Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs > mediastinum > Flashcards

mediastinum Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how is the mediastinum divided up?

A

superior and inferior (to an imaginary line through the sternal angle)

Inferior divided into anterior, middle and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

A 
superior - superior thoracic aperture 
lateral - pleura of the lungs 
anterior - sternum 
posterior - vertebral bodies T1-T4 
inferior - continuous with inferior mediastinum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum?

A 
SVC, left and right brachiocephalic veins 
Pulmonary artery 
aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian 
trachea 
oesophagus 
thoracic duct 
vagus and phrenic nerve 
infrahyoid muscles 
sympathetic trunk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the borders of the middle mediastinum?

A

Anterior: Anterior margin of the pericardium.
Posterior: Posterior border of the pericardium.
Laterally: Mediastinal pleura of the lungs.
Superiorly: Imaginary line extending between the sternal angle (the angle formed by the junction of the sternal body and manubrium) and the T4 vertebrae.
Inferiorly: Superior surface of the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

A 
heart 
ascendign aorta 
SVC 
Pulmonary trunk 
phrenic nerve 
cardiac plexus 
hilar lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what nerves contribute to the cardiac plexus?

A

vagus nerve - parasympathetics

T1-T4 spinal cord - sympathetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the borders of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Lateral: Mediastinal pleura (part of the parietal pleural membrane).
Anterior: Pericardium.
Posterior: T5-T12 vertebrae.
Roof: Imaginary line extending between the sternal angle (the angle formed by the junction of the sternal body and manubrium) and the T4 vertebrae.
Floor: Diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A 
oesophagus 
thoracic duct 
thoracic aorta 
IVC
sympathetic trunk 
azygous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the borders of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Lateral borders: Mediastinal pleura (part of the parietal pleural membrane).
Anterior border: Body of the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles.
Posterior border: Pericardium.
Roof: Continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
Floor: Diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

sternopericardial ligaments and thymus (in children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A

diaphragm
sternum
tunica adventitia of great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

between arteries and veins entering/leaving the superior heart

anterior: pulmonary artery and aorta
posterior: SVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous

parietal and visceral pericardium known as serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are aortic sinuses are where are they?

A

where the coronary arteries branch from the aorta
just distal to aortic valve behind the valve leaflets - when the heart enters diastole and the aortic valve closes, the backflow of blood into the leaflets is sucked into the coronary arteries as the pressure is lower in them during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the path of the left coronary artery

A

branches from the left of the aorta and travels posterior to the pulmonary trunk, emerging in the left coronary sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the branches of the LCA

A

LAD
Left marginal
left circumflex
may contribute to PIV artery if left dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the branches of the RCA

A

Right marginal, PIV artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the path of the right coronary artery

A

travels in the right coronary sulcus inferiorly between the right atria and rigth ventricle on the anterior surface of the heart before giving off its marginal branch which travels medially along the inferior surface of the right ventricle.
the RCA then travels posteriorly to usually give off the posterior interventricular artery which descends in the posterior interventricular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where do diagonal coronary artery branches branch from?

A

LAD - descend diagonally over the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the LAD supply?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the LCx supply?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the left marginal supply?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the right marginal artery supply?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does the posterior interventricular artery supply?
26
where does the venous drainage of the heart drain into?
coronary sinus in right atrium
27
where does the coronary sinus run?
continuation of great cardiac vein - runs along inferior border of left atrium towards right atrium
28
what artery does the middle cardiac vein run with?
PIV artery in posterior interventricular groove ascending from the apex
29
what artery does the great cardiac vein run with?
LAD in anterior interventricular groove
30
what artery does the small cardiac vein run with?
some sources say: right marginal branch along inferior anterior surface then travels posteriorly via the right coronary sulcus with the RCA to the coronary sinus some say just travels with the RCA in the coronary sulcus
31
where are the anterior cardiac veins and what is special about them?
They run from the right av groove inferior-medially over the anterior wall of the right ventricle drain directly into the right atrium
32
where does the left marginal artery usually arise from?
LCx
33
what is the cristae terminalis? where is it?
in the wall of the right atria, anterior lateral it is a muscular ridge that runs in the vertical plane it is the boundary between the: Sinus venarum – located posterior to the crista terminalis. This part receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae. It has smooth walls and is derived from the embryonic sinus venosus. Atrium proper – located anterior to the crista terminalis, and includes the right auricle. It is derived from the primitive atrium, and has rough, muscular walls formed by pectinate muscles.
34
where is the sinus venarum?
part of the right atria posterior to the cristae terminalis | originates from the sinus venosus embryologically
35
what is the atrium proper?
area of right atrium anterior to the cristae terminalis - derived from the primitive atrium
36
compare the sinus venarum and artrium proper of the right atrium
atrium proper has trabeculated wall - pectinate muscle | sinus venarum has smooth walls
37
what is the 'eustation valve'
ridge on the floor of the right atria - embryological remenant - sometimes considered as a IVC valve
38
where does the coronary sinus drain
right atrium - medial inferior aspect
39
where is the fossa ovalis and its limbus (border)
inter-atrial septum
40
what is the thesbian valve
valve of the coronary sinus
41
what is the tendon of torado
tendon linking the thesbian and eustation ridges
42
label the diagram
43
where is the av node?
interatrial spetum superior to the coronary sinus
44
where is the SA node
superior aspect of cristae terminalis | junction of atria and SVC
45
what are trabeculae carne? what are the types?
irregular muscular elevations Ridges – attached along their entire length on one side to form ridges along the interior surface of the ventricle. Bridges – attached to the ventricle at both ends, but free in the middle. The most important example of this type is the moderator band, which spans between the interventricular septum and the anterior wall of the right ventricle. It has an important conductive function, containing the right bundle branches. Pillars (papillary muscles) – anchored by their base to the ventricles. Their apices are attached to fibrous cords (chordae tendineae), which are in turn attached to the three tricuspid valve cusps in the RV. By contracting, the papillary muscles ‘pull’ on the chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets during ventricular systole.
46
where is the moderator band (aka septomarginal trabeculae)?
RV - IV septum to anterior RV wall - contains bundle of His
47
what is the function of chordae tendinae?
papillary muscles contract during systole chordae tendinae attached to AV valve leaflets pull on the leaflets preventing regurge
48
where is the conus arteriosus?
superior RV around pulmonary valve
49
what veins join to form the azygous vein?
right lumbar and right subcostal vein at level of T12
50
where is the azygous vein?
runs up right side of vertebral bodies in posterior mediastinum drains into SVC at level of T4
51
what tributaries are there to the azygous vein?
hemiazygous - T8 accessory hemiazygous - T7 intercostal veins
52
what are the 3 structures of the circulatory system left from fetal circulation?
ligamentum arteriosum ligamentum venosum fossa ovalis
53
where is the ductus arteriosus?
between the aorta and left pulmonary artery
54
describe the path of the umbilical vein
drains from placenta via umbilical cord to the abdomen, travels along the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall within the falciform ligament to drain into the portal vein and ductus venosus
55
what is the name of the remnant of the umbillical vein
ligamentum teres (withing falciform ligament)
56
describe the flow of blood through a fetus
blood is oxygenated at the placenta travels via the umbilical vein to the portal vein then vis ductus venosus to the IVC enters RA then shunted across to LA via foramen ovale passes into LV (bypassing the lungs) then into aorta any blood that did pass through RV to PA will be shunted back across to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus systemic circulation deoxygenated blood leaves the fetus via the umbillical arteries from the internal iliac arteries
57
what are the medial umbilical ligaments remnants of?
umbilical arteries
58
where does the thoracic duct arise
cisterna chyli
59
what diaphragmatic hiatus does the thoracic duct pass through?
aortic
60
where does the thoracic duct run?
left of oesophagus, ascend thorax to superior thoracic apeture where it arches over the subclavian artery to drain into the subclavian vein (as it joins the internal jugular vein)
61
where does the external jugular vein drain into?
subclavian vein
62
what forms the braceocephalic vein?
internbal jugular and subclavian
63
which side is the bracheocephalic artery on ?
right
64
what is the function of the splanchnic nerves?
autonomic innervation of the gut and pelvis
65
what are the roots of the greater splanchnic nerve and what does it supply?
T5-T9 | foregut and adrenal medulla
66
what are the roots of the lesser splanchnic nerve and its function?
T10-11 sympathetic chain | midgut
67
what are the roots and function of the least splanchnic nerve?
T12 (and sometimes T11) sympathetic chain | kidneys
68
what splanchnics supply the hindgut?
lumbar splanchnics

MSc Human Anatomy and Education trunk and limbs (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions