an over secretion of thick mucus which clogs the respiratory passages and increases risk of resp infections
62
What is pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs usually caused by bacteria, viruses or other organisms - fluid secretes into the lungs preventing airflow to alveoli
63
What is pulmonary embolsim
occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus, most commonly derived from DVT
64
VIRCHOWS TRIAD - PE
1. venous stasis 2. hypercoagubaility 3. Injuries to endothelial cells
65
What is asthma
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial hyper responsiveness

NCNZ state exam prep (5 decks)

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