Medical Quiz Flashcards
(23 cards)
Name organ system level cellular changes due to heat.
- rhabdomyolisis
- pulmonary edema
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
- cardiovascular dysfunction
- electrolyte disturbance
- renal failure
- liver failure
Name 3 clinical emergencies of altitude illness
Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
High altitude cerebral oedema (HACE)
High altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE)
Name 4 causes of hyperthermia
Exertion in hot conditions
Thyroid storm (thyrotoxic crisis)
Malignant hyperthermia
Poisoning (stmpathomimetic eg ecstasy) - MDMA 5-HTZ receptors
Name the temperature controls centre in the brain
Hypothalamus
Name the 3 internal processes for regulating heat production
Basal metabolism
Sweating
Skin arterioles
Signs of CO2 retention
Increased drowsiness
Increased/irregular respiratory rate
Abdominal paradox
Use of accessory muscles for respiration
Anxiety
Confusion
Name four types of lower GI bleeding
Hematokesia - blood mixed in with stool
Rectorhagia - leaking blood from the rectum
Melena - dark tarry stool
Whole clots
How to determine defibrillator voltage for paediatrics
4 joules/kg
Name 4 structural changes to the obese pts airway/respiration
O2 consumption and CO2 production increased, due to metabolic activity in adipose tissue and increased work from supportive tissues.
Safe apnea period during RSI increased.
increased airway resistance, abnormally elevated diaphragm, and increased work of breathing secondary to chest wall elasticity and resistance to caudal capacity - resulting in shallow rapid breathing, reduction in capacity to pre-oxygenate and limited ventilatory capacity.
increased fat distribution in pharyngeal tissues increasing likelihood of pharyngeal wall collapse.
Early and late signs of pediatric shock
early:
peripheral temp
cap refill
HR
late:
bradycardia
hypotension
Identifying pain in the unconscious patient
hypertension
tachycardia
tearing
restlessness
Possible systemic complications of crush injury
rhabdomyolysis
kidney injury
hyperkalemia
sepsis
loss of limb
Name 5 types of shock
Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Neurogenic
Septic
Name and describe 4 causes of hypoxia.
Hypoxia hypoxia - normal O2 capacity but diminished O2 tension in arterial blood, with varying degrees of Hemoglobin unsaturation e.g. most respiratory diseases.
Stagnant hypoxia - cardiovascular compromise e.g. MI, thrombus, embolus.
Anaemic - fewer functioning Hemoglobin.
Histoxic - utilisation is diminished due to poisoning of the tissue cells, e.g. cyanide poisoning.
ECG: the 8 step method
- Rate
- Regularity
- P waves (atrial activity)
- PR intervals and conduction ratio
- QRS complex
- Origin of the dysrhythmia
- Identify dysrhythmia
- Clinical significance
Should dystopia management acronym
** time - 5 minute emergency **
H - help
E - explain
L - legs in McRoberts
P - pressure suprapubically
E - enter the vagina
R - remove posterior arm
R - roll over and try again
- if this fails, transport rapidly
Outline the APGAR score
Score out of 10. Less than 7 requires intervention.
A - activity (muscle tone): absent; flexed arms and legs; active
P - pulse: absent; < 100bpm; > 100bpm
G - grimace (reflex irritability): floppy; minimal response to stimulation; prompt response
A - appearance: blue, pale; pink body, blue extremities; pink
R - respiration: absent; slow and irregular; vigorous cry
Rules for splinting
Treat critical injuries first
Consider tx vs splinting in field
Pail relief before splinting
Pad splints and remove clothing
Straighten deformities; immobilise joints
Check and recheck neurovascular function
Irrigate open wounds
Cover open wounds
Protect exposed bone
Treatment options for headache
Aspirin (caution in rapid onset, worst headache, could be bleed)
Anti-emetic
Ibuprofen
Triptans (serotonin receptors antagonist) —> selectively restrict cerebral blood vessels
Acupuncture
Opiates
HRT
List 7 possible causes of junctional escape rhythm
Severe sinus bradycardia
Sinus arrest
Sinoatrial exit block
High-grade second degree AV block
Third degree AV block
Hyperkalemia
Drugs- beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, or digoxin poisoning.
List some signs of inadequate ventilation
Rate issues
Irregular
Inadequate depth
Use of accessory muscles
Nasal flaring (paeds)
See-saw breathing (paeds)
Head bobbing
Abnormal noises
Tripod position
Name the four presenting features of hypercalcaemia and the three most common causes
Rentals stones
Painful bones
Abdominal groans
Psychiatric moans
Calcium supplements
Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
3 mechanisms of reperfusion injury
- Increased formation of reactive oxygen species
- Micro vascular vasoconstriction
- Adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial lining, their activation, and release of cytokines
