Lungs

Question 1

What type of membrane are the pleurae made up of

Answer 1

Serous membrane

Question 2

What does the visceral pleura line

Answer 2

interlobular fissures. Covers lungs directly

Question 3

What does parietal pleura line

Answer 3

internal surface of thoracic cavity

Question 4

At what area are the pleurae continuous with each other

Answer 4

hilum of lung and pulmonary ligament

Question 5

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Answer 5

pleural cavity

Question 6

what does the pleural cavity contain

Answer 6

serous fluid

Question 7

what are the functions of the pleural cavity

Answer 7

lubricates surfaces of pleurae

creates surface tension so that when the thorax expands, the lungs also expand

Question 8

if air enters the pleural cavity of the lungs

Answer 8

pneumothorax

Question 9

What are the types of parietal pleurae

Answer 9

mediastinal pleura
cervical pleura
costal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura

Question 10

what does the medistinal pleura cover

Answer 10

covers the lateral part of the mediastinum

Question 11

what does the cervical pleura cover

Answer 11

lines extension of the pleural cavity into the neck

Question 12

what does the costal pleura cover

Answer 12

covers inner aspect of ribs, costal cartilages and intercostal muscles

Question 13

What does the diaphragmatic pleura cover

Answer 13

covers thoracic (superior) surface of diaphragm

Question 14

What are the two pleural recesses

Answer 14

costomediastinal

costodiaphragmatic

Question 15

where is the costomediastinal pleural recess

Answer 15

between the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae —- behind the sternum

Question 16

where is the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess

Answer 16

between the costal pleurae and diaphragmatic pleurae

Question 17

why are the pleural recesses of clinical importance

Answer 17

pleural effusion can occur if fluid collects in them

Question 18

What artery supplies the parietal pleura

Answer 18

Intercostal A.

Question 19

Describe the nervous supply of the visceral pleurae

Answer 19

not sensitive to pain, pressure or temperature. Sensory fibers only detect stretch

Autonomic Innervation comes from pulmonary plexus:
sympathetic trunk and Vagus N.

Question 20

Describe the arterial supply of the visceral pleurae

Answer 20

From bronchial arteries:
Branches of descending aorta

Also supplies parenchyma of lungs

Question 21

Where is the hilum of the lung

Answer 21

Level of 2nd - 4th costal cartilages

Question 22

What are the borders

Answer 22

Inferior border
Posterior border
Anterior border

Question 23

Surfaces of the lungs

Answer 23

Base (diaphragmatic surface)
Mediastinal surface
Costal surface

Question 24

What are the three lobes of the lungs

Answer 24

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

Question 25

What does the horizontal fissure

Answer 25

Superior lobe | Middle lobe

Question 26

What does the oblique fissure separate

Answer 26

Superior lobe | Inferior lobe

Question 27

Wheree is the Azygous vein in relation to the esophagus

Answer 27

Lateral

Question 28

What are the lobes of the left lung and what separates them

Answer 28

Superior lobe inferior lobe Separated by oblique fissure

Question 29

Where is the lingula in relation to the left lung

Answer 29

On the mediastinal side of the superior lobe

Question 30

Where is the esophatus and aortic arch in relation to the thoracic aorta

Answer 30

Lateral

Question 31

What is the course of the Oblique Fissure (in it's posterior view)

Answer 31

On both lungs: In midline near spine of vertebra T4 Moves laterally in downward direction reaching rib 6 laterallly Crosses 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

Question 32

What is the course of the Oblique Fissure (in it's anterior view)

Answer 32

On both lungs: Follows contour of rib 6 and its costal cartilage

Question 33

What is the course, in its anterior view, of the horizontal fissure

Answer 33

Follows contour of rib 4 and its costal cartilage Begins from anterior border at level of 4th Costal Cartilage and runs horizontally to meet oblique fissure at midaxillary line

Question 34

Where do the anterior borders of the lungs lie? What is its path in each lung

Answer 34

Adjacent to the anterior line of parietal pleura reflection, as afar as the 4th costal cartilage On the left, they go laterallly and inferiorlly at the cardiac notch to reach the level of the 6th costal cartilage On the right, it continues until xiphisteral joint in a straight line

Question 35

What are the divisions of the tracheobronchial tree

Answer 35

``` Trachea Main bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ducts ``` Alveoli

Question 36

What are characteristic of the bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 36

Each has its own bronchus its own artery

Question 37

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the upper lobe of the lung have? what are they?

Answer 37

3 lobes Apical, Posterior, Anterior

Question 38

How many segments does the middle lobe (or lingula) of the lung have

Answer 38

2 lobes Medial lateral

Question 39

How many segments does the lower lobe of the lung have? What are they

Answer 39

5 lobes Apical, 4 basal (anterior, medial, posterior, lateral)

Question 40

What are the exceptions in the lung segments, in that they have a comon segmental bronchus

Answer 40

Apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe | Anteromedial segment of the left lower lobe

Question 41

What is the artirial suppply of the lungs? Where do these vessels arise

Answer 41

Bronchial arteries (of systemic circulation) Left and Right Bronchial Arteries arise from the Descending Thoracic Aorta

Question 42

What is special about the Right Bronchial Artery

Answer 42

It shares a common trunk with the third posterior intercostal artery

Question 43

Describe the venous drainage of the lungs for the left and right lungs

Answer 43

Drained by the bronchial veins Left: Drains into accessory Hemiazygous Vein or the Left Superior Intercostal Vein Right Drains into Azygous Vein

Question 44

What is the innervation of the lungs? What is also identical to it?

Answer 44

Lungs and Visceral Pleurae are both innervated in the same way Parasympathetic: Vagus Nerve Sympathetic: sympathetic Fibres of Sympathetic Trunk

Question 45

What is the innvervation of the Parietal Pleurae innervated by?

Answer 45

Intercostal N | Phrenic Nerve

Question 46

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs

Answer 46

Subpleural (superficial) and Deep Lymphatic Plexus Bronchopulmonary (Hilar) Nodes Tracheobronchial Nodes (superior - L and R; Inferior - Carinal) FROM THERE R- Right Bronchomediastinal Trunk then Right Lymphatic Duct; L- Left Bronchomediastinal Trunk then Thoracic duct Bronchomediastinal Trunks each have a branch into the inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 47

Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura

Answer 47

sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature pain is well--localised SUPPLIED BY PHRENIC AND INTERCOSTAL NERVES: Costal Pleura: Intercostal nerve Mediastinal Pleura: Phrenic nerve Diaphragmatic Pleura: Phrenic nerve and inferior 6 intercostal nerves