MED107 Flashcards
(219 cards)
1
Q
What do Latin words typically describe in medical terminology?
A
Anatomy and physiological functions
2
Q
What do Greek words typically describe in medical terminology?
A
Clinical and pathological terminology
3
Q
What does the prefix ‘Electro-‘ refer to in medical terms?
A
Electricity
4
Q
What is the combining vowel commonly used in medical terminology?
A
o
5
Q
What does the word root ‘cardi-‘ refer to?
A
Heart
6
Q
What does the suffix ‘-gram’ mean?
A
A record or recording
7
Q
What is an eponym?
A
A term named after the person who first identified a disease or developed a technique
8
Q
Give an example of an eponym in medical terminology.
A
Alzheimer’s disease
9
Q
What is the meaning of the prefix ‘sub-‘?
A
Under
10
Q
What does ‘sublingual’ mean?
A
Under the tongue
11
Q
What does the prefix ‘post-‘ indicate?
A
After
12
Q
What does ‘postoperative’ mean?
A
After surgery
13
Q
What does the prefix ‘mono-‘ indicate?
A
One or single
14
Q
What is a monocyte?
A
A type of white blood cell with a single nucleus
15
Q
What does the prefix ‘tachy-‘ mean?
A
Fast
16
Q
What is tachycardia?
A
Abnormally fast heart rate
17
Q
What does the prefix ‘end-‘ indicate?
A
Within or inside
18
Q
What does ‘endarterial’ refer to?
A
Pertaining to within an artery
19
Q
What does the prefix ‘neo-‘ mean?
A
New
20
Q
What is neonatology?
A
The study of disorders of the newborn
21
Q
What does the prefix ‘dys-‘ mean?
A
Bad, difficult, or painful
22
Q
What is dysphagia?
A
Difficulty swallowing
23
Q
What does ‘eu-‘ mean?
A
Good, normal, well, or easy
24
Q
What is euphoria?
A
Feeling of well-being
25
What does the prefix 'inter-' indicate?
Between or among
26
What is an example of a term using 'inter-'?
Intercostal (between ribs)
27
What does the prefix 'intra-' mean?
Within or inside
28
What is intravenous?
Within a vein
29
What does the prefix 'hyper-' indicate?
Excessive or above
30
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
31
What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean?
Under or below
32
What is hypothermia?
Body temperature below normal
33
What does the prefix 'ab-' indicate?
Toward or in the direction of
34
What does 'abduct' mean?
Away from the midline
35
What does the prefix 'ad-' indicate?
Toward
36
What does 'adduction' mean?
Movement toward the midline
37
What does the prefix 'super-' or 'supra-' mean?
Above or excessive
38
What is an example of a term using 'super-'?
Supraspinatus (muscle above spine of scapula)
39
What does the prefix 'pre-' indicate?
Before
40
What does 'prenatal' mean?
Before birth
41
What does the prefix 'non-' mean?
Not
42
What is noninvasive?
Not involving skin penetration
43
What does the prefix 'contra-' mean?
Against or opposite
44
What is a contraindication?
Indicated against or should not be done
45
What does 'transdermal' mean?
Through the skin
46
What does 'misdiagnosis' mean?
Incorrect diagnosis
47
What is a word root?
Fundamental part of a word that contains its primary meaning
48
What does 'erythrocyte' mean?
Mature red blood cell
49
What does the word root 'poli/o' mean?
Gray
50
What does 'cyan/o' refer to?
Blue
51
What is gastr/o?
Stomach
52
What is dermat/o?
Skin
53
What is rhin/o?
Nose
54
What is hepat/o?
Liver
55
What is the combining vowel typically used?
o
56
When are combining vowels used?
Between two root words or between a root word and a suffix that begins with a consonant
57
When should combining vowels not be used?
When the suffix begins with a vowel
58
What is the suffix '-ectomy' mean?
Surgical removal
59
What does the suffix '-itis' refer to?
Inflammation
60
What does '-algia' mean?
Pain and suffering
61
What does '-megaly' mean?
Enlargement
62
What does '-oma' refer to?
Tumor or mass
63
What does '-rrhage' or '-rrhagia' indicate?
Excessive flow of blood
64
What does '-stenosis' mean?
Abnormal narrowing
65
What is the process for dissecting medical terms?
Start with the suffix, then prefix, and finally the word root(s)
66
What does 'hysterosalpingooopherectomy' refer to?
Surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
67
What is the rule for forming plural endings in medical terminology?
Follow specific rules based on the term
68
What are some commonly used symbols in medical terminology?
* +: Positive
* -: Negative
* ↑: Increased
* ↓: Decreased
* #: Number or fracture
* @: At
69
What does 'IV' stand for?
Intravenous
70
What does 'NPO' mean?
Nothing by mouth
71
What does 'PRN' stand for?
As needed
72
What does 'STAT' indicate?
Immediately
73
What is an acronym?
A word formed from the initial letters of a phrase
74
What does 'AIDS' stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
75
What is the meaning of 'acute' in medical terms?
Rapid onset and short, severe course
76
What is 'autolysis'?
Self-digestion or self-destruction of cells or tissues
77
What does 'chronic' describe?
A condition that is long-lasting and persistent
78
What is the process of identifying diseases called?
Diagnosis
79
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joints
## Footnote
Arthritis can lead to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.
80
What is arthroscopy?
A procedure to examine and treat the inside of a joint using a small camera
## Footnote
Arthroscopy is often used for diagnostic and surgical purposes.
81
Define autoimmune.
Relating to a condition in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues
## Footnote
Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
82
What is autolysis?
Self-digestion or self-destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes
## Footnote
This process can occur post-mortem or in certain pathological conditions.
83
Define cardiomyopathy.
Disease of the heart muscle
## Footnote
It can lead to heart failure and other complications.
84
What does chronic describe?
A condition that is long-lasting and persistent, often lasting for months or years
## Footnote
Chronic conditions include diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
85
What is the process of diagnosis?
Identification of disease(s)
## Footnote
Diagnosis often involves clinical evaluation and diagnostic testing.
86
What is differential diagnosis?
Process of distinguishing a disease or condition from others that present with similar symptoms
## Footnote
It is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
87
What are diverticula?
Small pouch(es) in the intestine
## Footnote
Diverticula can lead to diverticulitis if inflamed.
88
Define edema.
Swelling
## Footnote
Edema can be caused by various conditions, including heart failure and kidney disease.
89
What does endarterial pertain to?
Within an artery
## Footnote
Endarterial procedures may involve the removal of plaque from arteries.
90
Define eponym.
A term derived from the name of a person, often a scientist or physician, associated with a particular condition, discovery, or technique
## Footnote
Examples include Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
91
What is erythema?
Redness
## Footnote
Erythema can be a sign of inflammation or infection.
92
Define erythrocyte.
Mature red blood cell
## Footnote
Erythrocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.
93
What is exudate?
Fluid that leaks from a wound
## Footnote
Exudate can indicate inflammation or infection.
94
Define fissure.
Groove or crack-like sore
## Footnote
Fissures can occur in various tissues, including skin and mucous membranes.
95
What is a fistula?
Abnormal passage between two organs or organ to surface of body
## Footnote
Fistulas can result from injury, surgery, or disease.
96
What is a ganglion?
Nerve cell body or cluster of bodies
## Footnote
Ganglia are important in transmitting nerve signals.
97
Define gastalgia.
Stomachache
## Footnote
Gastalgia can have various causes, including gastritis and ulcers.
98
What is gastroenteritis?
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
## Footnote
Gastroenteritis is often caused by infections or foodborne illnesses.
99
What does gastrology study?
The study of the stomach
## Footnote
Gastrology is a subset of gastroenterology.
100
Define hepatocyte.
Liver cell
## Footnote
Hepatocytes play a key role in metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis.
101
What is hepatomegaly?
Abnormal enlargement of the liver
## Footnote
Hepatomegaly can indicate liver disease or other systemic conditions.
102
Define hyperthermia.
Heat
## Footnote
Hyperthermia can be dangerous and requires medical intervention.
103
What is a hysterosalpingooopherectomy?
Complete hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries)
## Footnote
This surgery is often performed to treat various gynecological conditions.
104
What is the ileum?
Last and longest portion of the small intestine
## Footnote
The ileum is crucial for nutrient absorption.
105
Define ilium.
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
## Footnote
The ilium forms part of the pelvis.
106
What are indices?
Measurement(s)
## Footnote
Indices are used in various scientific and statistical contexts.
107
What is an infection?
Invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism
## Footnote
Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
108
Define inflammation.
A localized response to injury or destruction of tissues
## Footnote
Inflammation is part of the body's immune response.
109
What does interstitial refer to?
Pertaining to the spaces within a tissue or organ, particularly the small spaces between cells
## Footnote
Interstitial fluid is the fluid found in these spaces.
110
Define laceration.
A torn or jagged wound or cut
## Footnote
Lacerations can vary in severity and may require medical treatment.
111
What does LASER stand for?
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
## Footnote
LASER technology is used in various fields including medicine and communication.
112
What is a lesion?
Pathologic change of the tissue due to disease or injury
## Footnote
Lesions can be benign or malignant.
113
Define lithotomy.
Surgical removal of a stone OR a patient position where the individual lies on their back with the legs flexed at the hips and knees
## Footnote
Lithotomy is commonly used in surgical procedures.
114
What does malaise refer to?
General discomfort or uneasiness
## Footnote
Malaise is often a symptom of an underlying condition.
115
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninx/meninges
## Footnote
Meningitis can be viral or bacterial and requires prompt treatment.
116
Define monocyte.
A white blood cell with a single nucleus
## Footnote
Monocytes play a role in the immune response.
117
What does mucous refer to?
Membranes that line the body cavities
## Footnote
Mucous membranes help protect and lubricate tissues.
118
What is mucus?
Fluid secreted by mucous membranes
## Footnote
Mucus traps pathogens and particles, aiding in protection.
119
What is neonatology?
The study of disorders of the newborn
## Footnote
Neonatology focuses on the care of premature and sick newborns.
120
What does otolaryngology specialize in?
Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT)
## Footnote
This branch also addresses related structures of the head and neck.
121
Define palpation.
Technique of examining parts of the body by feeling with the hands to detect abnormalities
## Footnote
Palpation is a key part of physical examinations.
122
What does palpitation refer to?
Pounding or racing heart
## Footnote
Palpitations can be caused by anxiety, stress, or medical conditions.
123
Define phalanx.
Finger or toe bone(s)
## Footnote
Phalanges are crucial for hand and foot movement.
124
What is poliomyelitis?
Viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord, more commonly known as Polio
## Footnote
Polio can lead to paralysis and requires vaccination for prevention.
125
What does postoperative refer to?
After surgery
## Footnote
Postoperative care is crucial for recovery.
126
Define prefix.
A word element placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning
## Footnote
In medical terminology, prefixes often indicate location, time, number, or status.
127
What is a prognosis?
Likely course and outcome of a disease or condition, including the chances of recovery
## Footnote
Prognosis is essential for patient management.
128
Define pyrosis.
Heartburn
## Footnote
Pyrosis can result from acid reflux.
129
What is remission?
Period during which the symptoms of a disease reduce or disappear entirely
## Footnote
Remission can occur in chronic diseases like cancer.
130
What is sarcolemma?
The cell membrane surrounding a muscle fiber
## Footnote
The sarcolemma plays a vital role in muscle contraction.
131
Define sign in a medical context.
Objective indication of a disease or condition observed by a healthcare professional
## Footnote
Signs are measurable and observable.
132
What does sublingual mean?
Under the tongue
## Footnote
Sublingual medications are absorbed quickly into the bloodstream.
133
Define supination.
Rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is forward or upward
## Footnote
Supination is the opposite of pronation.
134
What is suppuration?
Formation of pus
## Footnote
Suppuration usually indicates an infection.
135
Define symptom.
Subjective indication of a disease or condition experienced and reported by the patient
## Footnote
Symptoms are not measurable and vary from patient to patient.
136
What is a syndrome?
A set of signs and symptoms occurring together
## Footnote
Syndromes can help in diagnosing various conditions.
137
What does tachycardia refer to?
Abnormally fast heart rate
## Footnote
Tachycardia can be caused by stress, exercise, or medical conditions.
138
Define trauma.
Wound or injury
## Footnote
Trauma can be physical or psychological.
139
What is triage?
Medical screening of patients
## Footnote
Triage is essential in emergency medicine.
140
Define vertebra.
Backbone(s)
## Footnote
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord and support the body.
141
What does viral pertain to?
Pertaining to a virus
## Footnote
Viral infections require specific treatments, often antiviral medications.
142
What does virile mean?
Having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male
## Footnote
Virility is often associated with masculinity and reproductive health.
143
What is the role of water (H₂O) in living organisms?
Universal solvent, temperature regulation, transport, hydration
## Footnote
Water makes up about 60-70% of the human body.
144
Define carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Naturally occurring gas in the Earth's atmosphere
## Footnote
CO₂ is crucial for plant life and cellular respiration.
145
What is molecular oxygen (O₂)?
Gas essential for aerobic respiration and energy production
## Footnote
O₂ is produced by plants during photosynthesis.
146
What is ammonia (NH₃)?
Colorless gas with a pungent smell, a byproduct of protein and nucleic acid metabolism
## Footnote
Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver for excretion.
147
What are mineral salts?
Ions that help maintain cellular homeostasis
## Footnote
Examples include sodium chloride and potassium ions.
148
What is the role of carbohydrates?
Energy source, storage, structural support
## Footnote
Carbohydrates are vital for metabolic processes.
149
Define lipids.
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
## Footnote
Lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
150
What is the function of proteins?
Building blocks of tissues, enzymes, and hormones
## Footnote
Proteins are essential for numerous biological functions.
151
What are nucleic acids?
Molecules that store and transmit genetic information
## Footnote
DNA and RNA are key examples of nucleic acids.
152
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of the cell
## Footnote
ATP is crucial for energy transfer in cellular processes.
153
What is the structural role of cellulose in plants?
Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.
154
What are the main roles of lipids?
Energy storage, membrane structure, hormone production.
155
What are the types of lipids?
* Fats
* Phospholipids
* Steroids
156
What is the function of triglycerides?
Fats and oils used for long-term energy storage.
157
What is the role of phospholipids?
Form cell membranes.
158
What do steroids include?
* Hormones like testosterone
* Cholesterol
159
What is the primary function of proteins?
Enzymes, structural support, transport, defense.
160
What are the types of proteins?
* Structural proteins
* Enzymes
* Transport proteins
* Antibodies
161
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
162
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The local folding of the polypeptide chain into structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets.
163
What is the role of enzymes?
Catalysts in the body that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
164
What is the function of transport proteins?
Carry substances, e.g., hemoglobin transports oxygen.
165
What do nucleic acids store?
Genetic information.
166
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
* DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
* RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
167
What is the structure of DNA?
A double-stranded helical chain made up of nucleotides.
168
What are the nucleotides in DNA?
* Adenine (A)
* Guanine (G)
* Thymine (T)
* Cytosine (C)
169
What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Energy currency of the cell.
170
What is the structure of ATP?
Consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
171
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
172
What factors affect diffusion?
* Temperature
* Concentration difference
* Surface area
* Distance
173
What is osmosis?
The passive movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
174
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, using energy (ATP).
175
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A pump that moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
176
What is the pH scale?
Measures how acidic or basic a solution is on a scale of 0 to 14.
177
What pH level is considered neutral?
A pH of 7.
178
What are buffers?
Substances that help maintain a stable pH in a solution.
179
What pH do most plants prefer for optimal growth?
Slightly acidic to neutral pH (6-7).
180
What is the difference between acidic and basic solutions on the pH scale?
* Acidic: pH 0-6.9
* Basic: pH 7.1-14
181
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.
182
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.
183
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
184
What does hydrolysis involve?
A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down larger molecules.
185
What is the significance of pH in enzyme function?
Enzymes have an optimal pH range in which they function best.
186
What happens to blood pH if it deviates from 7.4?
It can harm oxygen transport and other vital functions.
187
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak connection between molecules involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
188
What are purine bases?
Nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids with a double-ring structure, such as adenine and guanine.
189
What are pyrimidine bases?
Nitrogenous bases with a single-ring structure, such as thymine and cytosine.
190
What is pH a measure of?
Acidity and alkalinity, determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the solution
191
What is a proton?
A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
192
What are purine bases?
A type of nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure; in DNA and RNA, they are adenine (A) and guanine (G)
193
What are pyrimidine bases?
A type of nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure; in DNA, they are thymine (T) and cytosine (C), and in RNA, uracil (U) and cytosine (C)
194
What does the modern cell theory state?
* All living things are made up of one or more cells
* Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
* All cells arise from preexisting cells through cell division
195
What are the two major categories of cells?
* Prokaryotic cells
* Eukaryotic cells
196
What are prokaryotic cells?
Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
197
What are eukaryotic cells?
Complex cells with a true nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes
198
What types of eukaryotic cells exist?
* Animal cells
* Plant cells
* Fungal cells
* Protist cells
199
How many chromosomes do eukaryotic cells in humans have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
200
What is protein synthesis?
The process of making proteins, where tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome
201
What role do anticodons play in protein synthesis?
They match with codons on the mRNA strand to ensure the correct amino acid is added
202
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Provides a protective barrier, regulates entry and exit of substances, and aids in cell signaling
203
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane, creating a semi-permeable membrane
204
What are integral proteins?
Proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane
205
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane that provide structural support and aid in cell signaling
206
What role do carbohydrates play in the cell membrane?
They are involved in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion
207
What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability
208
What is cytoplasm?
A gel-like substance inside the cell that includes everything between the nucleus and the cell membrane
209
What is cytosol?
The liquid part of the cytoplasm, mostly made of water, where many essential chemical reactions occur
210
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within the cytoplasm that have specific jobs to keep the cell alive
211
What is the function of mitochondria?
Produce energy for the cell
212
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
213
What do lysosomes do?
Break down waste materials and cellular debris
214
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Store nutrients, waste products, or water and help maintain the cell's rigidity
215
What are solutions in the cytoplasm?
Substances like mineral salts dissolved in water, creating evenly spread particles
216
What are colloids?
Larger molecules like proteins and fats that do not dissolve in water but stay suspended in it
217
What are polar molecules?
Molecules like water that have regions of slight positive and negative charge, allowing them to dissolve other polar substances
218
What are nonpolar molecules?
Molecules without charged regions that do not dissolve in water and form colloidal suspensions
219
