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4E0X1 WAPS > Medical Entomology > Flashcards

Medical Entomology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of the medical entomology program?

A

Preventing and controlling vectorborne diseases by reducing disease vectors/reservoirs
Blocking transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts
Protecting the base population

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2
Q

What is the instruction that outlines the pest management program for the base civil engineer?

A

AFI 32-1053, Integrated Pest Management Program

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3
Q

What instruction outlines the Air Force’s Medical Entomology Program?

A

AFI 48-102, Medical Entomology Program

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4
Q

Who establishes the surveillance frequencies for disease vectors?

A

Aerospace Medicine Council (AMC)

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5
Q

What are the primary PH tasks during an aerial spray mission?

A

Education of the public and pre/post treatment vector surveys to determine if the aerial spraying was effective

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6
Q

What are the BE responsibilities in the medical entomology program?

A

Provides technical info concerning the safe storage and use of pesticides
Monitors acquisition, storage, and environmental impact of pesticides for pest management, commissary, and BX.
Review the Integrated Pest Management Plan before MAJCOM CE approval.

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7
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

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8
Q

What is the next lower subdivision of a phylum?

A

Class

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9
Q

What subdivision comes after order?

A

Family

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10
Q

What subdivision is before genus?

A

Family

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11
Q

In most cases, what is the last major division in the classification system?

A

Species

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12
Q

What is the stiff outer skeleton in arthropods called?

A

Exoskeleton

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13
Q

What are the three regions of an insect’s body?

A

Head
Thorax
Abdomen

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14
Q

What are the four stages of complete metamorphosis?

A

Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult

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15
Q

What is a written insect key?

A

A brief description of anatomical features used to identify insects

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16
Q

Which organisms does the USAF consider “pests”?

A

Any organism in the wrong place at the wrong time

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17
Q

What is “integrated pest management”?

A

AFI 32-1053 defines IPM as a planned program incorporating continuous monitoring, education, record keeping, and communication to prevent pests and disease vectors from causing unacceptable damage to operations, people, property, material, or the environment

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18
Q

What form of pest control relies on changing the environment?

A

Cultural control

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19
Q

What is “mechanical” pest control?

A

It consists of using methods to kill or separate anthropods from their food source

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20
Q

Who may use “restricted use” pesticides?

A

A person who is a certified and competent Applicator or someone who is under the direct supervision of a certified Applicator

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21
Q

Which type of pesticide has low toxicity for mammals and is widely replacing all other types of pesticides?

A

Pyrethroids

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22
Q

What genus of mosquito deposits its eggs attached together to form rafts that float on water?

A

Culex

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23
Q

Where do mosquito larvae develop?

A

Only in water

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24
Q

What percentage of adult mosquitoes are typically male?

A

50%

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25
Q

What sex of mosquito has a bushy antenna?

A

Male

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26
Q

What mosquito genera are the two primary vectors of encephalitis in CONUS?

A

Culex and Aedes

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27
Q

What is the most common mosquito-borne disease in CONUS?

A

West Nile (WNV)

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28
Q

Which encephalitis group includes Snowshoe Hare, LaCrosse, and Jamestown Canyon viruses?

A

California enchepahlitis (CE)

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29
Q

What are thought to be the most common reservoirs of WNV, SLE, EEE, and WEE?

A

Wild birds

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30
Q

What is another name for dengue fever?

A

Break bone fever

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31
Q

What genus of mosquito transmits dengue fever?

A

Aedes

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32
Q

What are three control measures for dengue fever?

A

Public education, vector avoidance and control, and environmental cleanup

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of yellow fever?

A

Fever, headache, backache, jaundice, and internal bleeding

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34
Q

What are the five species of malaria?

A

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malaria, P. ovale, and P. knowles

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35
Q

What are the three stages of malaria?

A

Cold, hot, and profuse sweating stages

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36
Q

What is the incubation period for falciparum malaria?

A

10-18 days

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37
Q

What form of malaria can cause rapid death if left untreated?

A

Falciparum

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38
Q

What forms of malaria have relapses?

A

Vivax, malaria, and ovalue

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39
Q

What chemoprophylaxis for malaria is typically prescribed for flight crew?

A

Malarone and doxycycline

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40
Q

What should you complete prior to establishing or revitalizing your surveillance program?

A

Conduct a baseline entomology survey for the entire installation

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41
Q

What are the important things to remember when locating the adult mosquito traps on the base?

A

Placed between populated areas
Away from competing light sources
Protected from wind
Placed 6ft above ground

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42
Q

What device is used to collect live specimens in adult mosquito traps?

A

A net

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43
Q

What does the SSAM trap use to attract mosquitoes?

A

A light, but can also use CO2

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44
Q

What are the advantages of a CO2-baited trap over a light-baited SSAM trap?

A

Attracts more species and a larger number of mosquitoes; attracts primarily female mosquitoes

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45
Q

Why would you operate a CO2-baited trap during daylight hours?

A

To catch species that are active in the late morning and early evening

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46
Q

Generally, when should you sample larval mosquito collection sites?

A

Weekly

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47
Q

What two mosquito species are collected primarily with an ovitrap?

A

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

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48
Q

What is a TI?

A

Trap index
The average number of females caught per trap night

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49
Q

What is an STI?

A

Specific trap index
Average population of a single species or particular group of mosquitoes.

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50
Q

What are the four types of mosquito control?

A

Cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological

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51
Q

What is one of the best mosquito cultural control methods?

A

Fill the holes

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52
Q

What are two methods of chemical control used on adult mosquitoes?

A

Residual treatment: application of insecticides
Fogging: applying insecticide droplets to the air

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53
Q

What predator is most widely used for feeding on mosquito larvae?

A

Gambusia affinis, a freshwater minnow

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54
Q

In many cases, what is your best defense against vectorborne disease?

A

Personal protection

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55
Q

What are the common names for the three distinct varieties of lice that infect humans?

A

Head lice, Body lice, and pubic lice

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56
Q

What is the most medically important louse?

A

Body louse

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57
Q

How are pathogens for typhus and trench fever spread from lice to humans?

A

Passed out from fecal droppings of the louse when it feeds

58
Q

How are the bacteria of relapsing fever spread from lice to humans?

A

When crushed lice are rubbed into the wound

59
Q

What is the most effective method of prevention for all lice?

A

Education

60
Q

What are the two major categories of flies?

A

Biting fly and filth fly

61
Q

To which of the two major groups of flies does a sand fly belong?

A

Biting fly

62
Q

What are the five ways flies spread disease?

A

Mouthparts
Through their vomitus
Their body hairs
Sticky pads on their feet
Their feces

63
Q

What is the most effective fly control measure?

A

Proper sanitation

64
Q

In what insect order are fleas classified?

A

Siphonaptera

65
Q

What disease are fleas responsible for transmitting?

A

Plague and murine typhus

66
Q

How are murine fleas responsible for transmitting?

A

By flea bite or when flea or rodent louse feces are scratched into an open wound or inhaled

67
Q

What are the two major groups of ticks?

A

Hard and soft

68
Q

To which of the two major groups does the American dog tick belong?

A

Hard tick

69
Q

What are the four major groups of diseases that are spread by ticks?

A

Rickettsial
Spirochetal
Bacterial
Viral

70
Q

What is meant by “transovarial transmission” of pathogens?

A

From infected adults to the egg

71
Q

What is the most effective method for removing a tick?

A

Using small tweezers to grab as close to the mouth as possible

72
Q

What stage are chiggers in when they feed on humans and animals?

A

Larval stage

73
Q

What are the two major groups of diseases transmitted by mites?

A

Scrub typhus and rickettsial-pox

74
Q

What species of mite transmits scrub typhus?

A

Chigger

75
Q

Which mites burrow and live in human skin?

A

Scabies mites

76
Q

What is the most abundant species of cockroach in the USA?

A

German cockroach

77
Q

What color are German cockroaches?

A

Pale yellowish brown or tan

78
Q

Where are American cockroaches most often found?

A

Commercial establishments

79
Q

Why are Oriental cockroach populations at a somewhat lower level?

A

They reproduce at a slower rate

80
Q

What is the most effective method of control for cockroaches?

A

Denying access to food or moisture

81
Q

How many venomous snakes are there in the USA?

A

More than 20

82
Q

What are the five basic types of venom that anthropods and snakes produce?

A

Hemolytic
Neurotoxin
Uruticating
Vesicating
Hemorrhagic

83
Q

What three things fo venomous anthropods do to cause pain and swelling?

A

Sting
Bite
Produce fluids

84
Q

What type of venom produces blisters on the skin?

A

Vesicating toxin

85
Q

What is the one control method that is effective against all venomous anthropods?

A

Avoidance

86
Q

What is the most common species of mouse?

A

House mouse

87
Q

What do the droppings (feces) of a house mouse look like?

A

Small and rod-shaped

88
Q

What is the largest and most common domestic rat?

A

Norway rat

89
Q

What are the three color patterns found in roof rats?

A

Black: black to slate gray
Alexandrine: grayish white belly
Fruit rat: white to lemon-colored belly

90
Q

What is the best long-term control method for rodents?

A

Sanitation and exclusion (cultural and mechanical)

91
Q

What are some of the more important rodent-borne diseases that can be related to rodent infestations?

A

Plaque, leptospirosis, hantavirus, scrub typhus, tularemia, salmonellosis, and rat-bite fever

92
Q

What are the three types of plague that affect humans?

A

Bubonic
Septicemic
Pneumonic

93
Q

Which of the three types of plague affects the lymph nodes?

A

Bubonic

94
Q

When did the USAF establish the Plague Surveillance Prevention Program?

A

1977

95
Q

How does one acquire leptospirosis?

A

Direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected rodents or other animals

96
Q

What are the symptoms of most cases of leptospirosis?

A

Asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms

97
Q

What is the case fatality proportion for hantavirus infections?

A

40-70%

98
Q

Where in CONUS have cases of Hantavirus occurred?

A

20 western states and sporadically in eastern regions

99
Q

Besides sighting a rodent, what is one of the best indicators of a rodent infestation?

A

Rat and mouse feces

100
Q

What color are rodent feces, typically?

A

Black

101
Q

How wide are rat and mouse pathways?

A

2-3 inches wide

102
Q

Where are most rodent rub marks found?

A

Around gnawed holes, pipes and beams, edges of stairs, and along walls

103
Q

How can you determine if a rodent run is new or old?

A

Fresh: usually soft when scratched
Old: brittle and flakes off

104
Q

To identify tracks, how deep do you spread powder (or flour) on a rodent run?

A

No more than 1/8 inch

105
Q

What type of trap is recommended for trapping rodents around children and in food service facilities?

A

Glue board

106
Q

How do you pack ectoparasites for shipment to a lab?

A

Placing them in a 5 ml blood-collection vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol

107
Q

Who determines the effectiveness of aerial spraying of pesticides to control vectors or medically important pests?

A

Public Health

108
Q

Who provides vector identification for bases in CONUS?

A

USAFSAM

109
Q

What is the first classification or grouping within the animal plant kingdom?

A

Phylum

110
Q

In most cases, what is the lowest major division in the classification system of insects?

A

Species

111
Q

What has an endoskeletal structure?

A

Humans

112
Q

What type of metamorphosis is a growth cycle that includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult?

A

Complete metamorphosis

113
Q

Flies, mosquitoes, midges, and punkies belong to which order of insects?

A

Diptera

114
Q

Who monitors all pest control activities for the entire USAF installation?

A

Pest management section

115
Q

What type of pest control consists of using predators, pathogens, or genetic engineering to control anthropods?

A

Biological

116
Q

What mosquito genus deposits its eggs so that they are attached together to form rafts that float on the water?

A

Culex

117
Q

During what stage do mosquitoes abstain from feeding?

A

Pupal

118
Q

What disease sometimes resembles the pain of broken bones?

A

Dengue fever

119
Q

What mosquitoes transmit all four forms of malaria?

A

Anopheles

120
Q

Where do most complications develop when a human is infected with malaria?

A

Brain

121
Q

How many feet above ground should solid-state army miniature (SSAM) traps be located to attract most mosquitoes?

A

6 feet

122
Q

What type of surveillance method uses a paper-towel-wrapped tongue depressor that emerges in a one-pint, black jar half-filled with water?

A

Ovi-trap for mosquito eggs

123
Q

What is an example of cultural control for mosquitoes?

A

Filling in the low-lying areas with dirt

124
Q

Whose responsibility is it to fill low-lying areas with dirt to control mosquitoes?

A

Civil engineer

125
Q

Replacing weather stripping on a door and patching screens are two examples of which type of mosquito control?

A

Mechanical

126
Q

How are epidemic typhus and trench fever transmitted?

A

Infected louse feces or crushed lice

127
Q

What is the condition in which living tissue is infected with maggots?

A

Myiasis

128
Q

What disease is transmitted by fleas?

A

Plague

129
Q

How is endemic typus (murine typhus) transmitted?

A

Feces of a flea rubbed into a wound

130
Q

What is an example of a hard tick?

A

American dog tick

131
Q

What disease do ticks spread a bacterial disease?

A

Tularemia

132
Q

What do you call the transmission of rickettsial pathogens from adult ticks through the egg?

A

Transovarial

133
Q

What is the most abundant cockroach species in the USA?

A

German cockroach

134
Q

What is the most effective method of controlling cockroaches?

A

Denying access to food or moisture

135
Q

What type of veno produces raised areas on the skin that may itch or be intensely painful?

A

Uriticating toxin

136
Q

What control measures are the most effective against venomous animals?

A

Cultural

137
Q

Which is the largest and most common domestic rat?

A

Norway rat

138
Q

What is the best method for long-term control of rodents?

A

Cultural and mechanical

139
Q

What disease results from either direct or indirect contact with the urine of infected rodents or other animals?

A

Leptospirosis

140
Q

What is the most positive proof of a rodent infestation?

A

Sighting a live rodent

141
Q

Swing marks made along a beam under floor joists generally indicate the presence of which type of rodent?

A

Roof rat

142
Q

If you powder a floor to survey for tracks, the prints of a rodent’s hind feet will show how many toes?

A

Five

4E0X1 WAPS (7 decks)

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