upper limb

Question 1

what ribs does the scapular lie posteriorly to?

Answer 1

ribs 2 - 7

Question 2

Label the scapula

Answer 2

Question 3

what does the scapular articulate with?

Answer 3

clavicle and humerus

Question 4

where is the greater tubercle on the humerus?

Answer 4

posterior-lateral

Question 5

where is the lesser tubercle on the humerus? compare this to the lesser trochanter

Answer 5

anterior

lesser trochanter is posterio-medial on the femur

Question 6

where is the anatomical neck of humerus?

Answer 6

between tubercles and head

Question 7

what is the difference between a condyle and an epicondyle ?

Answer 7

condyle - smooth usually articulates with another bone

epicondyle - rough projection of the condyle - usually a site for muscle attachment

Question 8

what is the name of the unlabelled surface medial to the capitulum?

Answer 8

trochlear

Question 9

fill in the missing labels

Answer 9

Question 10

what does the ulna articulate with?

Answer 10

humerus, radius

remember the articular disc is part of the distal radio-ulna joint

Question 11

fill in the blanks

Answer 11

Question 12

what bones does the radius articulate with at the wrist ?

Answer 12

ulna, scaphoid and lunate

Question 13

name the carpel bones

Answer 13

some lovers try positions that they can’t handle

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 14

which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 14

pisiform

Question 15

In this superior view of a cross section of the arm, what are the vessels that aren’t labelled? (where the yellow dots are)

Answer 15

Brachial artery, paired brachial veins, superior ulna collateral artery, collateral vein of elbow

Question 16

what does the brachial artery branch into?

Answer 16

radial and ulna arteries

Question 17

what branch does the ulnar artery give off just distal to the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

Answer 17

common interosseous artery - branches into anterior and posterior

Question 18

what is the posterior interosseous nerve a continuation of? when does the name change?

Answer 18

deep branch of radial nerve - becomes the posterior interosseous nerve as it passes between the 2 heads of supinator

Question 19

what is the anterior interosseous nerve a branch of?

Answer 19

median nerve - this branch innervates the deep muscles of the anterior forearm

Question 20

between the two heads of ……. the median nerve enters the forearm.

Answer 20

pronator teres

Question 21

the ulnar nerve enters the forearm between the 2 heads of……

Answer 21

flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 22

what does the median antebrachial vein drain?

Answer 22

palm of hand and anterior forearm - drains into basilic via the median cubital vein and also the cephalic vein at the level of the elbow

Question 23

where does the dorsal venous network of the hand drain into?

Answer 23

basilic and cephalic veins

Question 24

label these muscles of the posterior forearm

Answer 24

Question 25

label these deep muscles of the posterior forearm

Answer 25

Question 26

label the muscles in this cross-section of the forearm

Answer 26

Question 27

what are the roots of the posterior interosseous nerve of forearm (branch of the radial nerve)

Answer 27

C7-C8

Question 28

what are the nerve roots of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?

Answer 28

c6-c8

Question 29

what is the pneumonic to remember the branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 29

screw the lawyer, save a patient

Question 30

what are the branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 30

Question 31

how is the axillary artery divided up into parts?

Answer 31

relative to pec minor (proximal, deep and distal)

Question 32

what branches come from what part of the axillary artery?

Answer 32

Question 33

describe the origin and insertion of supinator. how does the posterior interosseous nerve (the deep radial nerve) pass through the 2 heads?

Answer 33

origin - lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna (lateral surface of proximal ulna) insertion - anterior surface of proximal radius the radial nerve travels through the cubital fossa (anterior to the lateral epicondyle), then divides into the superficial and deep branch. The deep branch travels posteriorly through the gap between the 2 heads of supinator, to reach the posterior compartment of the arm

Question 34

what nerve roots contribute to the brachial plexus

Answer 34

anterior rami C5-T1

Question 35

where does the dorsal scapular nerve branch from? describe its path

Answer 35

C5 root | posterior medial shoulder - innervates levator scapulae and rhomboids

Question 36

where does the long thoracic nerve originate?

Answer 36

C5, 6 and 7 roots - innervates serratus anterior

Question 37

what nerves branch from the superior trunk?

Answer 37

nerve to subclavius and suprascapular nerve (both c5/c6 nerve roots)

Question 38

what does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Answer 38

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 39

where do the upper and lower subscapular nerves branch from? what other nerve branches from the same area?

Answer 39

posterior chord | thoracodorsal branches with them

Question 40

what are the nerve roots of the upper and lower subscapular nerves?

Answer 40

C5, C6

Question 41

what are the nerve roots of the throacodorsal nerve and what is its function?

Answer 41

C6, 7 and 8 | latissimus dorsi

Question 42

what do the upper and lower subscapular nerves supply?

Answer 42

upper - subscapularis | lower - subscapularis and teres major

Question 43

what nerves branch from the medial chord?

Answer 43

medial pectoral nerve medial cutaneous nerve of arm medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

Question 44

what are the nerve roots and functions of the medial pectoral nerve?

Answer 44

C8,T1 | pec major and minor

Question 45

what are the nerve roots of the medial cutaneous nerve of forearm and arm?

Answer 45

arm- T1 | forearm- C8

Question 46

what are the nerve roots of the lateral pectoral nerve and where does it branch from?

Answer 46

lateral chord | c5, 6 and 7

Question 47

what are the nerve roots of the median nerve?

Answer 47

c6-T1

Question 48

what are the nerve roots of the musculocutaneous nerve ?

Answer 48

C5-C7

Question 49

what are the nerve roots of the axillary nerve?

Answer 49

C5-6

Question 50

what are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?

Answer 50

C5-T1

Question 51

what are the nerve roots of the ulnar nerve?

Answer 51

C8-T1

Question 52

where does the median nerve branch from? where can you find it in relation to the axillary artery?

Answer 52

medial and lateral chords - forms the middle of the 'M'

Question 53

What are the terminal branches of the posterior chord?

Answer 53

Axillary and Radial

Question 54

outline the myotomes of the upper and lower limb

Answer 54

``` C5 – Elbow flexion C6 – Wrist extension C7 – Elbow extension C8 – Finger flexion T1 – Finger abduction L2 – Hip flexion L3 – Knee extension L4 – Ankle dorsiflexion L5 – Great toe extension S1 – Ankle plantarflexion ```

Question 55

what is a myotome ?

Answer 55

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve the reality is there is a lot of cross over between mytomes due to one spinal nerve contributing to multiple peripheral nerves

Question 56

what are the borders of the quadrangular space?

Answer 56

medial - long head of triceps superior - teres minor inferior - teres major lateral - humerus

Question 57

what passes through the quadrangular space ?

Answer 57

posterior circumflex humeral artery | axillary nerve

Question 58

where is the triangular space? compare this to the triangular interval

Answer 58

superior - teres minor inferior - teres major lateral - long head of triceps triangular interval is inferior to teres major medial border is long head of triceps lateral border humerus

Question 59

what can be located in the triangular space

Answer 59

circumflex scapular artery - continuation of suprascapular artery

Question 60

what passes through the triangular interval

Answer 60

radial nerve and profunda brachii

Question 61

what are the borders of the axilla?

Answer 61

apex is the thoracic inlet | - lateral border first rib, superior border of scapular and posterior border of clavicle