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Anatomy and Histology > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four areas of the mediastinum?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle (where heart is)
  3. Superior
  4. Posterior
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2
Q

What is the anterior mediastinum filled with?

A

FAT

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3
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum located?

A

between sternum and pericardial sac

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4
Q

Where is the superior mediastinum located?

A

space between root of neck and pericardial sac

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5
Q

What gland does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

THYMUS GLAND

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6
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A
  1. produce T-lymphocytes
  2. extends partially into the anterior mediastinum
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7
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary trunk
  3. Superior vena cava
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8
Q

What are the parts of the aorta?

A

ascending aorta
arch of the aorta
descending aorta

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

drains the entire head and neck and upper limbs

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11
Q

What are the nerves of the superior mediastinum?

A
  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Vagus nerve
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12
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

Cervical spinal nerve C3-C5 (ventral primary rami)

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13
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

DIAPHRAGN

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14
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from?

A

Brain stem

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The phrenic nerve is general somatic afferent.

A

TRUE
brings back sensory information from the parietal pleura

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16
Q

The functional component of the phrenic nerve is _______________________. Why?

A

general somatic efferent (GSE)
Because the diaphragm is skeletal muscle

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17
Q

How does the vagus nerve come down and innervate?

A

Comes down from brain stem
Turns around and goes back to larynx
Wraps around the esophagus (makes plexus there)
Goes down to diaphragm

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18
Q

What branches come off of the arch of the Aorta?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic artery (RIGHT SIDE)
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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19
Q

The ______________ arteries branch from the ascending portion of the aorta.

A

CORONARY

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20
Q

How many coronary arteries come off of the ascending aorta?

A

TWO
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery

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21
Q

On the right side, you have the brachiocephalic trunk that splits into what?

A
  1. right common carotid artery
  2. right subclavian artery
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22
Q

What does the subclavian artery become when it passes over the lateral aspect of the first red?

A

AXILLARY ARTERY

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23
Q

The brachial branches that goes to the esophagus is an example of a what?

A

UNPAIRED BRANCH TO VISCERA

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24
Q

Paired branches to the thoracic wall is called what?

A

INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES

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25
Branching arteries go down until what?
THE DIAPHRAGM
26
What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?
attaches the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta
27
Prior to birth, what is the ligamentum arteriosum?
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
28
What do you find on the left side of the ligamentum arteriosum?
A BRANCH OF VAGUS
29
Which branch of vagus goes under the arch of the aorta and behind the ligamentum arteriosum?
LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE
29
What passes behind the ligamentum arteriosum and goes under the aorta?
LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE aka INFERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE
30
Where does the trachea bifurcate to?
The primary bronchi at the sternal plane ~T4-T5
31
Where is the esophagus located?
Behind trachea Behind heart
32
Where is the posterior mediastinum located?
The space behind the pericardial sac The area behind the heart
33
The space behind the pericardial sac contains what?
1. Descending aorta 2. Azygous veins 3. Esophagus 4. Thoracic duct 5. Sympathetic nerves
34
What plexus wraps around the esophagus?
VAGUS PLEXUS
35
What does the thoracic duct do?
Bring ECF back to venous circulation (from lymph circulation)
36
What are in the sympathetic trunks?
Paravertebral ganglia
37
Splanchnic nerves are PRE- or POST- ganglionic?
PRE-GANGLIONIC sympathetic synapse at pre-vertebral
37
What are the veins of the thorax?
1. Superior vena cava 2. Inferior vena cava 3. Azygous system
38
Where is the superior vena cava found?
Superior mediastinum
39
What does the superior vena cava do?
drains upper limbs and head and neck
40
What is the superior vena cava formed by?
RIGHT AND LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
41
The brachiocephalic artery is ONLY on the ___________ (R/L/B) side, but the brachiocephalic vein is on ________________ (R/L/B) sides
RIGHT BOTH
42
Where does the superior vena cava enter?
The right atria of the heart
43
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Drains lower limbs and abdomen
44
Where does the inferior vena cava pass through to enter where in the heart?
PASS THROUGH DIAPHRAGM ENTERS RIGHT ATRIA OF HEART
45
What is the function of the azygous system?
Drains the thoracic wall
46
What is the right side of the azygous system?
AZYGOUS VEIN
47
The azygous vein is formed by what?
1. Right ascending lumbar vein on the posterior abdominal wall 2. Right intercostal veins
48
What is the left side of the azygous system?
HEMIAZYGOUS VEINS
49
Where does the azygous vein empty into?
The superior vena cava Comes up right side (next to esophagus)
50
What does the vagus nerve do before it enter the diaphragm/abdominal region?
Forms a plexus
51
What is the hemiazygous veins formed by?
1. Left ascending lumbar vein on posterior abdominal wall 2. Left intercostal veins
52
The HEMIAZYGOUS VEIN crosses the __________ at about ______ to drain into the ____________.
MIDLINE T8 AZYGOUS VEIN
53
What does the thoracic duct (lymph) arise from?
Cisterna chyli in the abdomen
54
What does the thoracic duct drain into?
JUNCTION between the: 1. Left internal jugular vein 2. Left subclavian vein
55
Is the thoracic duct thick or thin?
THIN AND FRAGILE
56
All lymph nodes in the thorax drain where?
Into the THORACIC DUCT
57
Where are lymph nodes in the thorax found?
1. descending trachea 2. esophagus 3. vertebral column 4. primary drainage to thoracic duct
58
What are the nerves of the thorax?
1. Intercostal nerves 2. Sympathetic trunks 3. Splanchnic nerves 4. Phrenic nerve 5. Vagus nerve
59
Intercostal nerves are what type of nerves?
MIXED
60
Where will you find intercostal nerves?
ventral (anterior) primary rami of T1-T12
61
Where will you find the sympathetic trunks?
Parallel to vertebral column Where pre-gang sympathetic fibers synapse On either side of vertebral column
62
How many white rami communicates do we have and where?
14 T1-L2 from spinal nerve to ganglia
63
How many gray rami communicates do we have and where?
31 from ganglia to spinal nerves
64
What are splanchnic nerves?
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
65
What is special about splanchnic nerves?
do not synapse in chain ganglia pass into abdomen and synapse in ganglia on surface of abdominal aorta
66
Where is the phrenic nerve from?
ventral (anterior) primary rami C3-C5 SPINAL NERVES C3-C5
67
What is the functional component of the phrenic nerve?
GSE AND GSA
68
The vagus nerve branches into what?
1. recurrent (inferior) laryngeal nerves 2. esophageal plexus
69
On the right side, the vagus nerve goes where?
LOOPS UNDER THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
70
On the left side, where does the vagus nerve go?
LOOPS UNDER ARCH OF AORTA BEHIND LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
71
Both the left and right side of the vagus nerve ascends alongside what?
Trachea to larynx

Anatomy and Histology (8 decks)

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