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Anatomy and Histology > Q2 Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Q2 Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a serous membrane?

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
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2
Q

What are the 3 main vessels supplying blood to the gut?

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric artery
  3. inferior mesenteric artery
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3
Q

What moves to the left/right during development?

A

Stomach moves to left
Liver moves to right

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4
Q

Where is the greater omentum located?

A

from the stomach to the transverse colon

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5
Q

Where is the lesser omentum located?

A

connects the smaller curvature of the stomach to liver

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6
Q

What plexus is found near the esophagus and what forms it?

A

Vagal plexus
Vagus nerve

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7
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A
  1. cardiac
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric section
  5. pyloric sphincter
  6. greater curvature
  7. lesser curvature
  8. greater omentum
  9. lesser omentum
  10. duodenum ligament
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8
Q

What attaches the liver to the duodenum?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

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9
Q

What ducts open up into the deodenum?

A
  1. common bile duct
  2. main pancreatic duct
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10
Q

Where do the 2 ducts open up in to the duodenum?

A

the major duodenal papilla

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11
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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12
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

pathway for vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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13
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. appendix (cecum)
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
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14
Q

What is the junction between the ascending color and transverse colon called?

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

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15
Q

What is the junction between the transverse and the descending colon called?

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

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16
Q

What is the remanent of the umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres

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17
Q

What is the remanent of the ventral peritoneum called?

A

Falciform ligament

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18
Q

What are the frontal lobes of the liver?

A
  1. right
  2. left
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19
Q

What are the lobes of the liver from the posterior view?

A
  1. left
  2. right
  3. cuboidal (top)
  4. quadrate (bottom)
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20
Q

What do vessels travel through to enter the liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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21
Q

What is in the porta hepatis?

A
  1. hepatic portal vein
  2. hepatic artery
  3. common hepatic duct
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22
Q

What two ducts create the common bile duct?

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
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23
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Storage + concentration of bile

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24
Q

What is the function of bile in digestion?

A

Emulsification of fats

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25
What is the flow of bile?
1. produced in liver 2. R/L hepatic ducts 3. common hepatic ducts 4. common bile duct 5. major duodenal papilla (small intestine)
26
The main pancreatic duct opens where?
major duodenal papilla
27
What goes through the hilus of the spleen?
1. splenic artery 2. splenic vein
28
What is the function of the spleen?
1. removal of dead RC from blood + their destruction 2. immune functions
29
Where do the 3 main arteries that supply the gut come from?
the aorta
30
What does the celiac trunk supply blood to?
FOREGUT 1. abdominal esophagus 2. stomach 3. duodenum (beginning part) 4. liver 5. gallbladder 6. posterior part of pancreas 7. spleen
31
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
MIDGUT 1. duodenum (rest of it) 2. jejunum 3. ileum 4. cecum 5. appendix 6. ascending and transverse colon (to the left/splenic flexure)
32
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
HINDGUT 1. descending colon 2. sigmoid colon 3. rectum
33
What are the 3 primary branches of the celiac trunk?
1. hepatic artery 2. left gastric artery 3. splenic artery
34
What is the parasympathetics of the gut controlled by?
VAGUS or S2-S4 synapse in gut wall
35
Where is the sympathetics of the gut?
via thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves neurons are in the thoraco- portion of the sympathetic chain synapse in pre-aortic ganglia
36
Where does T5-T9 go to?
celiac ganglion
37
Where does T10-T11 go to?
superior mesenteric ganglion
38
Where does the lumbar go to?
inferior mesenteric ganglion
39
Where does the pelvic splanchnic nerves/plexus come from?
sacral
40
What is the function of the oral cavity?
ingestion and fragmentation
41
What is the function of the stomach?
fragmentation and digestion
42
What is the function of the small intestine?
digestion and absorption of NUTRIENTS
43
What is the function of the large intestine?
solidification and absorption of WATER
44
What are the two defense mechanisms of the digestive tract?
1. surface defense mechanisms 2. specific immune responses (GALT)
45
What is surface defense mechanisms?
production of saliva/mucous
46
What is specific immune responses by the GALT?
immune cells Ex. Peyer's patches
47
Neutralization of the pH due to acids for digestion is an example of what?
Surface defense mechanisms
48
What is the general organization of the GI tract?
1. mucosa a. epithelium b. CT (lamina propria) c. muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle) 2. submucosa + MEISSNER'S PLEXUS 3. muscularis externa a. inner circular layer of smooth muscle b. AUERACH'S PLEXUS c. outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle 4. serosa
49
What are mucosal glands?
glands only in the mucosa (innermost layer)
50
What are submucosal glands?
glands that go through the mucosa and submucosa
51
How is the GI tract regulated?
1. nervous system a. enteric NS (intrinsic) b. autonomic NS (extrinsic) 2. hormones
52
What makes up the intrinsic regulation?
1. Meissner's (submucosal) plexus 2. Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus **Interstitial cells of Cajal (pacemakers)
53
What hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the digestive tract?
1. gastrin 2. ghrelin 3. motilin 4. cholecystokinin (CCK)
54
What muscle is the esophagus made out of?
1/3 skeletal muscle 2/3 smooth muscle
55
What prevents the backflow of acid to the esophagus?
diaphragm and esophageal sphincter
56
What epithelium is the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium (NK)
57
What two parts of the GI tract have submucosal glands?
1. esophagus 2. duodenum
58
What is a special feature of the stomach that makes it unique from the rest of the GI tract organization?
3 layers to the mucularis externa 1. innermost oblique layer 2. inner circular layer 3. outer longitudinal layer
59
What are the folds in the stomach called?
rugae
60
What is the epithelium of the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
61
What is the difference between gastric pits and gastric glands?
gastric glands are deeper gastric pits only have surface mucous cells
62
What cells are in a gastric gland?
1. surface mucous cells (secrete mucous) 2. parietal (oxyntic) cells (secrete HCl) 3. chief cells (secrete pepsinogen) 4. enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones) 5. stem cells
63
What features does the small intestine have that make it good for absorption?
1. plica circulares 2. villus 3. enterocytes 4. microvilli
64
What is the epithelium of the small intestine?
simple columnar with goblet cells and enterocytes
65
What type of glands does the small intestine have?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
66
What are paneth cells in the small intestine?
cells that secrete antimicrobial at the bottom of the Crypts of Lieberkuhn
67
What is a special characteristic of the duodenum?
submucosal gland: Brunner's glands
68
What are the distinctive features of the jejunum?
1. tallest villi 2. plicae circulares 3. Crypts of Lieberkuhn 3. no submucosal glands
69
What are distinctive features of the ileum?
1. shorter and less abundant villi 2. Peyer's patches a. immune cells in the submucosa extending into lamina propria 3. M cells a. long cytoplasmic processes b. present antigens to Peyer's patches c. are in the epithelial layer
70
What are distinct features in the large intestine?
1. crypts of liberkuhn 2. no villi 3. teniae coli (bands of smooth muscle)
71
Where are crypts of Lierkuhn found?
Small and large intestine
72
What is the distinctive features of the appendix?
1. less crypts of lieberkuhn 2. circular arrangement of lymphoid follicles
73
What is the largest gland in the body?
liver
74
Where does the liver receive its blood supply?
1. hepatic artery 2. hepatic portal vein (majority)
75
Describe a liver lobule?
- 6 sides/edges - portal triad
76
What is included in the portal triad and where is it located?
1. hepatic artery branch 2. portal vein branch (largest) 3. bile ductules located at the corners of liver lobules (3-7/lobule)
77
What is the portal lobule model of the liver?
- contains portal tract/triad in the middle - blood goes from portal tract --> central vein - bile goes from cells --> traid
78
Describe the acinar model of the liver.
- have portal tract at the edges of the oval - hepatocytes are found in zones from 1-3 (1 closest with 3 farthest) - 1 will get more blood/nutrients than 3 - have physiological connection when receiving oxygen/nutrients/drugs
79
What is in the center of a liver lobule?
central vein
80
Where does blood from the branch of the portal vein in the portal triad go?
the central vein
81
Where does bile from the cells in the central vein go?
bile ductule
82
What is the space of Disse?
Where have reticular fibers for structure to the liver absorption of nutrients from blood vessels
83
Which vessel is the most noticeable in the portal triad?
portal vein branch (largest lumen + less organized tunica media)
84
What epithelium lines the bile ductules?
simple cuboidal (BCD = BILE CUBOIDAL DUCT)
85
What epithelium lines the hepatic artery branch?
simple squamous
86
What is the chief functional cell of the liver?
hepatocyte
87
Where does bile pass through before reaching the ductule when produced by hepatocytes and it is associate with what junction?
bile canaliculus (drains AWAY from central vein --> ductule in triad) tight occluding junctions
88
Which protein is expressed in high amounts in the liver?
Cytochrome P450
89
What are the different ways drugs can affect enzyme activity in the liver?
1. inhibit enzyme 2. induce enzyme 3. act as enzyme sustrate
90
Sinusoids have what cells?
1. endothelial cells 2. Kupffer cells (inner walls) 3. hepatic stellate cells (store fat/secrete collagen)
91
As bile flows to the portal triad, the canaliculi get bigger and turn into what?
canals of Hering
92
What is the function of the gallbladder?
reservoir for bile concentrates the bile adds mucus to it (to make it thicker)
93
What is the epithelium of the gallbladder?
simple columnar epithelium
94
What type of gland is the pancreas?
mixed (endocrine and exocrine)
95
What does the pancreas contain?
1. lobules of acinar glands (exocrine) 2. islets of Langerhans (endocrine)
96
What are the cells in the pancreatic acini?
1. acinus a. acinar cells b. centroacinar cells 2. ducts a. intercalated duct b. intralobular duct c. interlobular duct d. main duct
97
What do islets of langerhans secrete?
1. beta cells = insulin 2. alpha cells = glucagon 3. delta cells = somatostatin 4. pancreatic polypeptide cells = pancreatic polypeptide hormones
98
What are characteristics of the spleen?
1. surrounded by capsule 2. white pulp (lymphatic/WBC) 3. red pulp (filter old RBC)
99
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
production of glucocorticoids and mineralocortidoids and adrenaline
100
What are the pair visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?
1. suprarenal 2. renal 3. gonadal
101
What are the paired somatic branches of the abdominal aorta?
1. inferior phrenic 2. lumbars 3. common iliacs
102
What are the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. inferior mesenteric artery
103
What does the celiac trunk supply?
foregut lower esophagus --> proximal duodenum
104
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
midgut duodenum --> left colic flexure
105
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
hindgut left colic flexure --> rectum
106
The abdominal cavity bypasses the sympathetic chain and instead uses what?
thoracic splanchnic nerve (synapse on the superior/inferior mesentery trunk)
107
What cells are the neuroendocrine cells found mainly in the medulla of adrenal glands?
chromaffin cells
108
The vagus supplies what?
foregut midgut
109
Pre-ganglionic fibers follow blood vessels to post-ganglionic neurons where?
myenteric plexus Meissner's plexus
110
What supplies the hindgut and from what vertebrae?
pelvic splanchnics S2-S4
111
Parasympathetic has _____________ (long/short) pre-ganglionic and _____________ (long/short) post-ganglionic.
long short
112
Sympathetic has _____________ (long/short) pre-ganglionic and _____________ (long/short) post-ganglionic.
short long
113
Describe referred pain.
sympathetic NS transmits pain back to the CNS sympathetic fibers travel back to dorsal root ganglion at the same time as the spinal nerve CNS gets confused bc of the merging of the sympathetic fibers with spinal nerve in DRG
114
What is the venous drainage of the inferior vena cava?
1. common iliacs 2. lumbars 3. renals 4. suprarenals 5. gonadals* (gondal --> renal) 6. hepatics
115
What is an anastomosis in the veins of portal circulation?
portocaval anastomoses
116
What are muscles of the abdomen?
1. diaphragm 2. quadratus lumborum 3. psoas major/minor 4. iliacus
117
What is the somatic innervation of the abdomen?
1. iliohypogastric nerve (from anterior of L1) 2. ilioinguinal nerve (from anterior of L1) 3. lumbar plexus (APR's of L1-L4) 4. femoral nerve (L2-L4)
118
What do kidneys release as exocrine?
urine
119
What do kidneys release as endocrine?
1. renin 2. erythropoietin
120
What is the function of the kidneys?
1. regulation of water/electrolytes/acid-base balance 2. regulation of body fluid/electrolyte (NaCl) concentrations 3. regulation of arterial pressure (renin) 4. secretion of/response to hormones 5. excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign objects to the body
121
What is the renin-angiotensin system?
1. kidneys produce renin 2. converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensin I 3. angiotensin I --> angiotensin II in the lungs 4. angiotensin II goes to adrenal glands and is converted into aldosterone
122
What is the effects of angiotensin II?
vasoconstriction increases blood pressure
123
What is the function of aldosterone?
Water reabsorption
124
What are the steps of urine production?
1. filtration of plasma 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion 4. concentration of urine 5. excretion
125
What is the kidney surrounded y?
Renal capsule
126
What does the renal cortex contain?
renal corpuscles tubules
127
What are the parts of a renal pyramid?
1. corticomedullary border (base) 2. renal papilla (tip)
128
What is the space between each renal pyramid and what is its function?
renal column passageway for blood vessels
129
What makes up a renal lobe?
1. renal capsule 2. renal cortex 3. renal medulla (pyramids)
130
What is the function of the minor calyx?
cup-like structure where urine will first sit/seep into from the renal papilla
131
Where do all the major calyx converge to?
Renal pelvis
132
What provides the blood supply to the kidneys?
renal artery
133
What is the flow of blood in and out of the kidneys?
1. renal artery 2. segmental artery 3. interlobar artery 4. arcuate artery 5. interlobular artery 6. afferent arteriole 7. glomerulus 8. efferent arteriole 9. peritubular capillaries 10. vasa recta 11. interlobular vein 12. arcuate vein 13. interlobar vein 14. renal vein
134
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
135
What are the components of a nephron?
1. renal corpuscle 2. proximal convoluted tubule 3. loop of henle 4. distal convoluted tubule 5. connecting tubule 6. collecting duct
136
What are the two type of nephrons?
1. short loop of henle, renal corpuscle closer to cortex 2. long loop of henle, renal corpuscle closer to border (majority of nephrons)
137
Describe the structure of a renal corpuscle.
1. afferent arteriole (blood flow in) 2. glomerulus (inside corpuscle) 3. parietal layer of bowman's capsule 4. bowman's space 5. visceral layer of bowman's capsule 6. efferent arteriole 7. proximal convoluted tubule
138
What are cells in the renal corpuscle?
1. endothelial cells 2. podocytes (line visceral layer) 3. mesangial cells and matrix (contractile and phagocytic)
139
What is the function of podocytes?
- wrap around the glomerulus in visceral layer - long cytoplasmic extensions to interdigitate from one cell to another - blood will pass between those spaces - help with formation of ultrafiltrate - blood that passes through these spaces will be filtered
140
What are gaps in the endothelium called?
endothelium fenestrations
141
Ultrafiltrate will exclude what?
1. large molecules 2. heavy molecules 3. negatively charged molecules
142
Why are negatively charged molecules unable to get into the basement membrane?
basement membrane is negatively charged repels the negatively charged ions
143
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorbs all glucose, most of amino acids, filtered proteins, water, Na+, and Cl-
144
Proximal convoluted tubules have what type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal cells with brush border
145
What are medullary rays?
extend towards the medulla contains straight parts of PCT, DCT, and collecting ducts many tubules going in one direction
146
What are the limbs of the loop of Henle?
1. thin limbs (reabsorb water + electrolytes) 2. thick limbs (reabsorb electrolytes)
147
What are the characteristics of the DCT?
- no microvilli - wider lumen - relatively impermeable to water
148
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
specialization of the glomerular afferent arteriole and DCT of the same nephron
149
What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
- macula densa of the DCT - juxtaglomerular cells of the AA - extraglomerular mesangial (Lacis) cells
150
What is the epithelium of the collecting duct?
Simple cuboidal --> simple columnar epithelium
151
What ducts does the collecting duct have?
ducts of Bellini
152
Where do ducts of Bellini drain into?
renal papilla
153
What is the effect of ADH?
send water back into body to be reabsorbed urinate less
154
What is the effect of repressing ADH?
urinate more
155
What type of capillaries does hepatocytes have?
sinusoidal
156
What type of epithelium are in the ureters?
transitional epithelium
157
What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder have?
transitional epithelium

Anatomy and Histology (8 decks)

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