Media Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Mass Media
A
Technology involved in communicating with large mass audience without any personal contact e.g. TV & phones
2
Q
Traditional media
A
Little consumer choice beyond a few TV channels/radio stations/newspapers. Physical & 1 way process to a large audience/books/newspapers, BBC 1 & 2, ITV 1
3
Q
New Media
A
Digital technology e.g. phone
4
Q
The digital revolution
A
How the internet & digital tech, moving towards electronic & dig to access media
5
Q
Convergence
A
How all the different types of media is accessed through 1 device
6
Q
Compression
A
Mass amounts of data can be compressed, large amount of news can be put through your device
7
Q
Narrowcasting
A
broadcasting to a narrow audience
8
Q
interactivity
A
all media allows you to interact with the media audience, interacting with media e.g. red button
9
Q
Participatory culture
A
Always participating with other people with the media & media itself e.g. online gaming
10
Q
Media saturation
A
Media becoming important sources of information, entertainment /7 leisure activity for large no. of people & have become agencies of secondary socialisation & informal education
11
Q
Female stereotypes in the media (WAG)
A
Concerned with beauty, love , romance, sexually attractive, they want to get & keep a man
12
Q
Female stereotypes in media (The sex object)
A
Slim, sexually seductive, scantily clad figure aimed at then as objects of male fantasy
13
Q
Female stereotypes in media ( the supermum)
A
Happy housewife of part time worker, mainly concerned with child rearing, housework, keeping family together
14
Q
Female stereotypes in media (The angel)
A
‘good’, displays little sexuality & is sensitive & domesticated, supports her man,
15
Q
Female stereotypes in media ( The ball breaker)
A
Who is sexually active, strong, selfish, independent ambitions & career minded & depended on men
16
Q
Female stereotypes in media (The victim)
A
In many horror movies & crime & TV programmes with men as both causes of their problem & their saviour
17
Q
Gauntlett - Diversity of media & audience means there will be no overriding message about gender
A
Sociological analysis need to be cautious diversity of media
Ideologically messages that are transmitted reflect similar perspectives on gender
18
Q
Tunstall - Limited roles for women
A
Emphasises women’s domestic, sexual consumer & exclusion of all else
19
Q
Tuchman - Symbolic annihilation
A
Women’s achievements often not reported/condemned/trivialised by mass media
20
Q
Gallagher - Women in decorative role, softer stories, rarely as experts
A
Activities of women were rarely seen as news worthy compared to men
21
Q
Duncan and Messner - Different language used to describe male & female athletes
A
Commentators use different language talking about female athletes e.g. girls instead of women
22
Q
Bristol Fawcett society - only 30% of characters CBeebies in 2008 were women
A
Presenters were majority male, all story narrators were male
23
Q
Dietz - No female characters in 41% of games & were sex objects in 28%
A
21% of women were victims of male violence
24
Q
Ferguson - Cult of femininity
A
Are moving away gradually from stereotypes still focus on him, home & looking good, not much has changed
25
Winship - Women's magazines have a supportive & positive role
Presents women with a broader option, take problems that have been ignored
26
Wolf - The beauty myth
Images of women used by media, present a beauty ideal, transmit strong ideological message
27
Cumberbatch - Women have a passive 'decorative' role in advertising
Being attractive, features in 2/3 female description in media & women occupy a passive role
28
Mulvey - The Male gaze
Camera lenses eye up female characters providing men with pleasure
29
Orbach - slimness=happiness
Media can create anxieties in young females regarding body image & identity
30
Becker - TV in Fiji
Appearance of eating disorders in Fiji after introduction of wester TV
31
Gill - Adverts can empower women but still reinforce the 'beauty myth'
Most women out of adverts, feature in most predictable templates of male sexual fantasies
32
Wilkinson - 'Genderquake'
Aspirations have dramatically changed
33
Gauntlett - 21st century media having positive impact on women's identities
Self confidence, tough, intelligent female lead characters
34
Friske - Media reinforces dominate male ideology
Despite positive changes, assert female values where patriarchal values dominate
35
Semiotics
Interpretations of signs & symbols for their meaning
36
Content analysis
To analyse content of media
37
Quantitative content anylysis
Count the amount of times a thing happens
38
Qualitative content analysis
Overall view of messages coming across
39
Killbourne - Killing us softly
754% increase in non surgical treatments e.g. Botox
40
Masculine myth
Masculinity is based on strength/aggression, most cannot achieve this myth
41
The 'new' man
Men were more interested in showing their caring side/emotions, looking after kids
42
Metrosexual male
Man who takes care of his appearance, hair products & beauty products
43
Retributive masculinity
New masculinity is about getting revenge on women taking back control, going back to traditional masculine ideas
44
Children now - Boys perceptions of media representations matched hegemonic ideas of masculinity
*Men & boys attention kept on girls
*Hegemonic ideas of masculinity
*Dominate mass media
45
Tunstall - Media rarely focuses on men's marital/domestic roles
*Fathers lack contact with their kids, leads to social problems
46
Easthope - The masculine myth
*Hollywood action hero-many try to reach this but cannot achieve it, its a myth
47
Mort - The metrosexual male
*Rise in men's fashion magazines, skincare, beauty products, reflect changes in masculine attitudes
48
Rutherford - More feminized images, response to feminism
*Express men's repressed emotions, aim to reveal more female response
49
Edwards - New images to sell products to men
*Used to sell products for advertisers
50
Gauntlett - Magazines celebrate traditional male success & relegate women to background
*Performance of masculinity is stressed
51
Rutherford - Retributive masculinity
*Media images of the new man partly in response to feminism, revealing feminine side
52
Collier - Contradictory views of masculinity
*Contradictory in representations=define traditional ideas, relegate women to background
53
Whannel - David Beckham's dual aspect of masculinity
*He represents both, metrosexual male
*Media are contradictory on how they represent them
54
Inferential Racism
Coverage seems balanced but is based on racist assumptions
55
Van Dijk - Media representations of minority & majority groups
*No. of stereotypes are used to portray black individuals
*Criminal
*Dependent
*Unimportant
*A threat
*Abnormal
56
Malik - minority dissatisfaction with media representations & alternative media improvements
White vies thought they were represented well, minority group thought opposite
57
Barker - Respresentations of ethnic minorities in soap operas
Representative, but minority characters tend to be in stereotypical jobs
58
Hall - Inferential racism
No direct racism, however can infere racism, hinted racism can pick up upon it
59
Hall - 'Black mugger'
Media creates moral panic
New strones from the media, led to more black people being arrested for 'mugging'
60
Back - Inner cityrace disturbances often catergosied as riots
Increase in reports about ethnic minorities, traditional & ethnic minorities are criminals
61
62
Zylinkska - Moral panic over 'gangster rap' initiated by the Home Secretary
Appaled by lytics in rap, associated with gang culture
63
Best & Keller - Rap is form of cultural identity and has ambiviolent effects
Rap articuluates experiences & conditions of young black children
64
REACH Report - Media portrayal of blakc youths focused on violence negatively affecting self-image
Violence as response to media's unrepresentation of black youth boys
65
Philo & Beattle - Moral panics often focus on asylum seekers & immergrants
Moral panics arise from representation of immergrants
66
Amen - Demonization of British Muslims
Language of journalists, linking terrorism to muslims
67
Pambazaka - media creates myths about africa
CReates myths & blaming people for situations
68
BBC - Ethnic minorities had limited roles, were invisible & roles lacked realism
Better represented as news reporters & TV journalists
69
SOCIAL CLASS
Dood & Dood - change & continuity of working class characters in Eastenders
Combine nostalgic portrayals of working class community
70
Newman - very few sitcoms, films & TV drama accuratly repressent working class life
When they are portrayed it is in an unflattering and pitterful way
71
Deverux - working class characters fall into 2 catergories
Happy & deserving
negative on benefits
72
Jones - Demonization of the working class
Chav, condemns working class, portrayals in negative way, sum of earth
73
Golding & Middleton - Demonization of the underclass has led to welfare cultures
Only seen as news worthy when connected with crime/other issues
74
Price - Poverty Porn
Exploiting working class & underclass for the middle class
75
Nairn - Royal family seen as nation's, rarely criticised
Influenced the royal family in a perfect way
76
Reiner - Wealth is celebrated & seen as rewards of meritocratic society
People of wealth show examples of success
77
AGE
Heintz & Knowles - Kids & Television
Representations containing a no. of stereotypes & that the programming reflects an adults perspective on kids & their interests
78
Postman - Entertainment has affected childhood as stage of life
Kids & adults share same music, sport, language, literature, films & media, prematurely sexualises kids
79
Osgerby - Youth as trouble
Youth is trouble, reflects wider culture development
80
Landis - One dimensional portrayals of older people
Identified a no. of 1D portrayals of older people in TV & films, grumpy old man, feisty old lady
81
Cuddy & Fiske - Only 1.5% of US TV programmes has elderly characters
Minor roles of older people, figures of fun
82
Milner et al - Find a balance view of aging is missing
Support Cuddy & Fiske, reflects challenges of getting older
83
Carrigan & Szmigin - grey pound means of advertising create more positive reps of older people
Increase in positive images of aging, positive role models for older people
84
Biggs - Evidence of change of continuity in reps of older people
Change & continuity in reps, good nos. of old people, negative in soap operas
85
Newman - Age isn't the only factor on what impacts on media portrayals of older people
Age isn't the only factor, upper & middle class, high status
86
MARXISM
Dumbing Down
Act of making something simple & easier for people to understand, make it more popular, as they don't understand the real problem
87
MARXISM
False Consciousness
Way of thinking that prevents a person from understanding the true nature of their social/economic situation
88
MARXISM
Miliband - Media creates false picture of reality to present capitalism in a positive way
Small numbers of capitalists own the media & put across ruling class ideology
89
Criticisms of Marxism
-Only focusing on social class, ignoring other forms of inequality
-Role of media owners as a united groups when they are in competition with each other
-Choice of media, who & what we watch
90
Pluralists criticism of Marxism
-Ignore wide range of representations of the media, including those of power groups in society
91
Postmodernists criticism of Marxism
-Increasingly difficult to identify specific social groups in society
-Class is no longer as important as a source of identity so no clear way of identifying members of different social classes
92
NEO-MARXISM
Hegemony
Explains how the ruling class are able to control the working class without coercion/force, control of ideas
93
Neo-Marxism explanation of inequality
Working class understand there is inequality, but are worn down over time to accept it
94
For Neo-Marxists its the media professionals who control the media
-Media benefits ruling class, widespread dominant ideology is within society
-Media benefits owners, people are socialised into same values as media owners
-Owners can trust professional that they hire to maintain 'status-quo'
-Media professionals are under ideological influence of owners, they control what goes in media
95
Evaluation of Neo-Marxism
-Ignores significant improvements in representations of social groups
-Increasing no. of media available, more opportunities for social groups to be represented
-Media professionals from increasing diverse backgrounds
-Neo-Marxist research is praised for being very thorough
96
NEO-MARXISM
Gramsci - cultural hegemony
Ruling class established common sense, media controls 1 of several ways in which hegemonic control is established
97
NEO-MARXISM
The Sutton Trust - Journalists tend to be white, middle aged males
-over 50% went to private school
-only 7% of population attends private schools
98
NEO-MARXISM
Hall - Stereotypes of black people, minor ethnic groups reflect of unconscious racism
3 stereotypes=
Native-offering dignity, savagery
Slave-devoted, childlike, cunning, trustworthy
Clown-expressive, emotional, stupid
99
NEO-MARXISM
GMG (Philo) - Multiple research which suggests TV news reflects political leaders
Hysterical & inaccurate accounts act to legitimise political action which can have terrible consequences, both on lives of refugees & on established migrant communities
100
Pluralism
Suggest that there is no dominant ruling class, but no. competing groups with different interests. Owners don't directly control the content of the media, watch what they want to & don't watch what doesn't reflect interests
101
PLURALISM
Diversity & Choice
Media represents the diversity of views & lifestyles, people are able to choose which parts of the media they choose to access, range of ways that different views & representations can be expressed through the media
102
PLURALISM
Supply & Demand
The media supplies what audiences demands, media representations will develop to reflect change in society & demands of audiences
103
PLURALISM
the Fourth Estate
Fourth estate of democracy, role in protecting democracy, media monitors political process in order o make sure politicians don't abuse notion of free press is vital within democracy
104
Pluralist evaluation
-Ignores negative impact that media representations can have on social groups
-Ignores issues of power & control in the way media representations are constructed
-Ignores fact that media professionals come from a narrow range of social backgrounds
105
Neo-Marxist criticism of Pluralism
Argue that the media doesn't meet people's needs but creates needs & desires through things like advertising
106
Liberal Feminism
Change in accordance with women's achievements. Media representations tend to tag behind actual changes in society, increase in female media professionals, wide variety of roles for women in TV & film, include dominant characters
107
Radical Feminism
Little changes in gender representations, stereotypes remain widespread. Beauty mth, women should conform to what men want, believe that exists. See it as controlled by men, reflects dominance in key positions
108
Marxist Feminism
View representations of gender as products of patriarchy & capitalism, work together to maintain gender inequality, nothing will change until capitalism & patriarchy is overthrown. Promotes ideology /& reinforces conventional values & norms which support capitalism
Media is a capitalist society, represents men & women in stereotypical ways
109
Feminism Evaluation
-Compelling evidence about gender representations but how much has actually changed
-Lots of evidence that female representations in media still focused on attractiveness & physical appearance
-Women can resist ideology of femininity represented in the media
110
POSTMODERNISM
Bluring of Boundries
Between social groups, less clear divisions, no fix ideology about gender identity, media involve as amount portrayed
111
POSTMODERNISM
Truth is Relative
Only truth is true to you, is no 1 truth, everyone has a different truth
112
POSTMODERNISM
Globalisation
Has impact on media, broader range of lifestyles & identities, hybrid identities creates new identities
113
POSTMODERNISM
Incessant choice
Constant choice, never run out of choice
114
POSTMODERNISM
Disillusionment with the idea of progress
People who have given up on the idea of progress
115
POSTMODERNISM
Transformation of the self (pick 'n' mix identities)
People work on themselves choose to look like something that they have seen
116
POSTMODERNISM
Consumer culture
Our identities are based on what we consume
117
POSTMODERNISM
Uncertainty
Life is uncertain, confusion, look for our own solution
118
POSTMODERISM
Media saturaion
Media often, being drowned in the media, huge potential to shape identities
119
POSTMODERNISM
Hyper reality
No longer what is 'isn't' real, fact & fiction online fakes
Simulacra-simulated reality (Disney)
120
DIRRECT EFFECTS
Magic bullet theory
Media is like a syringe that injects messages into the audience penetrating the audience like a bullet
121
DIRECT EFFECTS
Copycat violence
You watch something & copy it
122
123
DIRECT EFFECTS
Gerbner-Violence in the media contributes to violent crime in real life
Having an impact on youth & crime
124
DIRECT EFFECTS
Dworkin-Pornography is harmful to women
Encouraging sexual violence & negative attitudes towards women
125
DIRECT EFFECTS
Packard-Magic bullet theory
Direct effect on audience, media affects, unable to resist the media messages
126
Evaluation of model
-Evidence is weak, no conclusive evidence either way that violence shown in media influences/changes people's behaviour
127
Anderson-effects of violence song lyrics
Effected attributes, of 500 collage students who were assigned to listen to violent songs
128
Halk-Direct effects of song lyrics on young adiences
Found significant increase in violence over years
129
Cumberbatch-No evidence either way to prove whether media influences behaviour
3500 studies into affects of screen violence
130
Buckingham-Children are very media literate
How kids interpret the media violence, kids are much more sophisticated in understanding media content
131
INDIRRECT EFFECTS
2 Step Flow Model
Opinion leaders, social relationships
132
Opinion leaders
People who read newspapers/watch news experts, people who we respect &look up to e.g. celebs, teachers
133
Social relationships
Who we interact with
134
Two Step Flow Model-Katz & Lazarfeld
-Opinion leaders take in media messages
-Opinion leaders transmit these on, within contest of social relationships
Behaviour is shaped through discussion/interpretation with the opinion leader, audience isn't entirely passive & media messages effects behaviour in an indirect way
135
INDIRRECT EFFECTS
Cultural Effects Model
Media affects the attitudes & behaviour of the different social groups in different ways, depending on their cultural background
Media affects aren't directed by are shaped by norm & values of audience
136
Preferred reading
Audience interprets media messages
137
Gramsci-Cultural hegemony
If you control the ideas, you control the people
138
Evaluation of Indirect Effects
-Difficult to measure the effect of media alone, compares to all other factors that influence an audience
-Some socially isolated may not be members of social networks so have no opinion leaders
-Possibly outdates as they underplayed way the audience can be active in their use of media
139
ACTIVE AUDIENCES
Uses & Gratification Model
Dominant reading
Audiences takes in meaning that media professionals intend they believe the message
140
Negotiated reading
Audiences mixes dominant reading with alternative ideas & meanings, slightly altered in relation to intended by professionals
141
Oppositional reading
Audience constructs a meaning that is totally different to the dominant reading intended by media professionals
142
McQuail-Uses & Gratification Model
Audience use the media for different reasons, not having direct affects, you choose how to use it & when
143
