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Medical Terminology > Med Term Chapter 9 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 9 - Urinary System Flashcards

(228 cards)

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1
Q

What is the urinary system’s function?

A

Responsible for maintaining a stable internal environment for the body. Removes waste products, adjusts water and electrolyte levels, and maintains the correct pH.

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2
Q

Primary organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

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3
Q

genitourinary system (GU)

A

organs of the urinary systems and female or male sexual organs

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4
Q

urine

A

fluid that remains in urinary system following three stages of urine production

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5
Q

three stages of urine production

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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6
Q

uremia

A

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood

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7
Q

nephrons

A

functional or working unit of kidney that filters blood and produces urine; more than 1 million in adult kidney; each consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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8
Q

kidneys

A

two organs located in the lumbar region of back behind parietal peritoneum; have concave or depressed area that gives them bean-shaped appearance; center of this concavity is called hilum

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9
Q

ureters

A

organs in urinary system that transport urine from kidney to bladder

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10
Q

urinary bladder

A

organ in urinary system that stores urine

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11
Q

urethra

A

tube that leads from urinary bladder to outside of body; in male it is also used by reproductive system to release semen

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12
Q

retroperitoneal

A

pertaining to behind peritoneum; describes position of kidneys, which is outside of peritoneal sac alongside spine.

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13
Q

Hilum

A

controlled entry/exit of an organ such as kidney or lung

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14
Q

renal artery

A

artery that originates from abdominal aorta and carries blood to nephrons of kidney

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15
Q

renal vein

A

carries blood away from kidneys

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16
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of organ; refers to the outer layer of kidney

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17
Q

medulla

A

middle area of an organ; refers to the inner portion of kidney

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18
Q

renal pyramid

A

triangular-shaped region of renal medulla

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19
Q

renal papilla

A

tip of renal pyramid

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20
Q

calyx

A

duct that connects renal papilla to renal pelvis; urine flows from collecting tubule through calyx and into renal pelvis

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21
Q

renal pelvis

A

large collecting site for urine within kidney; collects urine from each calyx; urine leaves renal pelvis via ureter

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22
Q

renal corpuscle

A

part of a nephron; double-walled cuplike structure called glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule and contains capillary network called glomerulus; filtration stage of urine production occurs in corpuscle as wastes are filtered from blood in glomerulus and enter Bowman’s capsule.

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23
Q

renal tubule

A

network of tubes found in a nephron; consists of proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, and collecting tubule; where reabsorption and secretion stages of urine production occur; as glomerular filtrate passes through, most of water and some of dissolved substances, such as amino acids and electrocytes, are reabsorbed; at same time, Bowman’s capsule, such as urea, are secreted directly from bloodstream into renal tubule; filtrate that reaches collecting tubule becomes urine

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24
Q

glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

A

part of renal corpuscle; double-walled cuplike structure that encircles glomerulus; within filtration stage of urine production, waste products filtered from blood enter capsule as glomerular filtrate.

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25
glomerulus
ball of capillaries encased by Bowman's capsule; within filtration stage of urine production, wastes filtered from blood leave glomerulus capillaries and enter Bowman's capsule.
26
afferent arteriole
arteriole that carries blood into glomerulus
27
efferent arteriole
arteriole that carries blood away from glomerulus
28
proximal convoluted tubule
portion of renal tubule
29
nephron loop
portion of renal tubule; also called loop of Henle
30
distal convoluted tubule
portion of renal tubule
31
collecting tubule
portion of renal tubule
32
rugae
prominent folds in mucosa of the urinary bladder that allow for stretch
33
urination
release of urine from urinary bladder; also called micturition or voiding
34
internal sphincter
ring of involuntary muscle that keeps urine within bladder
35
external sphincter
ring of voluntary muscle that controls emptying of urine from bladder
36
urinary meatus
external opening of urethra
37
homeostasis
steady state or state of balance within body; kidneys assist in maintaining this
38
electrolyte
chemical compound that separated into charged particles or ionizes, in solution
39
What do kidneys regulate?
balance of water in the body, electrolytes, pH,
40
filtration
first stage of urine production during which waste products are filtered from blood
41
reabsorption
second phase of urine production; substances needed by body are reabsorbed as filtrate passes through kidney tubules
42
secretion
third phase of urine production; additional waste products are added to filtrate as it passes through kidney tubules
43
glomerular filtrate
product of filtration stage of urine production; water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and toxins that are filtered from blood passing through glomerulus; filtrate enters Bowman's capsule
44
peritubular capillaries
capillary bed surrounding renal tubules
45
nitrogenous wastes
waste products that contain nitrogen; products such as ammonia and urea, are produced during protein metabolism
46
albumin
protein normally found circulating in bloodstream; it is abnormal for it to be in urine
47
urinalysis (U/A, UA)
laboratory test consisting of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
48
specific gravity (SG, sp. gr.)
characteristic of urine that indicates amount of dissolved substances in urine
49
normal color
straw-colored, pale yellow to deep gold
50
normal odor
aromatic
51
normal appearance
clear
52
normal specific gravity
1.001-1.030
53
normal pH
5.0-8.0
54
normal protein
negative to trace
55
normal glucose, ketones, and blood
none
56
abnormal color
color varies depending on patient's fluid intake and output or medication; brown or black urine color indicates a serious disease process
57
abnormal odor
fetid or foul odor may indicate infection, while fruity odor may be found in diabetes mellitus, dehydration, or starvation; other odors may be due to medication or foods
58
abnormal appearance
cloudiness may mean that infection is present
59
abnormal specific gravity
concentrated urine has a higher gravity; dilute urine, such as can be found with diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, or salt-restricted diets, has a lower gravity
60
abnormal pH
value below 7 (acidic) is common in urinary tract infections, metabolic or respiratory acidosis, diets high in fruits or vegetables, or administration of some drugs; pH higher than 7 (base or alkaline) is common in metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, fever, high-protein diets, and taking ascorbic acid
61
abnormal protein
protein in urine indicates glomerulonephritis or preeclampsia in a pregnant woman
62
abnormal glucose
small amounts of glucose present may be a result of eating a high-carbohydrate meal, stress, pregnancy, medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids; higher levels may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, Crushing's syndrome, or infection
63
abnormal ketones
presence of ketones may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, dehydration, starvation, or ingestion of large amounts of aspirin
64
abnormal blood
blood may indicate glomerulonephritis, cancer of urinary tract, some types of anemia, medications (blood thinners), arsenic poisoning, reactions to transfusion, trauma, burns, and convulsions
65
azot/o
nitrogenous waste
66
bacteri/o
bacteria
67
bi/o
life
68
carcin/o
cancer
69
corpor/o
body
70
cyst/o
bladder, pouch
71
glomerul/o
glomerulus
72
glycos/o
sugar
73
hem/o
blood
74
hemat/o
blood
75
hydr/o
water
76
iatr/o
medicine
77
idi/o
distinctive
78
keton/o
ketones
79
lith/o
stone
80
meat/o
meatus
81
necr/o
death
82
nephr/o
kidney
83
neur/o
nerve
84
noct/i
night
85
olig/o
scanty
86
peritone/o
peritoneum
87
protein/o
protein
88
py/o
pus
89
pyel/o
renal pelvis
90
ren/o
kidney
91
tox/o
poison
92
ur/o
urine
93
ureter/o
ureter
94
urethr/o
urethra
95
urin/o
urine
96
ven/o
vein
97
-al
pertaining to
98
-algia
pain
99
-ar
pertaining to
100
-ary
pertaining to
101
-cele
protrusion
102
-eal
pertaining to
103
-ectasis
dilated
104
-ectomy
surgical removal
105
-emia
blood condition
106
-genic
producing
107
-gram
record
108
-graphy
process of recording
109
-ic
pertaining to
110
-itis
inflammation
111
-lith
stone
112
-lithiasis
condition of stones
113
-logy
study of
113
-lysis
to destroy (to break down)
114
-malacia
abnormal softening
114
-megaly
enlarged
115
-meter
instrument to measure
116
-oma
tumor
117
-ory
pertaining to
118
-osis
abnormal condition
119
-ostomy
surgically create an opening
120
-otomy
cutting into
121
-ous
pertaining to
122
-pathy
disease
123
-pexy
surgical fixation
124
-plasty
surgical repair
125
-ptosis
drooping
126
-rrhagia
abnormal glow condition
127
-sclerosis
hardening
128
-scope
instrument to visually examine
129
-scopy
process of visually examining
130
-stenosis
narrowing
131
-tic
pertaining to
132
-tripsy
surgical crushing
133
-uria
urine condition
134
an-
without
135
anti-
against
136
dys-
painful, difficult
137
extra-
outside of
138
intra-
within
139
poly-
many
140
retro-
backward
141
cystic
pertaining to bladder
142
glomerular
pertaining to a glomerulus
143
meatal
pertaining to meatus
144
pyelitic
pertaining to renal pelvis
145
renal
pertaining to kidney
146
ureteral
pertaining to ureter
147
urethral
pertaining to urethra
148
urinary
pertaining to urine
149
nephrology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kdiney
150
urology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system
151
anuria
completer suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion
152
azotemia
accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood
153
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
154
cystalgia
urinary bladder pain
155
cystolith
bladder stone
156
cystorrhagia
abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder
157
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
158
glycosuria
presence of sugar in the urine
159
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
160
ketonuria
presence of ketones in urine; occurs when body burns fat instead of glucose for energy
161
nephrolith
kidney stone
162
nephromalacia
kidney is abnormally soft
163
nephromegaly
kidney is enlarged
164
nephrosclerosis
kidney tissue has become hardened
165
nocturia
having to urinate frequently during the night
166
oliguria
producing too little urine
167
polyuria
producing unusually large volume of urine
168
proteinuria
presence of protein in urine
169
pyuria
presence of pus in urine
170
uremia
accumulation of waste products in bloodstream
171
ureterectasis
ureter is stretched out or dilated
172
ureterolith
stone in the ureter
173
ureterostenosis
ureter has become narrow
174
urethralgia
urethral pain
175
urethrorrhagia
abnormal bleeding from the urethra
176
urethrostenosis
urethra has become narrow
177
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the kidney (primarily the glomerulus); since the glomerular membrane is inflamed, it becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate; results in protein in urine
178
hydronephrosis
distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney
179
nephritis
kidney inflammation
180
nephrolithiasis
presence of stones in the kidney; usually begins with solidification of salts present in urine
181
nephroma
kidney tumor
182
nephropathy
kidney disease
183
nephroptosis
downward displacement of the kidney out its normal location
184
polycystic kidneys
formation of multiple cysts within kidney tissue
185
pyelitis
renal pelvis inflammation
186
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
187
renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
188
cystitis
urinary bladder inflammation
189
cystocele
protrusion of the urinary bladder into wall of the vagina
190
neurogenic bladder
loss of nervous control that leads to retention
191
urinometer
instrument to measure specific gravity of urine; part of urinalysis
192
cystogram
x-ray record of the urinary bladder
193
cystography
process of instilling contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray
194
intravenous pyelography
diagnostic x-ray procedure in which dye is injected into vein and then x-rays are taken to visualize the renal pelvis as dye is removed by the kidney
195
nephrogram
x-ray record of the kidney
196
pyelogram
x-ray record of the renal pelvis
197
cystoscope
instrument used to visually examine inside of the urinary bladder
198
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument
199
urethroscope
instrument to visually examine inside of the urethra
200
cystectomy
surgical removal of the urinary bladder
201
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the urinary bladder
202
cystoplasty
to repair a defect in the urinary bladder by surgical means
203
cystostomy
to surgically create opening into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall
204
cystotomy
to cut into the urinary bladder
205
lithotomy
to cut into an organ for purpose of removing a stone
206
lithotripsy
physical destruction of a stone in urinary system by crushing or sound waves
207
meatotomy
to cut into the meatus in order to enlarge opening of the urethra
208
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
209
nephrolithotomy
to cut into the kidney in order to remove stones
210
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position
211
nephrostomy
to surgically create an opening into the kidney through the abdominal wall
212
nephrotomy
to cut into the kidney
213
pyeloplasty
to repair the renal pelvis by surgical means
214
iatrogenic
usually unfavorable response resulting from physician's actions, taking of medication or a treatment
215
antibiotic
used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract
216
ARF
acute renal failure; inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia
217
cath
catheterization; insertion of tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye
218
U/A, UA
urinalysis
219
KUB
kidneys, ureters, bladder; x-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye
220
BUN
blood urea nitrogen; blood test to measure kidney function by level of nitrogenous waste (urea) in the blood
221
ESWL
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; use of ultrasound waves from outside the body to break up stones, not invasive surgery
222
CRF
chronic renal failure; inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia
223
H20
water
224
K+
potassium
225
Na+
sodium
226
UTI
urinary tract infection; infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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