Medical Terminology & Anatomy Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Root Word
A
Base of the word.
Can stand alone as the main portion of a medical term.
Fundamental meaning of the medical term.
A medical term can have more than one root word.
2
Q
Combining Vowels
A
Attached to root words to link the root word with the suffix, or one root word to another root word.
Make medical terms easier to pronounce.
Most Common Combining Vowels:
> “O”
> “I”
3
Q
Prefix
A
Typically attached to the beginning of a word to modify or alter the meaning.
Often Indicate:
> Location
> Time
> Number
4
Q
Suffix
A
Attached to the end of a word to modify or alter its meaning.
Often Indicate:
> Procedure
> Condition
> Disorder
> Disease
5
Q
Anatomic Position
A
Standard Body Position
Upright, face-forward position with the arms by the side, palms facing forward, and feet parallel and slightly apart.
6
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
(directional term)
A
Toward the front of the body.
7
Q
Posterior (Dorsal)
(directional term)
A
Toward the back of the body.
8
Q
Medial
(directional term)
A
Toward the midline of the body.
9
Q
Lateral
(directional term)
A
Toward the side of the body.
10
Q
Proximal
(directional term)
A
Nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point.
11
Q
Distal
(directional term)
A
Farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point.
12
Q
Superior (Cranial)
(directional term)
A
Above; toward the head.
13
Q
Inferior (Caudal)
(directional term)
A
Below; toward the lower end of the spine.
14
Q
Superficial (External)
(directional term)
A
Closer to the surface of the body.
15
Q
Deep (Internal)
(directional term)
A
Closer to the center of the body.
16
Q
Body Plane
A
A flat surface in which the body is virtually cut along.
17
Q
Sagittal
(body plane)
A
Cuts through the midline of the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sections.
18
Q
Frontal (Coronal)
(body plane)
A
Cuts at a right angle to the midline, from side to side, dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.
19
Q
Transverse (Horizontal) (Axial)
(body plane)
A
Cuts horizontally through the body, separating the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.
20
Q
4 Categories of the Structure of the Human Body
A
1) Cells
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Systems
21
Q
Cells
(body structure)
A
Basic unit of all living things.
Vary in size and shape according to function.
22
Q
Tissues
(body structure)
A
A group of similar cells performing a specific task.
4 Connective Tissue Groups:
> Adipose Tissue
> Cartilage
> Bone
> Blood
23
Q
Organs
(body structure)
A
Two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions.
24
Q
System
(body structure)
A
Groups of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.
25
5 Body Cavities
1) Cranial Cavity
2) Spinal (vertebral) Cavity
3) Thoracic (chest) Cavity
4) Abdominal Cavity
5) Pelvic Cavity
26
Body Cavity
A fluid-filled space within the body that houses and protects internal organs.
27
Cranial Cavity
A space inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain.
28
Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity
A space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord.
29
Thoracic (Chest) Cavity
The space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus.
30
Abdominal Cavity
The space containing the lowest portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines (excluding the sigmoid colon and rectum), kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters.
31
Pelvic Cavity
The space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, and the rectum.\
32
Membranes
Line internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside, and line body cavities.
33
5 Types of Membranes
1) Mucous Membranes
2) Serous Membranes
3) Synovial Membranes
4) Meninges
5) Cutaneous Membrane
34
Mucous Membranes
Line the interior walls of the organs and tubers the open to the outside of the body.
Such as:
> Digestive System
> Respiratory System
> Urinary System
> Reproductive System
35
Serous Membranes
Line cavities, including the thoracic cavity and internal organs (e.g., heart).
Plura - covers the lungs
Pericardium - covers the heart
Peritoneum - lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within.
36
Synovial Membranes
Line joint cavities and are composed or connective tissue.
Secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity so that bones can move freely.
37
Meninges
Composed of 3 connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.
38
3 Connective Tissue Membranes that Compose Meninges
1) Dura Mater - outer layer
2) Arachnoid - middle layer
3) Pia Mater - inner layer
39
Cutaneous Membrane
AKA - the skin
Forms the outer covering of the body.
40
Integumentary System
The largest organ system in the body.
Comprised of:
> Skin
> Hair
> Nails
The above mentioned structures of this system:
> Protect the body from injury, fluid
loss, and microorganisms (e.g.,
bacteria, virus, fungus, yeasts).
> Regulate body temperature and
fluid balance.
> Provide sensation
41
2 Layers of Skin
(integumentary system)
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
42
Epidermis
(integumentary system)
Composed of 4-5 layers (stratum):
1) Stratum Corneum (horny layer)
> Outermost layer
2) Stratum Lucidum
> Clear layer
> Normally found only on the
palms of the hands and the
soles of the feet.
3) Stratum Granulosum
> Granular layer of cells.
> Accumulate 2 types of granules:
- Keratohyalin granules
- Lamellated granules
4) Stratum Spinosum
> Composed of prickle cells.
5) Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)
> Deepest of the 5 layers.
> Made of basal cells.
43
Dermis
(integumentary system)
Located just under the epidermis.
Has 2 layers of stratum:
1) Stratum Papillare
> Thin superficial layer interlocked
with the epidermis.
2) Stratum Reticulare
> Thick layer of dense, irregular
connective tissue.
Also Contains:
> Vessels carrying blood and lymph
> Nerves and nerve endings
> Glands
> Hair Follicles
Lies on the subcutaneous (beneath the skin) tissue.
44
Subcutaneous Tissue
(integumentary system)
Known as the hypodermis but it is not considered to be a layer of the skin.
Mostly composed of fatty or adipose tissue, plus some areolar tissue.
Also included in this layer are superficial fascia (fibrous connective tissues)
45
2 Structures of Hair
(integumentary system)
1) Follicle
2) Shaft
46
Follicle - Hair
(integumentary system)
Contains several layers:
> At the base is the papilla, a bulb-
like projection.
> Capillaries nourish the bulb.
> Inner & Outer Sheaths protect
and mold the growing hair shaft
surrounding the follicle.
- The Inner Sheath ends at the
opening of the sebaceous
gland, which secretes sebum
that may pocket to cause
benign lesions on the scalp.
> Arrector Pili is a muscle that
attaches to the outer sheath and
causes the hair to "stand on
end."
47
Shaft - Hair
(integumentary system)
Composed of keratin in 3 layers:
> Medulla
> Cortex
> Cuticle
Pigment cells in the medulla and cortex give hair its characteristic color.
48
6 Parts of the Nail
(integumentary system)
1) Root (germinal matrix)
2) Nail Bed (sterile matrix)
3) Nail Plate
4) Cuticle (eponychium)
5) Perionychium (paronychial edge)
6) Hyponychium
49
Root (germinal matrix) - Nails
(integumentary system)
Lies beneath the skin behind the fingernail and extends several millimeters into the finger.
Produces most of the volume of the nail and the nail bed.
At the edge is the lunula - a white, crescent-shaped structure.
50
Nail Bed (sterile matrix) - Nails
(integumentary system)
Extends from the edge of the lunula to the hyponychium.
Contains:
> Blood Vessels
> Nerves
> Melanocytes (melanin-producing
cells)
51
Nail Plate - Nails
(integumentary system)
Actual fingernail - made of translucent keratin.
Blood vessels underneath give the nail its pink appearance.
The grooves along the inner length of the nail plate anchor the nail to the nail bed.
52
Cuticle (eponychium) - Nail
(integumentary system)
Is between the skin of the finger and the nail plate that fuses the skin of the finger to the nail plate.
53
Perionychium (paronychial edge) - Nail
(integumentary system)
The skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides.
54
Hyponychium - Nails
(integumentary system)
The junction between the free edge of the nail and the skin.
55
Musculoskeletal System
A system of muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments that provides movement, form, strength, heat production, and protection.
56
Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Function:
> Form the skeleton
> Support the body
> Protect vital organs
> Create blood cells
> Store calcium, phosphorus, and
magnesium
57
5 Classifications of Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
1) Long or Tubular
2) Short or Cuboidal
3) Sesamoid
4) Flat
5) Irregular
58
Long or Tubular - Bone Classification
(musculoskeletal system)
Have an elongated shape.
Examples:
> Femur
> Humerus
59
Short or Cuboidal - Bone Classification
(musculoskeletal system)
Cube-shaped bones
Examples:
> Carpal bones of the wrist
> Tarsal bones of the ankle
60
Sesamoid - Bone Classification
(musculoskeletal system)
A short bone formed within the tendons.
Example:
> Patella
61
Flat - Bone Classification
(musculoskeletal system)
Consists of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone.
Examples:
> Skull
> Ribs
62
Irregular - Bone Classification
(musculoskeletal system)
Examples:
> Zygoma
> Vertebrae
63
9 Types of Bone Fractures
(musculoskeletal system)
1) Closed Fracture
2) Compound Fracture
3) Comminuted Fracture
4) Transverse Fracture
5) Greenstick Fracture
6) Spiral Fracture
7) Colles' Fracture
8) Compression Fracture
9) Epiphyseal Fracture
64
Closed Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Does not involve a break in the skin.
65
Compound Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Projects through the skin increasing the possibility of infection.
66
Comminuted Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
More than 2 separate bone components - Segmental fracture, bony fragments.
67
Transverse Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Breaks the shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis.
68
Greenstick Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent.
Common in children
69
Spiral Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress.
70
Colles' Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone.
71
Compression Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Occurs in vertebrae and is subject to extreme stress.
72
Epiphyseal Fracture - Bones
(musculoskeletal system)
Occurs where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes dying.
Usually seen in children.
73
Cartilage
(musculoskeletal system)
A non-vascular, flexible connective tissue matrix made of:
> Chondrocytes
> Collagen
> Proteoglycan (glycosylated protein)
74
Joints
(musculoskeletal system)
Articulating surfaces that provide a connection between two or more skeletal parts.
Most joints are synovial and have articular cartilage that covers the bone ends.
The joint cavity is lined with a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid that cushions the joint and allows smooth motion.
Fibrous connective tissue surrounds and provides stability of the joint.
Accessory ligaments give reinforcement.
75
3 Types of Joints
(musculoskeletal system)
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial
76
2 Human Skeleton Parts
(musculoskeletal system)
1) Axial Skeleton
2) Appendicular Skeleton
77
Axial Skeleton
(musculoskeletal system)
Consists Of:
> Skull
> Hyoid
> Ribs
> Sternum
> Vertebrae
> Sacrum
78
Appendicular Skeleton
(musculoskeletal system)
Consists Of:
> Shoulder Girdle
> Pelvic Girdle
> Extremities
79
3 Types of Muscles
(musculoskeletal system)
1) Skeletal Muscle (striated muscle)
2) Smooth Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle (heart muscle)
80
Skeletal Muscle (striated muscle)
(musculoskeletal system)
Is attached to the skeleton.
Contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
81
Smooth Muscle
(musculoskeletal system)
Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart).
Contraction reduces the size these organ structures.
Movement is generally considered to be involuntary.
82
Cardiac Muscle (heart muscle)
(musculoskeletal system)
Makes up the wall of the heart.
83
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels work together to move blood throughout the body.
84
3 Types of Blood Vessels
(cardiovascular system)
1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries
85
Arteries - Blood Vessels
(cardiovascular system)
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Arteries get smaller as they go into the extremities - becoming arterioles.
Eventually, they comprise the arterial side of the arterial side of the capillary bed.
86
Veins - Bloos Vessels
(cardiovascular system)
Caries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Venous Circulation:
> Begins on the venous side of the
capillary bed.
> Pathway enlarges to form
ventricles and eventually veins as
blood is returned to the heart.
The left ventricle has a muscle mass greater than the 3 other chamber of the heart.
87
Capillaries - Blood Vessels
(cardiovascular system)
Tiny vessels, usually a single cell layer thick.
Semi-permeable
Facilitate the exchange of fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between local tissues and the blood stream.
88
2 Types of Circulation Systems
(cardiovascular system)
1) Pulmonary Circulation
2) Systemic Circulation
89
Pulmonary Circulation - Blood Flow
(cardiovascular system)
Begins with deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body.
Body --> Right Atrium --> Right Ventricle --> Right & Left Pulmonary Arteries --> Lungs --> Right & Left Pulmonary Veins --> Left Atrium
90
Systemic Circulation - Blood Flow
(cardiovascular system)
Begins with oxygenated blood in the left atrium of the heart.
Left Atrium --> Left Ventricle --> Aorta --> Body
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and therefore, the muscle surrounding it is stronger and larger than the muscle surrounding the right ventricle.
91
3 Layers of the Heart
(cardiovascular system)
1) Epicardium
2) Myocardium
3) Endocardium
92
Epicardium - Heart
(cardiovascular system)
Outer layer of the heart.
93
Myocardium - Heart
(cardiovascular system)
Main muscle of the heart.
Myocardial tissues allow electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers as part of the heart's unique electrical conduction system.
94
Endocardium - Heart
(cardiovascular system)
Inner lining of the heart.
95
Lymphatic System
Comprised of lymph vessels and nodes.
The system serves to collect excess fluid from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the heart.
Uses a series of valves to ensure the fluid travels in one direction back to the heart.
Lymphatic organs house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes that are essential to the body's defense system and its resistance to disease.
96
4 Lymphoid Organs
(lymphatic system)
1) Spleen
2) Thymus
3) Tonsils
4) Peyer's Patches of the Intestine
97
Lymphatic Vessels
(lymphatic system)
Lymphatic capillaries are closed off at one end.
After the lymph fluid is picked up, it is circulated to increasingly larger lymph vessels - Lymphatic Vessels.
Lymphatic vessels empty their contents into either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, situated in the thoracic cavity.
98
Spleen - Lymphatic Organ
(lymphatic system)
Filters and destroys red blood cells that are no longer efficient.
Serves as a blood-forming organ early in life, and later as a storage unit for extra red blood cells and platelets.
99
Thymus - Lymphatic Organ
(lymphatic system)
A bi-lobed organ located in the upper thorax and can extend into the lower neck.
Starts to atrophy gradually after puberty.
Responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation, enabling them to function against specific pathogens in the immune response.
100
Tonsils - Lymphatic Organ
(lymphatic system)
Partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue in the throat.
Named according to their location:
> Palatine Tonsils
> Lingual Tonsils
> Pharyngeal Tonsils
- Referred to as the Adenoids if
enlarged.
101
Peyer's Patches & Appendix - Lymphatic Organs
(lymphatic system)
Peyer's Patches
> Found in the lining of the intestine
and contain high levels of white
blood cells, which help in fighting
infection and disease.
Appendix
> A mass of lymphoid tissue attached
to the first part of the large
intestine.
Both Peyer's Patches & the Appendix help to protect against invading microorganisms.
102
Respiratory System (pulmonary system)
Includes:
> Nose
> Nasal Cavity
> Pharynx
> Larynx
> Trachea
> Bronchi and their smaller branches
> Lungs
> Alveoli
103
Nose
(respiratory system)
Provides an airway to breathe (moistening, warming, and filtering inspired air).
Serves as a resonating chamber for speech.
Houses the smell receptors.
104
Pharynx
(respiratory system)
Divided into 3 Regions:
> Nasopharynx - air passageway
> Oropharynx - air & food
passageway
> Laryngopharynx - air & food
passageway
105
Larynx
(respiratory system)
"Voice Box"
Functions:
> Voice Production
> Helps provide an open (patent)
airway
> Acts as a switching mechanism to
route air and food into the proper
channels via the epiglottis.
106
Trachea
(respiratory system)
Located in the mediastinal region and splits into two bronchi (at the carina) which enter the lungs.
107
Lungs
(respiratory system)
Divided into lobes:
> Right Lung
- 3 lobes
> Left Lung
- 2 lobes
108
Bronchioles
(respiratory system)
Airways at the smallest branch of the bronchial tree.
109
Alveolar Sac
(respiratory system)
A tiny pouch at the end of bronchioles.
Gases are exchanged across the single-cell layer of tissue comprising the alveolar sac into the pulmonary circulation.
> Capillaries from the pulmonary
circulation form a bed around each
alveoli.
> Gas is exchanged between the
alveoli and the capillaries via
diffusion.
110
Digestive System
Feeding tube begins in the mouth and ends at the anus.
Mechanically & chemically breaks down food into minuscule or molecular size for absorption into the bloodstream and use at the cellular level.
111
Mouth
(digestive system)
Teeth & Tongue
> Mechanically break food into small
particles to provide greater
exposure/surface area for the
chemical processes that follow.
Salivary Glands
> Surrounds the mouth
> Secretes saliva, which aids in early
phases of chemical digestion and
liquefaction of the food.
112
Esophagus
(digestive system)
After food is swallowed, peristalsis moves it down through the upper thoracic cavity into the stomach.
113
Stomach
(digestive system)
Cardiac Orifice
> Opening into the stomach from the
esophagus.
Fundus
> The rounded, upper portion of the
stomach.
Body (of Stomach)
> Main portion of stomach.
Pyloric Antrum
> Lower portion of stomach.
114
Small Intestine
(digestive system)
Pyloric Sphincter
> Lead to the duodenum.
Duodenum
> The first one-third of the small
intestine.
Jejunum
> The second one-third of the small
intestine.
Ileum
> The distal one-third of the small
intestine.
115
Large Intestine
(digestive system)
Begins after the ileocecal valve at the cecum, with the appendix attached at the bottom.
Colon (4 portions)
> Ascending Colon
- Proceeds from the ileocecal valve
upward to the hepatic flexure.
> Transverse Colon
- From the hepatic flexure, turns
downward to the splenic flexure.
> Descending Colon
- From the splenic flexure, giving
way to the sigmoid colon.
> Sigmoid Colon
- From the end of the descending
colon to the rectum.
116
Rectum
(digestive system)
Internal & external sphincters terminate at the end.
117
Digestive Ancillary Organs
(digestive system)
Pancreas
> Produces digestive enzymes that
are secreted into the intestines.
Gallbladder
> Stores bile (which helps digest fats)
produced in the liver.
Liver
> Produces bile
118
Urinary System
Main Functions:
> Excretion of metabolic wastes along
with fluid.
> Maintains electrolyte balance.
Key Structures:
> Kidneys
> Ureters
> Urinary Bladder
> Urethra
Urine Pathway:
> Urine is formed in the Kidneys -->
Conveyed through Ureters --> Held
for temporary storage in the
Urinary Bladder --> Drained out of
the body by the Urethra.
- While the male and female
urethras are anatomically
different, they perform the same
function.
119
Reproductive System
Organs of the reproductive system differ greatly between male and female.
120
Male Genitalia
(reproductive system)
External Male Genitalia
> Testes
> Epididymis
> Scrotum
> Penis
Internal Male Genitalia
> Prostate Gland
> Seminal Vesicle
> Cowper's Glands
Sperm System Genitalia
> Vas Deferens
> Ejaculatory Duct
> Urethra
121
Female Genitalia
(reproductive system)
External Female Genitalia
> Vulva
> Labia Majora
> Labia Minora
> Clitoris
> Introitus (external opening of the
vagina)
> Urinary Meatus (opening of the
urethra)
> Skene's Glands (found on either
side of the urinary meatus)
> Bartholin's Glands (found on either
side of the introitus)
Internal Female Genitalia
> Vagina
> Uterus
> 2 Fallopian Tubes
> 2 Ovaries
122
Nervous System
Functions as both the central operator and central intelligence for the body.
Regulates bodily functions
Provides for an internal method of communication between the brain and other organs; as well as between the organism and the environment.
Injuries can often result in paralysis (paraplegia, quadriplegia, & hemiplegia).
123
Central Nervous System (CNS)
(nervous system)
Includes:
> Brain
> Spinal Cord
Is the "command center."
124
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
(nervous system)
Includes:
> Cranial Nerves
> Spinal Nerves
Serves as the communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS.
125
Eye
(nervous system sense organ - eye)
A complex structure situated in the bony orbit or socket formed by seven bones:
> Frontal
> Maxillary
> Sphenoid
> Lacrimal
> Malar Bone
> Ethmoid
> Palatine
6 ocular muscles work in opposition to move the eye in multiple directions to facilitate a wide field of vision.
126
3 Layers of the Eye
(nervous system sense organ - eye)
1) Retina (innermost)
2) Choroid (middle)
3 Sclera (outermost)
127
2 Segments of the Eye
(nervous system sense organ - eye)
1) Anterior Segment
> Filled with aqueous humor.
2) Posterior Segment
> Filled with vitreous humor
A crystalline Lens separates the two segments and refracts light as it enters the eye.
128
Adnexal or Accessory Structures of the Eye
(nervous system sense organ - eye)
1) Eyelids
2) Eyelashes
3) Lacrimal System
129
Ear
(nervous system sense organ - ear)
Works in tandem with the auditory nerves to send auditory impulses to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.
> These structures working together,
form the Auditory Apparatus.
130
3 Distinct & Separate Anatomic Divisions
(nervous system sense organs - ear)
1) Outer Ear (external ear)
2) Middle Ear (tympanic cavity)
3) Inner Ear (labyrinth)
131
Otology
The study of the ear.
Types of Services:
> Audiometry Services (hearing
testing)
> Surgical Services
132
Endocrine System
Comprised of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones.
Each gland and its associated hormone have a cause and effect that is unique.
133
Adrenal Glands
(endocrine system)
Ductless, pyramid-shaped glands are situated on the top of each Kidney.
2 Structural Parts:
1) Medulla (inner portion)
> Secretes epinephrine &
norepinephrine.
2) Cortex (outer portion)
> Secretes several steroids such as
glucocorticoids, mineral
corticoids, & adrenal estrogens
and androgens.
134
Carotid Body
(endocrine system)
Located on each side at the bifurcation (division) of the common carotid arteries.
Made of both glandular & non-glandular cells.
Detects changes in pH, temperature, and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
135
Parathyroid Gland
(endocrine system)
Small round bodies are located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland and embedded in the connective tissue surrounding it.
Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
136
Pituitary Gland (hypophysis cerebri)
(endocrine system)
2 Separate Parts (located in an area of the brain just under the hypothalamus.
1) Posterior Pituitary
(neurohypophysis) secretes:
- Oxytocin: hormone responsible
for uterine contractions & the
"let down" reflex of milk in
response to a baby's suckling.
- Vasopressin: an antidiuretic.
2) Anterior Pituitary manufactures:
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
(ACTH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Somatotropin Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
137
Thymus Gland
(endocrine system)
Located in the mediastinum of the chest.
Helps to regulate humoral immune functions and is most active in early childhood.
By puberty, it may be replaced by fat.
138
Thyroid Gland
(endocrine system)
Located in the neck just below the thyroid cartilage of the trachea.
Regulates metabolism and serum calcium levels through the secretion of thyroid hormone and Calcitonin, respectively.
139
Hematologic (Hemic) System
Involves the blood.
Red Cells (erythrocytes)
> Contain hemoglobin that enables
the cells to pick up and deliver
oxygen to all parts of the body.
White Cells (leukocytes)
> Body's primary defense against
infection.
> Types:
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Platelets
> Form clusters to plug small holes in
blood vessels and,
> Assist in the clotting process
Plasma
> A pale yellow mixture of water,
proteins, and salts.
> Acts as a carrier for blood cells, nutrients, enzymes, & hormones.
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Immune System
Immunology is the study of the immune system.
> Often goes hand in hand with the
study of allergies as an allergic
reaction is an immune response.
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2 Types of Immune Cells
(immune system)
1) B-Cells
2) T-Cells
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Neutrophils
(immune system)
Body's main defense against infection and antigens.
High Levels may indicate:
> An active infection
Low Levels may indicate:
> A compromised immune system
> Depressed bone marrow (low
neutrophil production)
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Lymphocytes
(immune system)
Involved in protection of the body from viral infections such as:
> Measles
> Rubella
> Chicken Pox
> Infectious Mononucleosis
High Levels may indicate:
> An activ e viral infection
Low Levels may indicate:
> An exhausted immune system
> An active infection (if neutrophil
levels are also high)
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Monocytes
(immune system)
Fight severe infections and are considered the body's second line of deference against infection.
High Levels may indicate:
> Tissue breakdown
> Chronic infections
> Carcinoma
> Leukemia (monocytic)
> Lymphomas
Low Levels may indicate:
> A good state of health
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Eosinophils
(immune system)
Protect against allergic reactions & parasites.
High Levels may indicate:
> An allergic response
Low Levels indicate that everything normal.
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Basophils
(immune system)
Basophilic activity is not understood fully but is known to carry histamine, heparin, & serotonin.
High Levels may I dictate:
> An allergic reaction
Low Levels indicate that everything is normal.
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Antibodies
(immune system)
Are immune system-related proteins called - immunoglobulins.
May directly destroy Antigens, or
indirectly by making it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
