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Mediastinum Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Superior boundary of mediastinum

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture

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2
Q

Inferior boundary of mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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3
Q

Anterior boundary of mediastinum

A

Sternum

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4
Q

Posterior boundary of mediastinum

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

Lateral boundary of mediastinum

A

Lungs and pleurae

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6
Q

Superior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

Inferior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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8
Q

Anterior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

manubrium of sternum

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9
Q

Posterior boundary of superior mediastinum

A

T1 - T4

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10
Q

Lateral boundary of superior mediastinum

A

Lungs and Pleurae

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11
Q

Contents of Superior Mediastinum

A 
Remnant of thymus
Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery
Aortic arch and branches
Trachea
Vagus N.
Oesophagus
Phrenic N
Cardiac Plexus
Left recurrent laryngeal N.
Thoracic duct and lymphatics

Remember before picking apples, take view of people coming lowering tasers

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12
Q

Superior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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13
Q

Inferior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

anterior boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

body of sternum and Xiphoid process

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15
Q

Posterior boundary of anterior mediaastinum

A

pericardium

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16
Q

Lateral boundary of anterior mediastinum

A

Lungs and Pleurae

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17
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

Remnants of thymus gland

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18
Q

superior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

hornizontal plane

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19
Q

inferior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

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20
Q

anterior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

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21
Q

posterior boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

T5 - T12 vertebrae

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22
Q

Lateral boundary of posterior mediastinum

A

Lungs and pleura

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23
Q

Contents of posterior mediastinum

A 
Oesophagus
Vagus N.
Thoracic duct
Azygous V.
Descending aorta
Right and left symphthetic trunks
Lymph nodes

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24
Q

superior boundary of middle mediastinum

A

horizontal plane

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25
Inferior boundary of middle mediastinum
Diaphragm
26
Anterior boundary of middle mediastinum
Pericardium
27
posterior boundary of middle mediastinum
Pericardium
28
Lateral boundary of middle mediastinum
Lunds and Pleura
29
Contents of middle mediastinum
Pericardium and Heart Great vessels: - Ascending aorta - SVA - Pulmonary trunk Cardiac plexus Phrenic N and Pericardialphrenic vessels
30
From where does the thoracic duct arist?
Chyle Cistern
31
What is the position of the chyle cistern
Anterior to L2 body Posterior to abdominal aorta Between aorta and Right Crus of Diaphragm
32
Course of thoracic duct
1: At T12, passes through Aortic Hiatus 2: At level of T4/T5, inclines to left side of median plane 3: Ascends posterior to aortic Arch on left side of oesophagus to traverse (pass through) superior thoracic aperture 4: Arches laterally and then inferiorly - anterior to subclavian artery - to enter left venous angle.
33
What is the Azygous vein formed by?
Union of: Right lumbar vein Right subcostal vein
34
Where does the azygous vein end?
Joins the SVC
35
What are the tributaries of the Azygous Vein
``` Hemizygous v. Right posterior intercotal v. Right superior phrenic v. Right superior intercostal v. Right costal v. Oesophageal v. Bronchial v. Pericardial v. ```
36
What is the pericardium composed of?
Superficial fibrous pericardium | Deep two-layered serous pericardium
37
What is the visceral layer of the pericardium also called
epicardium | deep two-layered serous pericardium
38
What separates the parietal and visceral layers of the pericarium
pericardial cavity which is filled with fluid
39
What is type of tissues does the fibrous pericardium consist of
dense connective tissue
40
What lies on the top layer of the parietal pericardium
superficial fibrous pericardium
41
What attaches the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm
pericardiacophrenic ligament
42
What is the location of the transverse sinus
located between the aorta and pulmonary trunk anteriorly | and the left atrium and superior vena cavae posteriorly
43
What is the function of the transverse sinus
connects the two sides of the epricardial cavity
44
What is the location of the oblique sinus
between the pulmonary veins and inferior vene cavae posteriorly between the pulmonary veins and left atrium anteriorly
45
What is the function of the oblique sinus
it has no function - it is a blind sac (cul de sac)
46
What makes up the heart wall
Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) Myocardium Endocardium
47
Describe the blood supply of the pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic artery Internal thoracic arteries Internal thoracic veins drain the area
48
Describe the innervation of the pericardium
Phrenic nerves: Sensory fibres that control pain sensation Sympathetic trunks: Vasomotor fibres Parasympathetic supply comes from Vagus nerve
49
What is the position of the heart
Middle mediastinum Behind body of sternum and 2nd - 6th costal cartilages One third lies to the right Two thirds lies to the left Opposite to T5 - T8 vertebrae (supine position) Opppposite to T6 - T9 vertebrae (erect position
50
Name the four borders of the heart
Superior Right Inferior Left
51
Describe the superior border of the heart
Formed by the two atria Right 3rd costal cartilage on right side of sternum to 2nd intercostal space on left side of sternum
52
Describe the right border of the heart
Formed by the right atria Extends from right 3rd costal cartilage to near right 6th costal cartilage
53
Describe the inferior border of the heart
mainly formed by right ventricle and slightly by left ventricle Sternal end of right 6th costal cartilage to midclavicular line in left 5th intercostal space
54
Describe the left border of the heart
Formed mainly by left ventricle and partly by left auricle Left 2nd intercostal space to midclavicular line in left 5th intercostal space
55
Name the three surfaces of the heart
sternocostal posterior diaphragmatic
56
What is the sternocostal surface of the heart formed by
RA, RV, LV, Left Auricle
57
What is the posterior surface of the heart formed by
2/3: LA | 1/3: RA
58
What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart formed by
2/3: LV | 1/3: RV
59
What is the "BASE" of the heart?
Posterior surface of the heart
60
What are the three openings for the right atrium
SVC IVC Coronary Sinus
61
What are the notable internal features of the right atrium
``` Anterior surface roughed by pectinate muscles Posterior surface is smooth SA node Cristae terminalis Fossa ovalis Limbus fossa ovalis Tricuspid valve ```
62
Where is SA node located
Superior extent of cristae terminalis (separates anterior part from posterior), near the opening of SVC
63
What is the embryological origin of posterior surface of right atrium
Sinus venosum
64
What are the notable internal features of the left atrium
pectinate muscles | bicuspid valve
65
What are the features that mark the ventricular walls
papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae
66
What are the differences of the right ventricle when compared to the left ventricle
Walls 3x thinner Trabeculae carnae are coarse and few Three papillary muscles Conrdae tendinae are few and short Conical cavity shorter Moderator band
67
What are the differences of the left ventricle when compared to the right ventricle
Walls 3x thicker Trabeculae carnae are fine and numerous Two papillary muscles Chordae tindinae are more and long Conical cavity longer No moderator bank
68
Describe the moderator band. What is it also called?
Also called septomarginal trabecula Specilised trabecula in RV extending from right side of ventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle Carries right branch of bundle of HIS
69
What makes up the heart valves
Endocardium with a connective tissue core
70
What is the right AV valve
Tricuspid valve
71
what is the left AV valve
Biscuspid (mitral) valve
72
Where does the aortic semilunar valve lie
between left ventricle and the aorta
73
Where does the pulmonary semilunar valve lie
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
74
What forms the "lub"
closing of the atrioventricular valves
75
What forms the "dub"
closing of the semilunar valves
76
What is the location of the aortic valve
oblique | posterior to sternum at level of 3rd intercostal space
77
What is the site for auscultation of the aortic valve
2nd right intercostal space, near the sternal border
78
What is the location of the pulmonary valve
3rd costal cartilgae at the left side of the sternum
79
What is the site for auscultation of the pulmonary valve
2nd left intercostal space, near the sternal border
80
What is the location of the tricuspid valve
posterior to the body of sternum | At right 3rd/4th intercostal spaces
81
What is the site for auscultation of the tricuspid valve
5th right intercostal space, near the sternal border
82
What is the location of the mitral valve
posterior to the sternum, at the 4th left costal cartilage
83
What is the site for auscultation of the mitral valve
5th left intercostal space - in the midclavicular line

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