Define That Term

Question 1

Hematochezia

Answer 1

Fresh blood passed with stool.

Question 2

Rectorhagia

Answer 2

Leaking blood from the rectum

Question 3

Melena

Answer 3

Dark tarry stool

Question 4

Periosteum

Answer 4

A dense layer of vascular tissue enveloping the bones except at the surface of the joints.

Question 5

Breath Stacking

Answer 5

Where the patient places additional air on top of the air already in their lungs, which can add extra force to their cough. May be helpful to patients with MND, who have difficulty clearing secretions and mucus. May be used in conjunction with inflatable bag and mask, used to gently encourage more air to be inhaled. a small machine called a ‘cough assistance device’ may also help to clear mucus.

Question 6

Haematemesis

Answer 6

Vomiting blood.

Question 7

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 7

An abnormal connection between this two tubes.

Question 8

Mediastinitis

Answer 8

Swelling or inflammation of the mediastinum (area between the lungs, containing heart, trachea, oesophagus, lymph nodes and aorta).

Question 9

Empyema

Answer 9

Pockets of pus that has collected within a cavity in the body. Typically the pleural space.

Question 10

Pleuritic chest pain

Answer 10

Sharp chest pain that worsens during breathing.

Question 11

Hemoptysis

Answer 11

Coughing up blood.

Question 12

Odynophagia

Answer 12

Painful swallowing

Question 13

Define: glycosuria

Answer 13

Glucose excretion in urine

Question 14

Kussmaul respiration

Answer 14

Sweet smell on the breath

Question 15

Dysarthria

Answer 15

Slurred speech.

Weakness in the muscles used for speech, which often causes slowed or slurred speech.

Question 16

Diplopia

Answer 16

Double vision.

Question 17

Define: chronotropic effect

Answer 17

Chronotropic effects are those that change the heart rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it, such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node.

Question 18

Define: hypoxia drive

Answer 18

When the bodies chemoreceptors switch from measuring CO2 to O2, often in the presence of COPD (where CO2 levels are always elevated), in order to control respiratory rate in response to demand.

Question 19

Polycythemia/erythrocytosis

Answer 19

High concentration of red blood cells in blood

Question 20

Prader-Willi syndrome

Answer 20

Excessive appetite
Restricted growth
Hypotonia
Learning difficulties
Behavioural difficulties
Lack of sexual development

Question 21

Pernicious anemia

Answer 21

a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12

Question 22

Lumbago

Answer 22

Lower back pain

Question 23

Huntingtons disease

Answer 23

a condition that damages nerve cells in the brain causing them to stop working properly.

It’s passed on (inherited) from a person’s parents. The damage to the brain gets worse over time. It can affect movement, cognition (perception, awareness, thinking, judgement) and mental health.

Question 24

Legionnaires disease

Answer 24

Lung infection (pneumonia) (occasionally wounds, heart etc.) caused by Legionella bacteria. Mild form - Pontiac fever (fever, chills, headache and muscle aches)

Transmission: water droplets from hot tubs, air conditioning etc.

Question 25

Opisthotonus

Answer 25

dramatic abnormal posture due to spastic contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, and lower extremities that produces a severe backward arching from neck to heel. Often seen in tetanus and strychnine poisoning.

Question 26

emprosthotonus

Answer 26

a tetanic spasm in which the head and feet are brought forward toward each other and the back arched.

Question 27

pleurothotonus

Answer 27

a rare neurological disorder which occurs due to prolonged exposure to antipsychotic drugs (which may also be referred to as neuroleptics). It is characterized by dystonia, and abnormal and sustained involuntary muscle contraction. Also called visa syndrome, due to the sideways lean.

Question 28

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Answer 28

a common disorder of the inner ear with symptoms including dizziness, vertigo, unsteadiness and nausea. BPPV is the most common cause of vertigo, especially in people over 65 years old.

Question 29

Vestibular neuritis

Answer 29

an inner ear disorder that causes symptoms such as sudden, severe vertigo, dizziness, balance problems, nausea and vomiting. Experts believe that viral infections cause vestibular neuritis. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms or taking antiviral medications.

Question 30

Labrynthitis

Answer 30

inflammation of the labyrinth — part of your inner ear. It can cause vertigo, hearing loss and other symptoms. Possible treatments include antibiotics, antivirals or steroid medications. In rare cases, untreated labyrinthitis can lead to long-term balance issues and permanent hearing loss.

Question 31

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD)

Answer 31

Condition in which the cricopharyngeus muscle doesn’t relax to allow air to exit the stomach and esophagus • Symptoms include inability to burp, abdominal bloating, gurgling sounds from the neck and chest, excessive flatulence • Treatment includes Botox injection, partial cricopharyngeal myotomy