Medical Emergencies Flashcards by Scott Irvin

Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

A severe infection that spreads throughout the body:

Sepsis

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Elevated body temperature:

Fever

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Low blood sugar:

Hypoglycemia

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Brain damage due to lack of oxygen:

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Imbalances in body chemistry:

Metabolic Disturbances

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord:

Meningitis

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Issues in brain development:

Developmental Abnormalities

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Causes of Seizures: Neonatal

Symptoms occurring after stopping drug use:

Drug withdrawal

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Often leading to febrile seizures:

Fever

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Lack of oxygen:

Hypoxia

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Various infections can trigger seizures:

Infections

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Seizures with no known cause:

Idiopathic Epilepsy

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Imbalances in mineral in the body:

Electrolyte disturbances

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Injury to the head:

Head Trauma

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Low Blood Sugar:

Hypoglycemia

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Causes of Seizures: Pediactic

Poisoning or exposure to harmful substances:

Toxic Ingestions or Exposure

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Growths in the brain:

Tumors

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Causes of Seizures: Pediatric

Structural abnormalities in the central nervous system:

CNS Malformations

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Causes of Seizures: General

Lack of oxygen:

Hypoxia

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Causes of Seizures: General

Sudden drop in blood sugar levels:

Rapid Lowering of Blood Sugar

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Causes of Seizures: General

Tumors, head trauma, toxic eclampsia, and vascular disorders:

Structural Brain Diseases

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Causes of Seizures: General

Seizures without a known cause:

Idiopathic Epilepsy

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What is the most common TYPE of seizure?

Grand Mal Seizure

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_____ Phase: initial phase involves continuous muscle tension and contraction, leading to rigidity.

Tonic Phase

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_____ phase: follows tonic phase and marked by rhythmic jerking movement of the extremities.

Clonic Phase

_____ seizure typically starts without warning phase (aura) and progresses through tonic and clonic phases, ending with period of recovery.

General Tonic - Clonic (Grand Mal)

2 types of Procedures to treat Hemorrhagic Stroke:

Endovascular Procedure Neurosurgical Prodedures

Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment: Endovascular Procedure _____ Interventions: Catheter is inserted through an artery in the leg or arm and advanced to the hemorrhage site. Mechanical agents like coils can be placed to prevent further bleeding.

Catheter Based Interventions

Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment: Neurosurgical Procedures _____ Interventions: Severe cases, or when endovascular therapy is not feasible, neurosurgery may be necessary to remove the blood and repair the damaged vessels

Surgical Interventions

2 Types of Treatment for Ischemic Stroke:

Fibrinolytic Therapy Mechanical Clot Removal

Treatment for Ischemic Stroke: Fibrinolytic Therapy Goal: Common Drug: Other Drugs: Timing:

Goal: Restore blood flow by dissolving the clot Common Drug: Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (r-tPA) Other Drugs: Tenecteplase, Retaplase, Streptokinase, Anistreplase Timing: Most effective with first 4.5 hours after symptom onset.

Treatment for Ischemic Stroke: Mechanical Clot Removal (Mechanical Thrombectomy) Procedure: Timing: Combination:

Procedure: Wire-Cage device is threaded through catheter to the blocked artery in the brain to remove the clot. Timing: Ideally within 6 hours of symptom onset, but can be beneficial up to 24 hours in select pt. Combination: Can be used alongside r-tPA in eligible patients

Treatment for Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Immediate Care Early Recognition: Airway Management: Stroke Assessment: Transport

Early recognition - rapid identification & supportive measures are crucial Airway Management - ensure an adequate airway and provide oxygen if needed Stroke Assessment - perform a stroke assessment and establish the time when the pt was last seen normal Transport - NEarest stroke center & alert stroke team

_____ Strokes: due to blood flow to an artery in the brain is interrupted by a narrowing or blockage. Often due to a clot.

Ischemic Stroke

_____ Strokes: Occur when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures. Due to high blood pressure, aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

_____ : Temporary Sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain. SS identical to stroke. Typically resolves within 24 hours and DO NOT cause permanent damage. Can be a warning sign of future stroke.

Transient Ischemic Attack

8 D’s of Stroke Care:

Detection Dispatch Delivery Door Data Decision Drug Disposition

_____: Conditions where the thyroid gland insufficient thyroid hormones. SS-Decreased metabolic rate, weight gain, fatigue, bradycardia, myxedema (puffy face)

Hypothyroidism

_____: condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones. SS- Tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, nervousness, insomnia, increased metabolic rate, weight loss and severe cases of exophthalmus (protrusion of the eyeballs).

Hyperthyroidism

Key Differences in Hypo VS Hyper Thyroidism: Hormones Levels: Metabolic Rate: Common Cause:

Hormones: Hypo- Low levels of thyroid hormones Hyper- High levels Metabolic Rate: Hypo- Decreases Hyper- Increases Common Causes: Hypo- Hashimotos disease Hyper- Graves’ disease

SS of Opiate OD

Classic Triad of Opioid Toxicity - Respiratory Depression, Miosis, Bradycardia Hypothermia

What is the treatment for Opiate OD?

Naloxone (Narcan) = Opioid Antagonist -Dose: .4-2mg every 2-3 minutes MAX 2mg

Disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood. Can result form long-term use of Glucocorticoid medication (prednisone) or from tumors on the pituitary gland. Typically affects middle-aged individuals with women affected more than them.

Cushing Syndrome

SS of _____ include: Weight gain (especially around trunk, face and neck) Moon face Buffalo hump Skin changes Emotional instability Cardiovascular issues (hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy) Metabolic changes (diabetes, osteoporosis and muscle wasting.

Cushing Syndrome

Most Likely treatment for Cushing’s Syndrome:

Surgical Treatment - Tumor Removal Pharmacological Treatment - Antihypertensives and anti-adrenal mediations.

Patient with _____ require careful monitoring due to their increased risk of cardiovascular disease, skin fragility and susceptibility to infections.

Cushing’s Syndrome

_____: Predictable and often minor reactions that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effect of medication. eg. Nausea, headache, dizziness, mild gastrointestinal discomfort.

Common Drug Side Effects

_____: Unintended and harmful reactions that occur at normal doses used for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy. e.g. allergic reactions, gastrointestinal bleeding, significant increases in blood glucose levels.

Adverse Effects

_____ pain: originates from the internal organs, specifically the walls of hollow organs.

Visceral Pain

_____ Pain: Sharp, well-defined pain that travels along specific neural routes, known as dermatology, to the spinal column. *Solid Organ*

Somatic Pain

_____ Pain: Pain that is felt in a location different from its site of origin.

Referred Pain

Pain from an MI often referred to _____, _____, _____ or _____. (Locations)

Left arm, neck, jaw or back.

Visceral pain = _____

Hollow Organ Pain

Somatic Pain = _____

Pain from Solid Organs

Why do we use Inhaler with Patients? Metered Dose Inhalers

Used to deliver medication directly to lungs. Delivers a specific amount. MDI’s are portable and easy to use. Spacers can be added to accommodate pt who may have difficulty timing coordinating.

SS of Diverticulitis:

LLQ Pain Fever Elevated WBC Nausea/Vomiting Tenderness on palpation Colicky Pain Hematochezia (bright red bloody feces) Perception of Incomplete Defecation

Complications of Diverticulitis:

Hemorrhage Peritonitis

Prevention of Diverticulitis:

High Fibre Diet Stay Hydrated Regular Exercise Avoid Straining Avoid seeds/nuts

Pre-hospital care for diverticulitis:

Primarily supportive care; Monitor airway; IV fluids

SS of TIA: Fuck With Shit, Via Con Dios

Facial Drooping Weakness or numbness Speech difficulties Vision problems Confusion Dizziness

_____ Coronary Artery: supplies blood to a portion of the Right Atrium, Right ventricle and upper portion of the heart’s conduction system.

Right Coronary Artery

_____ Coronary Artery: Supplies the Left ventricle, interventricular septum, part of the right ventricle and lower conduction system.

Left Coronary Artery

_____ Bundle Branch Block can result from acute MI, medication use, electrolyte abnormalities and age related deterioration of the cardiac conduction system.

Right Bundle Branch Block

When _____ Bundle Branch is blocked, impulse travels down the LBB and spread through the interventricular septum to the RV, causing a delay in the right ventricle depolarization.

Right Bundle Branch

_____ Bundle Branch Block: Seen as Prolonged QRS in V1 upwards from the isometric line

Right Bundle Branch

_____ Bundle Branch Blocks: Significant myocardial disease, MI, medications, electrolyte abnormalities & degenerative disease of the conduction system

Left Bundle Branch Block

_____ Bundle Branch Block: Left Ventricle cannot depolarize normally. Impulse travels from the right ventricle through the interventricular septum to the left ventricle, causing a delay in the Left Ventricular Depolarization

Left Bundle Branch Block

_____ bundle branch block is seen as a prolonged QRS in V1 downwards from the Isometric line.

Left Bundle Branch Block

______: Severe & potentially fatal condition that begins with an infection in the bloodstream (septicemia)

Septic Shock

SS of Septic Shock: Increased Cardiac Output Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Early Stages

SS of Septic Shock: Fever Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Progressive Symptom

SS of Septic Shock: Skin Changes Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Progressive Symptom

SS of Septic Shock: Respiratory Issues Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Progressive Symptom

SS of Septic Shock: Altered Mental Status Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Progressive Symptom

SS of Septic Shock: Severe Hypotension Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Late Stages

SS of Septic Shock: Organ Dysfuncion Which One: -Early Stages -Progressive Symptoms -Late Stages

Late Stages

_____: Type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the proximal portion of the duodenum.

Duodenal Ulcer

Causes of Duodenal Ulcers: _____ is found in over 80% of duodenal ulcers.

Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria

Causes of Duodenal Ulcers: Medications like _____ can damage the mucosal lining.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen

Causes of Duodenal Ulcers: Products like alcohol and nicotine.

Acid-Stimulating Products

Causes of Duodenal Ulcers: _____ prevents neutralization of stomach acid in the duodenum.

Obstructed Pancreatic Duct

Causes of Duodenal Ulcers: _____ a rare condition where an acid-secreting tumor causes ulcers. So rare that in a list from A-Z its Z.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Pain from _____ often occurs at night or when the stomach is empty. May be relieved by drinking milk.

Duodenal Ulcers

Bleeding from _____ can cause anemia, hematemesis (vomiting blood) or melena (black, tarry stools).

Duodenal Ulcers

N/V caused by _____ is due to irritation of the mucosa.

Duodenal Ulcers

Medications for _____ include antacids, antibiotics, H2 histamine blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors.

Duodenal Ulcers

_____: progressive and debilitating condition characterized by chronic airflow obstruction. Included a combination of emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Common Symptoms of _____: Dyspnea, Cough, Increase Sputum Production, Wheezing, Tachypnea, Pleuritic Chest Pain, Accessory Muscle Use, Pursed Lip Breathing, Tripod Positioning.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Severe Symptoms of _____: Confusion and Agitation, Somnolence (excessive sleepiness), 1-2 word dyspnea

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Physical Exam Findings of _____: Barrel Chest, Clubbing of Fingers, Jugular Vein Distention, Peripheral Edema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

SPO2 should be ___-___ % for COPD patients.

90-95%

COPD patients work on _____ drive.

Hypoxic drive.

Transport for COPD patient in what position?

Position of comfort and ensure airway stays patent.

2 things to not give too much of in COPD patients:

Oxygen - Hypoxic Drive Fluids - Can cause flash pulmonary edema

_____ can prevent the need for intubation in COPD patients.

CPAP

CPAP should be ___-___cm H2O.

5-10

_____ and _____ can be used early in the management of COPD patients.

Albuterol and Corticosteroids

_____: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, small tube like structure to the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.

Appendicitis

_____ is usually caused by an obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by fecal material, food particles or tumor.

Appendicitis

Symptoms of _____ include: Diffuse, colicky pain; N/V with low grade fever; Pain often starts in the periumbilical region and later localizes to the RLQ (McBurney’s Point)

Appendicitis

Fever and stiff neck:

Meningitis

_____: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.

Cholecystitis

Primary cause of cholecystitis in 90% of cases is _____.

Gallstones

Symptoms of _____ include: Severe pain in RUQ radiating to the right shoulder; pain occurs after a high-fat meal; N/V and tenderness in the right subcoastal region.

Cholecystitis

_____ forms when bile, produced by the liver to remove cholesterol, becomes super saturated and forms stone like masses; stones can obstruct the cystic duct; leading to inflammation.

Gallstones (Cholecystitis)

Risk Factors for _____: Obese middle-aged women with multiple children as well as Pima Indians and Scandinavian.

Cholecystitis.

_____: inflammation of the exocrine Pancreas.

Pancreatitis

Causes of Pancreatitis: Metabolic: _____ is a major cause, accounting for about 80% of cases in the US.

Alcoholism

_____ Phase: After seizures; PT may experience confusion drowsiness or coma.

Postictal

Causes of Pancreatitis: Mechanical: _____ or elevated serum lipids can obstruct the pancreatic duct.

Gallstones

Causes of Pancreatitis: Vascular: _____ or shock can lead to vascular injuries.

Thromboemboliss

Causes of Pancreatitis: _____: Certain infections can cause pancreatitis.

Infectious

_____: Often caused by gallstones blocking pancreatic duct, leading to enzyme backup and inflammation. SS: Severe abdominal pain (LUQ/Radiating back/Epigastric region), NV, Ecchymosis and swelling. High Mortality Rate 30-40% due to sepsis and shock.

Acute Pancreatitis

_____: Chronic alcohol intake can leak to acinar tissue destruction, causing enzyme backup and autodigestion of the pancreas. SS: intense abdominal pain, NV and SS of hemorrhage (ecchymosis).

Chronic Pancreatitis

_____: Inflammation of the liver.

Hepatitis

Most common cause of Hepatitis:

Viral Infection

SS of _____: Headache, fever, weakness, joint pain, anorexia, NV & RUQ pain. Prolonged Sympoms: Jaundice, darkened urine & gray colored stools.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis ___: Fecal-Oral Route; often through contaminated food or water. Fatigue, nausea, stomach pain & jaundice. Does not cause chronic illness. Vaccines are available and effective.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis ___: Bloodborne; through blood, semen, or other body fluids Fatigue, poor appetite, stomach pain, N & jaundice Can become chronic, leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer Vaccines are available & effective

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis ___: Bloodborne, primarily through sharing needles Asymptomatic, can lead to serious live disease More than half of infection become chronic No vaccines available, but curative treatments exist

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis ___: Bloodborne, requires co-infection w/HBV Severe, can lead to lifelong liver damage Can be chronic No specific vaccine, but HBV vaccine provides protection

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis ___: Fecal-Oral Route, often through contaminated Water Fatigue, poor appetite, stomach pain, nausea & jaundice Does not cause Chronic Illness No vaccines available in the USA

Hepatitis E

Pre-Hospital Treatment of Patient with Hepatitis: (4)

Position of comfort Manage Airway Avoid giving anything by mouth in case immediate surgery Analgesic and antibiotics may be required

What should you expect if the patient has fever, headache, stiff neck and blurred vision?

Meningitis

_____: infection of the meninges (protective coverings membranes of the brain and spinal cord).

Meningitis

_____ Gland: Small organ located in the mediastinum; behind the sternum. Plays a crucial role in the immune system, especially during childhood Larger in children & shrinks with age; becoming mostly fat & fibrous tissue in adults Promotes maturation of the T lymphocytes essential for cell-mediated immunity

Thymus

_____: can lead to SS like cough, chest pain and difficulty breathing.

Thymomas

_____ Gland: located in the neck Regulates metabolism by secreting thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3); influences growth & development Secretes Calcitonin; which lowers blood calcium level by inhibiting bone resorption

Thyroid Gland

_____: excess thyroid hormones in the blood.

Hyperthyroidism

_____: Inadequate thyroid hormones in the blood

Hypothyroidism

_____: Autoimmune disorder caused by hyperthyroidism.

Graves Disease

_____ Glands: Posterior lateral surfaces of the Thyroid Regulates calcium levels in the blood Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium levels Bone: Releases calcium into the blood Intestines: Converts Vitamin D to its active form, increasing calcium absorption Kidneys: Increase calcium reabsorption

Parathyroid Glands

_____: High levels of calcium, often due to tumors.

Hyperparathyroidism

_____: Decreased level of calcium and vitamin D.

Hypoparathyroidism

_____ Gland: Center of the lower forehead. Regulates sleep-wake cycles Secretes melatonin

Pineal gland

How to manage and actively seizing patient:

Do not restrain them; protect them form objects within the environment. Attempt to maintain the airway. Stop the seizure Give Meds

3 Drugs to give for seizure and dosages:

Diazepam (Valium): 5-10mg Lorazepam (Activan): .1mg/kg (mag 4m) q 4 mins Midazolam (Versed): 10mg IM

5 things to do for patient in Postictal state:

Manage Airway Position in Left Lateral Recumbant Monitor Continuously Monitor/Maintain Temp if needed Communicate with PT if you can to ensure they’re recovering. Be aware of things around them that could hurt them.

What part of the distal end of the gastrointestinal system is voluntary control?

The anus.

_____: Severe elevation in blood pressure (>180/120) that is accompanied by evidence of impending progressive target organ dysfunction.

Hypertensive Emergencies

_____: Acute or subacute consequence of severe hypertension. Characterized by a sudden & severe increase in blood pressure that leads to changes in brain functions. Requires immediate treatment to lower the BP.

Hypertensive Encephalopathy

How to manage hypertensive seizures:

Look for headaches, N/V, blurred vision, SOB, chest pain, dizziness. Pregnant PT: check for edema of hands/face, headache, preeclampsia. Place PT on left side to prevent supine hypotension.

_____: Initial phase after infection where the host cannot transmit the infectious agents to others.

Latent Period

_____: Period when host can exhibit signs of clinical disease and can transmit the infectious agent to other host.

Communicable Period

_____: Time between exposure to an infectious disease & appearance of symptoms. Can vary greatly, from a few days to months or years.

Incubation Period

_____: Period between exposure to the disease & seroconversion (when antibodies become detectable). Person can test negative even though they are infected.

Window Phase

_____: Duration from the onset of SS until the resolution of symptoms or death. Resolution of symptoms does not necessarily mean the infectious agent has been eradicated.

Disease Phase

Most common causes of rectal foreign body obstruction: (2)

Intentional Insertion: sexual gratification or psychosis. Swallowed Objects: Some objects get stuck in rectum.

_____: Abnormally low sodium level in the blood, affects water balance and nerve function. Can lead to headache, confusion & seizures.

Hyponatremia

Treatment for Hyponatremia: (2)

Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution

_____: Abnormally high calcium levels in the blood, impacts muscle & nerve function. Can cause muscle weakness, kidney stones & abnormal heart rhythms.

Hypercalcemia

Treatment for Hypercalcemia: (4)

Hydration: IV Fluids Medications: Calcitonin & Glucocorticoids Monitor ECG Definitive Care: Severe cases dialysis

_____: Abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, affects heart rhythms. Can cause muscle weakness, cramps, ECG changes like flattened T waves & prominent U waves.

Hypokalemia

Treatment for Hypokalemia: (2)

Oral Supplements: Potassium Chloride IV Potassium: Must be done cautiously to avoid complications.

_____ Poisoning: Low - Intermediate Exposure: Headache, Vertigo, N/V High Exposure: AMS, seizures, increased respirations. Very High Exposure: Abrupt loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest.

Hydrogen Cyanide Poisoning

Treatment for Hydrogen cyanide Poisoning: (think fire victims)

Hydroxocobalamin (cynokit) Antidote binds cyanid, forms cyanocobalamin which is secreted by the kidneys.

_____ Poisoning: Odorless, tasteless & colorless gas produced from the incomplete burning of fossil fuels & other carbon containing compounds. It combines to hemoglobin with an affinity rate of 200-500 greater that O2. Prevents hemoglobin from transporting O2 leading to cellular hypoxia and metabolic acidosis.

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: (COHb <15-20%) - Headache, N/V, dizziness & blurred vision. Which of the following: Mild Moderate Severe Fatal

Mild

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: (COHb 21-40%) - Confusion, syncope, CP dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea & weakness. Which of the following: Mild Moderate Severe Fatal

Moderate

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: (COHb 41-59%) - Dysrhythmias, hypotension cardiac ischemia, palpitations, respiratory arrest, pulmonary edema, seizures, coma, cardiac arrest. Which of the following: Mild Moderate Severe Fatal

Severe

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: (COHb >60%) - Death. Which of the following: Mild Moderate Severe Fatal

Fatal

Treatment for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:

Remove patient from environment, maintain the airway, administer high flow O2.

_____ Poisoning: chemicals found in insectisides, herbicides & chemical weapons. They exhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE); enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine.

Organophosphate Poisoning

SS of Organophosphate Poisoning:

Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastric Motility Emesis

Treatment for Organophosphate Poisoning:

Atropine Pralidoxime

SS of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stone):

Pain: Visceral pain in one flank Bladder Symptoms: Increased need to urinate Hematuria: Blood in urine. Physical Exam Findings: Uncomfortable, pain, cool, pale, clammy.

How to treat Altered Mental Status: (3)

Manage ABC’s IV & Blood Glucose Medications

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected Narcotic OD

Naloxone (Narcan)

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected Bensodiazepine OD

Flumazenil

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected Barbituates OD

Benzodiazepines

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected tricyclic antidepressants OD

Sodium Bicarb

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected Beta Blocker OD

Glucagon

Medications for AMS: _____: for suspected alcoholic PT to prevent complications of Thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine

Medications for AMS: _____, _____, _____: for active seizures or status epilepticus.

Versed, Valium, Ativan

Medications for AMS: _____: for kidney failure, trauma & infection.

Fluids

Medications for AMS: _____/____: for sepsis.

Levophed/Vasopressors

Medications for AMS: _____/_____ for Neurogenic/Cardiogenic.

Dopamine/Vasopressors

Medications for AMS: _____: for poison.

Activated Charcoal

AEIOUTIPS:

Alcohol; Epilepsy; Insulin; Overdose; Uremia; Trauma; Infection; Psychiatric; Stroke

What medication can be used for hyperthyroidism? (3)

Radioactive Iodine Therapy Propylthiouracil (PTU) Surgery

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves Disease

_____: bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other body parts. Transmitted through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. SS- Chills, fever, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, chronic cough, hemoptysis.

Tuberculosis

_____: infection of the lungs that can present with a variety of SS. SS include chills, fever, fatigue, malaise, cough, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnea, crackles, wheezing or rhonchi, decreased air movement in infected area. Physical Examination: fluid in the lungs

Pneumonia

_____: Often from hyperextension injuries, causing motor weakness more in the upper extremities & loss of bladder control

Central Cord Syndrome

_____: Hemitransection causing motor & sensory loss on the same side as the injury & pain/temperature loss on the opposite side

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

_____: Compression of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord, leading to bowel/bladder incontinence & lower extremity weakness

Cause Equina Syndrome

_____: Temporary loss of all spinal cord functions below the injury, including paralysis, loss of sensation & bowel/bladder control

Spinal Shock

_____: Total severing of the Spinal Cord leading to quadriplegia or paraplegia, loss of reflexes & autonomic dysfunction

Complete Cord Transection

_____ is widespread blunt trauma to the head; high chance of death; damages entire axons in the brain

Diffuse Axon

How to handle sexual assault victim: (8)

Listen don’t judge. Consider the victim a crime scene. Do not allow victim to change clothes. Carefully explain the process to the PT. Assess the physical injuries, not the actual event. Provide a safe environment. Nonjudgemental. Preserve physical evidence.

Universal Blood Recipient:

Type AB (Specifically AB+)

Universal Blood Donor:

Type O-

_____ Aneurysm: Occurs below the diaphragm. Affects the abdomen, femoral & distal pulses. Often the PT feels a sudden & urgent need to defecate.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

_____ Aneurysm: Occurs above the diaphragm. Affects the thoracic cavity, upper arms & typically shows a difference BP’s left from right.

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

For any internal hemorrhage, control the BP to a systolic of ___:

SS of _____ OD: N/V, Diarrhea (sometimes with blood), liver necrosis, pain on swallowing, unusual breath odors, excessive salivation.

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

How to treat Acetaminophen (Tylenol) OD:

Primary: Acetylcysteine (mucomyst) If identified early, activated charcoal.

SS of _____ OD: CNS depression; profound drowsiness; stupor or coma; respiratory depression; hypotension; ataxia.

Benzodiazepines OD

How to treat benzodiazepines OD:

Flumazenil. Benzodiazepine antagonist can reverse CNS & respiratory depression.

_____ should be used with caution with patient with chronic benzodiazapene due to risk of seizures.

Flumazenil

_____: small masses of swollen veins located in the anus or rectum.

Hemorrhoids

_____: An abnormal connection between the epithelialized surface of the anal canal & the perianal skin

Fistulas

_____ result from pregnancy, portal hypertension, lifting heavy objects, straining during defecation low-fiber diet

Hehorrhoids

_____ often result from an abscess in anal glands that fails to heal properly, leading to a persistent, abnormal connection

Fistulas

What 2 OD’s is Sodium Bicarb used for?

Tricyclic Antidepressant; Salicylate

_____: life-threatening medical condition; usually bacterial that leads to a whole-body inflammatory state called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). SS: Fever, chills, tachycardia, RD, AMS, hypoperfusion & increased or decrease BGL

Septicemia (sepsis BB)

_____: condition where the body’s core temperature drops below 95*F (35*C); can result from inadequate heat production, excessive cold exposure or both

Hypothermia

_____ Hypothermia: 90-95*F Shivering, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, tachypnea, fatigue, impaired judgment.

Mild Hypothermia

_____ Hypothermia: 82-90*F Condition where the body’s core temperature drops below 95*F; can result from inadequate heat production, excessive cold exposure or both.

Moderate Hypothermia

_____ Hypothermia: <82*F Coma, apnea, ventricular arrhythmia or asystole, loss of voluntary muscle control, hypotension, undetectable pulse & respirations.

Severe Hypothermia

_____: abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood. BGL <70

Hypoglycemia

_____: Condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of glucose. Typically >200 mg/dL

Hyperglycemia

SS of _____: AMS; seizures, lethargy, RD, out of character behavior, confusion & outburst of anger.

Hypoglycemia

SS of _____: Early- Increased thirst, urination and weight loss. Late- Weakness, abdominal pain, generalized pain, generalized aches, loss of appetite, N/V, dehydration, fruity breath, tachypnea, hyperventilation, tachycardia.

Hyperglycemia

What is the number 1 SS associated with endocrinological emergencies?

Altered Mental Status

Which endocrinological emergency would we want to give fluids to?

DKA and HHNS

3 Main Causes of Physiological Seizures:

Metabolic Drug Related Causes Trauma/Injury/Vascular Issues/Infectious Causes

4 Main Types of Idiopathic Seizures:

Genetic Predisposition Primary Epilepsy Syndroms Development Abnormalities Unknown Causes

Textbook says the most common cause of Seizure is _____:

Idiopathic Epilepsy

_____: serious condition where the intestines are blocked, preventing normal movement of content through the digestive tract. Can be acute or chronic. SS: Diffuse abdominal pain; bloating and tenderness; N/V; Distended abdomen; signs of shock.

Bowel Obstruction

_____: serious condition that involves bleeding in the Upper Part of the digestive tract; including the esophagus, stomach & duodenum. SS: Abdominal discomfort; N/V; Hematemesis & Melena; Signs of Shock; Orthostatic Hypotension.

Upper GI Bleed

_____: occur in the GI tract distal to the Ligament of Treitz; including small intestine, colon, rectum & anus & often associated w/chronic conditions. SS: Cramping Pain; N/V; Changes in stools; abdominal findings; signs of shock; hemodynamic instability.

Lower GI Bleed

_____: Indicates a slow GI bleed

Melanotic Stool

_____: (Hematochezia) Suggest a large hemorrhage or bleeding in the distal colon; possible due to hemorrhoids or rectal fissures.

Bright Red Blood in Stool

_____ Abdomen: May indicate significant hemorrhage

Distended

_____: Bruising on the abdomen can be a signs of severe bleeding

Ecchymosis

_____: Feeling of incomplete evacuation/urge to defecate (seen in rectal or colonic lesions).

Tenesmus

_____: Condition often awakens the pt from sleep & is typically associated w/heart conditions like CHF. Sudden SOB at night & often causes the patient to wake up from sleep.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

_____: Difficulty breathing while lying flat; patient typically sleep with pillows.

Orthopnea

_____: Condition where the heart’s reduced stroke volume leads to fluid overload in the body’s tissues.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure is:

CPAP, Nitro, Morphine, Lasix If BP is <90, treat right sided first with fluids to get pressure above 90. Then treat the left sided failure with drugs.

Right sided Heart Failure gets _____. Left sided Heart Failure gets _____.

Fluids Nitro (drugs)

In the field, what is the least useful technique for inspecting the abdomen?

Percussion.

*Which type of Diabetes accounts for 90% of of diabetic patient?*

Type 2

_____ Diabetes Mellitus Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. Typically diagnosed in children & young adults; also called “juvenile onset” diabetes. Patients require regular insulin injections to manage blood glucose levels. Accounts for approx 5% of diabetes cases DKA: Diabetic Ketoacidosis Higher chance of becoming hypoglycemic

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

_____ Diabetes Mellitus: Decreased responsiveness to insulin and insufficient insulin production. Typically begins after 40 & often associated with obesity. Patients usually do not depend on insulin replacement initially, managed with lifestyle changes & oral medications. Often less S/S of Type 1 with lower levels of hyperglycemia & fewer major signs of metabolic disruption. Accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment of right sided MI:

Maintain preload; Dobutamine; reduce afterload; early re-perfusion.

SS of Right sided MI: (3)

Distended Neck Veins Clear Lung Fields Hypotension *Elevation in Leads II, III and avF

How many times does carbon monoxide bind to hemoglobin compared to oxygen?

200-250 x more

Elderly female having upper abdominal pain and what to do for her?

Silent MI - Run 12 Lead Any form of chest pain, run 12 Lead.

_____: Atrial Rate: 350-370 (cannot be counted) Ventricular Rate: Varies greatly Rhythm: Irregularly irregular No PRI and the QRS is normal

AFIB

Parasite _____: contracted from undercooked pork, causing GI disturbances and potentially severe complications.

Trichinosis

Parasite: _____: causes epigastric pains and anemia.

Hookworms

Parasite: _____: common in children, causing anal itching.

Pinworms

Parasite: _____: causes abdominal cramping, fever and cough.

Roundworms

_____ Degree AV Block: Delay in impulse transmission from atria to ventricles. ECG Indicator: PR interval longer than 0.20 seconds. Impact: No complete blockage, just a slowing of the impulse.

First

_____ Degree AV Block (Mobitz __): Progressive delay of impulses until one is completely blocked. Cycle: After a dropped beat, the cycle repeats. Impact: Can cause syncope and angina if frequent.

Second Degree AV Block Mobitz I

_____ Degree AV Block (Mobitz ___): Intermittent block where some impulses are conducted and others are not. Pattern: Often a recognized pattern. Impact: More serious than Mobitz I, can lead to full AV block.

Second-Degree AV Block (Mobitz II)

_____ Degree AV Block: No impulses from atria are conducted to ventricles. Impact: Severe bradycardia, heart failure, and potential cardiac arrest.

Third Degree AV Block

How do you position a stroke patient? (4)

Supine Recovery position Opposite side of stroke signs If PT has medical history, transport in semi fowlers

Low amplitude, bradycardia, thin hair and doughy skin, is it a thyroid disorder or adrenal gland disorder?

Thyroid - Hypothyroidism

If a patient is taking atrovent, metaproterenol and betamethasone, what underlying disease or disorder would you expect them to have?

Asthma or COPD

COPD PT have a tendency to produce polycythemia. What is this? And why?

Abnormally high heatocrit due to excess production of RBC’s. Chronic Hypoxia leads to decreased O2 - body then produces more red blood cells.

Rhonchi - Upper or Lower? Fluid or Congestion? Snoring - Upper of Lower? Fluid or Congestion? Strider - Upper or Lower? Fluid or Congestion? Crackles - Upper or Lower? Fluid or Congestion?

Rhonchi - Lower / Fluid Snoring - Upper / Congestion Stridor - Upper / Obstruction Crackles - Lower / Fluid

Ketones are a bybroduct of _____.

Fat metabolism (considered a form of catabolism)

What is the number 1 cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) or Angina?

Atherosclerosis

What happens when the external pacemaker fails?

The underlying rhythm returns.

What body part separates a lower and upper GI tract bleed?

Ligament of Treitz

Which is more common, Stroke, Epilepsy or Parkinson’s?

Stroke Parkinson’s Epilepsy

_____: inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Gastroenteritis

_____: inflammation of the stomach.

Gastritis

_____: Chroninc inflammatory disease affecting any part of the GI tract.

Crohns

What percentage of the population has appendicitis?

10-20%

What is a substance that induces an immune response?

Immunogenicity

Pt complaining of severe headache; what do we watch them for? And prevent aspiration.

Intracranial pressure

What is ST Elevation?

STEMI

What is Tall Peaked T-Waves?

Hyperkalemia MI Early indication of Torsades

Number 1 Cause of Hemorrhoids:

Idiopathic Straining in Defecation Low Fiber Pregnancy Heavy Lifting Portal Hypertension

_____: known as adrenal insufficiency, occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones. SS - Progressive weakness/fatigue, hypotension, most likely in AFIB w/ RVR.

Addison’s Disease

_____: genetic disorder affecting red blood cells. SS - Chronic anemia, vasooclussive crisis, hematologic crisis, infectious crisis.

Sickle Cell

Medical Emergencies Flashcards

(270 cards)