medicine Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
when was the middle ages
A
C1250-C1500
2
Q
what did astrology have to do with disease
A
the alignment of the planet and stars was thought to cause some disease, it was used to help diagnose people
3
Q
what did people believe about God and the cause of disease in the middle ages
A
The God made them ill, he was displeases or testing their faith
4
Q
how did the Church control ideas in the middle ages
A
most of what people learnt was taught through the church , unlike other people monks and priests could read and right, this meant that monasteries had influence over what books were written and read
5
Q
what was the Four Humours
A
Ancient Greeks believed that everyone had a mix of 4 humours in their body. They thought that when this was unbalanced people were ill, and to make people better they had to put the balance right
6
Q
what would they do to balance the four humours
A
bleeding and purging
7
Q
what was the theory of opposites
A
Galen developed the four humours further, he said that treatment of people should be treated by being given the opposite of their symptoms.
8
Q
who was Galen
A
his ideas were the basis of medical training in the middle ages. He developed Hippocrates’ ideas and mainly used bloodletting or purging to prevent and treat illness. He drew detailed diagrams of the human anatomy using knowledge he gained from operating on wounded gladiators
9
Q
who was Hippocrates
A
His ideas and books were very influential well into medieval times and beyond. He dismissed the idea that God caused disease. Most of his treatments were based on diet exercise and rest, but he also used bleeding and purging. His method of clinical observation is what’s used today
10
Q
what was the Hippocrates oath
A
where doctors swore to respect life and prevent harm.
11
Q
what was miasma
A
the idea that the cause of disease was transmitted by bad air 19th century and middle ages
12
Q
when was blooding letting used
A
middle ages - 1200-1500
13
Q
what was bloodletting
A
Most common treatment for an unbalance of humours. It was done by cutting a vein, using leaches or by cupping. Different parts of the body were used for different illnesses
14
Q
who was bloodletting performed by
A
occasionally physicians but mainly barber surgeons or non medical people
14
Q
what was purging
A
it was used to rebalance the humors, to involves making a patient vomit
15
Q
when was purging used
A
middle ages - 1200-1500
16
Q
what were religious and supernatural methods of preventing illness
A
living a Christian life, chanting incantations , carrying lucky charms, self punishment such as flagellation
17
Q
what where rational methos of preventing illness in the middle ages
A
keeping streets clean, bathing and washing, exercising, not overeating, bleeding and purging, purifying the air
18
Q
what were traditional remedies in the middle ages
A
ones made with herbs, made at home or mixed and sold by an apothecary
19
Q
what were the 4 types of people who would care for people in the middle ages
A
barber surgeons, care in the home, physicians, apothecaries
20
Q
what were barber surgeons
A
they had no training, carried out bloodletting, pulling teeth and lacing boils, did basic surgery with a very low success rate, cost less than a physician
21
Q
what ware care in the home like in the middle ages
A
most ill people at this time where treated at home by a female family member, the village ‘wise women’ would help people for free
22
Q
what did apothecaries do in the middle ages
A
received training but had no medial qualifications, mixed medicines and ointments, cost money but less than physician
23
Q
what were physicians in the middle ages
A
medically trained at universities and passes exams, diagnoses illnesses and gave treatments or sent patients to the apothecary or barber surgeon, expensive, very few of them
24
what did physicians do
overserved a patients symptoms and checked their pulse, skin colour and urine, consulted urine charts in their vademecum (hand book) , consulted zodiac charts to help diagnose the illness and work out the best way to treat the patient, treat the patient (rare) or send them to a barber surgeon or apothecary
25
what were hospitals like in the middle ages
places where travelers and pilgrims could stay on their journey, people with infectious diseases or incurable diseases were not admitted, patients and their surroundings were kept very clean, more places of recuperation rather then a place where people were treated, patients given fresh food and rest, some built for specific infectious diseases, run by church
26
when was the black death
1348-9
27
how much of the population did the black death kill
1 third
28
what was the black death
bubonic plague, carried by fleas living on rats, it is passed to humans when an infected flea bites them
29
how did people think the black death was caused
religion - punishment from god, astrology - positions of plants was unusual, miasma- smell caused by decaying rubbish, volcanoes - poisonous gases caused by volcanoes, 4 humours - imbalance in the 4 humours, outsiders - strangers of witches
30
how did people try to avoid catching the black death
praying and fasting, clearing up rubbish in the streets, smelling bad smells in the belief this would overcome the plague, lighting fires to keep air moving, carrying herbs and spices to avoid breathing in bad air, not letting unknown people enter the town or village
31
what were symptoms of the black death
swelling of the lymph gland into large lumps filled with pus, fever and chills, headache, vomiting diarrhea and abdominal pain
32
what were treatments for the black death
praying and holding lucky charms, draining pus, eating cool things and taking cold baths
33
what was the change in ideas of cause of disease in the Renaissance
fewer people believed in supernatural or religious causes of disease. There was a major decline in the influence of the church.
34
what was the continuity in ideas on caused of disease in the Renaissance
people still believed in Miasma as the cause of disease. The theory of the 4 humors was still accepted, however by 1700 physicians refused to believe it
35
what was Thomas Sydenham's book called when was it published
observations medicae - 1676 It outlined his theories and observations
36
Thomas Sydenham's beliefs
didn't rely on medical books when making diagnosis, overserved symptoms in detail. He believed that disease had nothing to do with the nature of the person that had it. He bases treatment of the disease as a whole and didn't treat individual symptoms.
37
why was there a change in influence of the church during Renaissance
new religious ideas challenged the authority of the Catholic church
38
why did work of physicians in the Renaissance change
fewer people believed that astrology caused disease, physicians stopped using astrology charts for diagnosis. Due to improved knowledge of digestion, physicians stopped using urine charts for diagnosis. They carried out more direct observations and examinations on patients.
39
who and when invented the printing press
Gutenberg - 1440
40
how many printing presses where in Europe by 1500
hundreds
41
what did the printing press mean that
that many exact copies of texts could be produced in a short amount of time
42
what did the printing press help to do
reduce the church's control on ideas, as it could no longer prevent the publication of ideas it did not approve of. Ideas could therefore be spread for affectively across a wider area.
43
what did the royal society aim to do and how
aimed to further scientific understanding by carrying out and recording the results of experiments, sharing knowledge and encouraging new theories and ideas.
44
what did the royal society do to scientists
sponsored them to enable them to carry out research
45
what was the royal societies journal called and when did it start
Philosophical Transactions - 1665
46
what did the royal societies journal do
scientists could share their work and ideas, scientists could study, challenge and build on research. Theories could be confirmed and dismissed, news of findings could be spread quickly
47
how did hospitals change in Renaissance
they were treating more sick people and were being used less by travelers and pilgrims. Most had their own apothecary to mix medicines and physicians frequently visited.
48
what caused most hospitals to close in 1536
dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII
49
what happened to hospitals after the dissolution of monasteries
some charity funded hospitals were set up, but it wasn't till the 1700s that the number of hospitals returned to pre dissolution levels
50
what were pest houses and when did more start to appear
where people suffering from a particular contagious disease could go for care. - The Renaissance
51
who were hospitals ran by when they re appeared in the Renaissance
physicians focusing on treating the sick, rather than by religion
52
what were continued treatments and preventions in the Renaissance in the community
herbal remedies, healthy living, bleeding or purging, cleanliness, superstitions and prayer
53
what were changes in prevention and treatments in the Renaissance
more emphasis on removing miasma through draining swamps, removing sewage and rubbish. People changed clothes to keep clean. New herbal remedies appeared, people rubbed objects on them selves to transfer the disease to that object - theory of transference.
54
why was there a lack of change in the Renaissance despite improved knowledge
ideas were slow to be accepted, no direct use in improving treatment or preventing disease, did not improve the understanding of the cause of disease
55
apothecaries and surgeons continuity in Renaissance
still not given University training and considered inferior to physicians and were cheaper
56
apothecaries and surgeons change in Renaissance
better trained, had different levels of skill, a license was needed to work as an apothecary or surgeon and these were only issued after completing training
57
physicians continuity in Renaissance
still trained at universities for many years, training based on learning from textbooks and not practical experience
58
physicians change in Renaissance
better access to a wider variety of medial books and detailed drawings, new ideas about anatomy and causes of disease inspired some physicians to become more practical and experimental, dissection was legalised but took time to become common place
59
what did Vesalius do
carried out a large number of dissections on human bodies and made new discoveries about how the human body worked.
60
what was the importance of Vesalius
he improved understanding of the human body, he made the study of anatomy central to the study of medicine, he proved some of Galen's work incorrect which brought into question his other theories, he encouraged other people to carry out dissections, his work was published throughout England and Europe
61
when was the great plague
1665
62
why is the study of the black death and great plague good for showing change in medicine
they were both the same so can look at change in treatment/causes
63
what were the differences in beliefs about the causes of the great plague compared to black death
miasma was the most believed cause, fewer people believed it was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humours, people knew that disease could passed from person to person
64
what happened to people who had the great plague
they were quarantined
65
treatments of the great plague
theory of transference meant that people tried to transfer it to other objects such as birds, people tried to sweat the disease out by wrapping in blankets and going by a fire
66
what was a big difference between treatment of black death and great plague
government action
67
what government action was put in place in the great plague
theatres were closes, large gatherings banned, dogs and cats killed, streets regularly cleaned, barrels of tar were burnt in streets, dead were collected every day and buried deep, if a member of a household caught the plague they would be boarded into their home or taken to the pest house, days of fasting and public prayer ordered
68
who was Harvey influenced by
Vesalius
69
what did Harvey teach
importance of observing and recording symptoms rather than relying on textbooks for diagnosis and treatment
70
what did Harvey discover
the process of blood circulation
71
how did Harvey discover the circulation of blood
he researched Vesalius' theory theory that blood flowed towards the heart, which contradicted Galen's theory. He proved Vesalius right by using dissected bodies and pumps to show blood only flowed one way. He then proved that blood could not be produced by the liver and absorbed into the body as Galen had thought. He was influenced by new technology such as water pumps, which made him think the human body worked in the same way. He found that arteries and veins were part of one system and that blood was pumped around the body by the heart.
72
what was the importance of Harvey
Proved some of Galen's theories wrong, bringing into question his other ones, improved knowledge about how the body worked and passed this knowledge on, by 1700 his work was being taught in medical schools, as a royal physician his work gained creditability and inspired others to find out more, left many unanswered questions which encouraged explanations
73
what was spontaneous generation and when did people believe this
idea that germs were produced by decaying matter - 18th century
74
what was the continuity in causes of disease in the 18th century
that miasma was the cause, less people believed this than in the Renaissance
75
what were microscopes like in 1700s
cloudy images of bacteria could be seen
76
what were microscopes like by 1850
tiny images could be seen clearly.
77
what was essential for scientific breakthroughs in the 19th century
microscopes
78
who and when made germ theory
Pasteur 1861
79
what did Pasteur do in Germ theory
In 1861, Pasteur published germ theory. It showed that spontaneous generation was incorrect. He proved that microbes in the air cases decay. He theorised that germs also cause disease but was unable to prove this.
80
what did koch do in germ theory
Koch read Pasteur's work and began to study microbes. He proved it right, microbes cause decay and disease. He identified specific microbes that caused TB in 1882 and cholera in 1883.
81
what did koch discover
a new easier way of growing bacteria on agar jelly, and that chemical dyes stained bacteria, which made them easier to see under a microscope. Other scientists used these methods to identify microbes that causes other diseases
82
what impact did Pasteur's germ theory have and why
little impact - he was not a doctor
83
what did scientists still believe in at the time of germ theory
spontaneous generation
84
what impact did kochs work have and why
more of an impact than Pasteur's, he inspired other to research other microbes. It took time for doctors and government to accept this, it didn't yet have an impact on medical treatment and prevention
85
what did Florence Nightingale attend
first nursing school in Kaiserwerth hospital Germany
86
what did Nightingale believe caused disease
miasma
87
what was Nightingale asked to do
lead a team of nursed in the Crimean war
88
what did Nightingale emphasise in her care
hygiene, fresh air, good supplies and training for nurses
89
consequences of Nightingale's work
published in newspapers in Britain, published books on nursing and set up a training school
90
what were changes in hospital care in 18th and 19th century
new charity hospitals were opened, cottage hospitals opened, cleanliness and organisation improved, nurses given more central role, elderly sick or disabled forced to enter work houses, hospitals tried to create a home atmosphere, asylums were made
91
how does Lister find an antiseptic
he reads Pasteur's germ theory and finds out that carblic acid kills parasites in sewage, he soaks bandages in carbolic acid to prevent wounds getting infected, he uses it to clean equipment and spray germs in the air, he then states that his wards have been free of infection for 9 months
92
what was used as an anesthetic before 1800 and what was its effect
laughing gas and opium - little success
93
what was used in in 1844 in USA dentistry as an anesthetic and what was its effect
laughing gas - failed to ease pain and all patients remained conscious
94
detail about the anesthetic Ether
used from 1846, made patients totally unconscious and lasted for a long time, it could make patients cough during operation and sick afterwards
95
details about chloroform as an anesthetic
very effective with few side effects, difficult to get the right dose and could kill people because of the effect on the heart, an inhaler helped to regulate dosage
96
details about cocaine as an anesthetic
was used as the first local anesthetic in 1884, In 1905 a less addictive version novocaine was made
97
effects of Listers work
inspired others to search for methods to prevent the spread of infection. By 1900 operating theatres were cleaned using aseptic techniques and surgeons were sterilised clothing with sterilised equipment
98
what was the opposition to anesthetics
they were worried about the long term effects
99
impact of anesthetics
surgery became pain free and patients didn't struggle, meaning surgeons could take more time and be more careful, more complex surgery became available and death rate decreases
100
development of vaccines story
Pasteur discovered germ theory, his team of scientists discovered that a weakened version of a disease causing microbe could be used to create immunity from that disease. Pasteur called this vaccination to honnor Jenner. Pasteur developed vaccines against anthrax and chicken cholera for animals, and rabies for humans. His work inspired other scientists to develop vaccines.
101
when was the public health act
1875
102
government action before 1875 public health act
previously the government did not believe it was its role to improve living conditions, it had a laissez-faire policy (hands off
103
reasons for 1875 public health act
during the 19th century the government attitude began to change due to several epidemics such as cholera and increasing scientific evidence that diseases were caused by poor living conditions. Increases number of men who could vote influenced politicians
104
aspects of public health act 1875
city authorities must provide : clean water, sewers, public toilets, street lighting, public parks as well as :inspecting lodging houses for cleanliness, monitor new buildings to prevent damp and over crowding, check quality of food sold in shops, public officer of health to monitor disease
105
vaccination and smallpox
in the 1790s Jenner used scientific methods to test his theory that people with cow pox never got small pox. He infected local people with cowpox then tried to infect them with smallpox, none of them got it. In 1798 the Royal Society refused to publish his ideas so he paid to print his findings, with detailed instructions on how to do it. By 1800 100 000 people world wide had become vaccinated but it took time to become popular in Britain. In 1802 the royal Jennerian society was set up to promote vaccination and by 1804 over 12000 British people had been vaccinated. In 1840 vaccines were provided free for the poor, by 1979 the WHO declared smallpox had been wiped out
106
what did Jenner prove and do
there was a scientific method to wipe out a disease.
107
draw backs of Jenner
didn't know why it worked, link between cowpox and smallpox was unique so it didn't lead to other vaccinations, other diseases were still killing people
108
why did people oppose Jenner
thought it was wrong to give people an animals disease, interfered with Gods plan, doctors lost money when vaccination became free, some doctors didn't do it properly do it didn't work
109
when was cholera
1854
110
what did people believe cholera was caused by
miasma and spontaneous generation
111
was public health act compulsory
no
112
what did people do to prevent cholera
keep their homes clean, clean streets and clear rubbish
113
where did cholera mostly affect
poorest slums
114
cholera symptoms
severe vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration
115
what did John Snow do
marked out all cholera deaths in Soho and found links to a water pump on broad street. He removed the handle from the pump so people couldn't collect water and the number of deaths fell dramatically, In 1855 he presented his findings to the government
116
what was discovered to be causing cholera
leaking cesspit leaking waste into well
117
why did the government not act on Snow's recommendation of a new sewer
he had now scientific evidence to prover cholera was transmitted in water , germ theory didn't emerge till 1861
118
what did Snow's work do in the long term
a new sewer system was made in 1875, made the link between dirty water and disease leading to the 1875 public health act
119
how was DNA found
During 19th century Mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations. In the 20th century new technology scientists analyse human cells in greater detail. They found that every cell has DNA
120
what did Watson and Crick do
worked together on how the genetic codes of DNA fitted together, they analysed images to find the double helix structure of DNA in 1953
121
what did Watson do in 1990
led the human genome project and started identifying every gene in human DNA
122
what has the understanding of DNA and the human genome project lead to
better understanding of genetic conditions, predicating risk of developing cancers, discovery that stem cells can be grown into different cells,
123
what is there still not despite understanding DNA
cure of treatment for genetic conditions, way of preventing most genetic diseases
124
what lifestyle factors have been discovered to have a negative effect since 1990
smoking, alcohol and diet
125
what are improvements in diagnosis
laboratories to test skin or blood, x-rays, scans and endoscopes to see inside the body with mote clarity then ever before, monitors to see what is going on over time
126
what has made diagnosing disease more accurate (not physical)
improved understanding and technology
127
medical technological advances
incubators, x-rays, prosethic limbs, MRI , CT and ultra sound scans, endoscopes, pacemakers, dialysis machines, insulin pumps, blood pressure/sugar monitors, hypodermic needles, microscopes
128
how was the magic bullet found
Koch discovered that chemical dyes stained specific microbes, Behring discovered the body makes antitoxins that only attack the microbe causing the disease. Ehrlich searched for a magic bullet that would kill a specific microbe causing a disease, they tested many compounds of Salvarsan to find a cure for syphilis. In 1909 Dr Hata joined the team and discovered they had rejected the compound that worked - 606th. In 1932 Domagk developed the second magic bullet, Prontosil which cured some types of blood poisoning. Other scientists checking Domagk's work found out that the key ingredient in Prontosil, sulphonamide also cured pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis.
129
first antibiotic discovered
penicillin
130
what did the discovery of penicillin do to scientists
inspired them to experiment with other moulds to find more antibiotics
131
what happened once the chemical structure of antibiotics was discovered
they could make antibiotics without having to grow them
132
examples of high-tech treatments
radiotherapy and chemotherapy, kidney dialysis, fitting pacemakers, organ transplants
133
keyhole and microsurgery advances
with the development of tiny cameras and instruments, surgeons can use small incisions to access the body, which reduces recovery time
134
robotic surgery advances
surgery can now be carried out remotely, has made surgery more precise - surgeons use computers to control robots
135
what types of healthcare have taxes funded through the NHS
seeing a GP, hospital care and operations, health visitors, ambulances and emergency treatment, healthcare for elderly
136
when was NHS made
1948
137
what led to a government funded immunisation program
in 1938 3000 people died in a diphtheria epidemic
138
what had the NHS made for people
improved access to care
139
what has the government done since 1948 to prevent more people getting ill
funding testing and vaccinations, better disposal of rubbish and sewage, laws reducing air and water pollution, laws banning advertising of cigarettes and smoking in public, laws improving health and safety at work, environmental health officers inspecting food outlets
140
lifestyle campaigns government has done since 1948
1980s AIDS campaign
141
when was penicillin discovered `
1928
142
what did Fleming do with penicillin
In 1928 Fleming noticed that bacteria in a petri dish was being killed by a penicillium mould. He tested it on other bacteria and discovered it made an excellent antibiotic. In 1929 he published his findings but did not ask for funding to continue his research as he did not believe it would work on humans
143
what did Florey and Chain do with penicillin
continued Fleming's research on penicillin, it proved effective on mice, so they tested it on humans. It killed bacteria and therefore infection
144
why was penicillin not used in medical treatment
huge amounts were needed to treat one person, and growing the mould took time and lots of space and was expensive
145
how was penicillin eventually mass produced
Florey askes UK drug factories to help but they were being used in the war effort. In 1941 Florey asked US drug companies, some agreed but on a very small scale. The effectiveness of penicillin was demonstrated. After USA joined WW2 the government saw the need for more penicillin to treat casualties so funded 21 companies to mass produce it. They began mass production in 1942 and so did Britain in 1943
146
symptoms of lung cancer
persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, tiredness, unexplained weight loss, repeated chest infections
147
problem with lung cancer symptoms
symptoms of many other conditions and cancer is developed when these appear
148
treatment of lung cancer
surgery to remove tumour or carry out lung transplant, radiotherapy to shrink tumour or prevent growth, chemotherapy to shrink tumour or prevent cancer returning
149
when was TV advertising for cigarettes banned
1965
150
when was TV advertising for cigars and tobacco banned
1991
151
why is tax on tobacco products regularly increases
to try and stop people smoking
152
when was smoking banned in public places
2007
153
when was smoking banned in cars carrying under 18s
2015
154
when was the legal age of buying tobacco raised from 16 to 18
2007
155
what are shops not allowed to do (tobacco)
publicly display tobacco products
156
what have been funded to educate people on risks of smoking
campaigns
157
what happened to cigarette packets in 2016
all had to display a warning about smoking
158
details of battle of Ypres - 1914
British managed to hold onto Ypres which was vital in maintaining access or ports
159
details of Battle on hill 60 - 1916
British tunnelleditno and under the hill and exploded it, which led to them taking the hill
160
details of second battle of ypres - 1915
First time chlorine gas was used - by germans
161
details of third battle of ypres - 1917
awful weather led to water logged ground and many drowned
162
details of battle of Cambrai - 1917
first large scale use of tanks
163
details of battle of Arras - 1917
tunnels used but led to many casualties on both sides
164
battle of Somme - 1916
extremely high casualties on both sides and first use of tanks
165
what were rows of trenches linked by
communication trenches
166
what was the reserve trench
were troops were stationed for counter attack
167
what was the frontline trench
where attacks were launched
168
what pattern did trenches form
zig zag
169
what was support trench
where troops would retreat from front line
170
how were trenches made
dug by troops
171
what was terrain like around trenches
very bad
172
when were troops given gas masks and what did they do before this
1915 - protected their faces with cotton pads soaked with urine
173
what did gas attacks cause
temporary blindless, coughing and burns
174
what were most head injuries caused by
shrapnel
175
how were soldiers head wounds prevented
by 1915 soft caps were replaces with brodie helmets which reduced head injuries
176
trench fever symptoms
flu like
177
what was trench fever caused by
lice
178
what was trench foot caused by
standing in water logged trenches
179
what could trench foot lead to
gangrene which had to be treated with amputtation
180
what was responsible for most deaths and injuries
high explosive shells and shrapnel
181
why was wound infection a major problem in WW2
soil on the western front contained tetnus and gangrene bacteria, these would enter wounds
182
what did FANY volunteers mainly do
drive ambulances, cook and clean
183
details about underground hospital at Arras
also known as Thompson's cave, close to front line, space for 700 beds, operating theatre and mortuary, had running water and electricity
184
what did bad terrain mean
only stretcher bearers and horse wagons could be used
185
what happened to most roads and railway lines
had been destroyed
186
why was recovering the injured hard
constant shelling and artillery fire
187
what did a public appeal raise money for
512 motor ambulances
188
regimental aid post details
close to the front line, where first aid was done, more serious injuries sent to the next stage
189
field ambulance details
mobile unit of the RAMC, which set up dressing stations
190
dressing stations details
mile back from the front line in derelict buildings, dugouts or tents. Staffed by medical officers. more serous injures were sent to the CCS
191
casualty clearing station details
larger and better equipped buildings situated several mile from the front line , doctors prioritized life saving treatment to men who had a chance of survival
192
base hospital details
situated near ports on the coast, they had many medical staff and patients would stay before being sent back to the front line, or home
193
who discovered X-rays
Roentgen
194
how were x-rays discovered
Roentgen covered a test tube in black paper, and they lit up a screen. He experimented and found that these rays could pass through many objects, including flesh but not bone.
195
what happened after the discovery of x-rays
in 1896 radiology departments opened
196
problems with early x-rays
you had to keep still for a long time, high doses of radiation was releases and patients were burnt and lost hair, large machines were too heavy to be moved easily
197
what were blood transfusions like in 17th century
animals to humans and people rarely survived
198
what did Blundell do
first human to human blood transfusion between 1818 and 1829. He developed useful techniques and equipment
199
problems with Blundell's transfusion
blood had to be transferred directly as it couldn't be stored, only half survived
200
what did Landsteiner do
in 1901 discovered 3 blood groups, and in 1902 his colleagues discovered a third, they discovered blood transfusions could only be done between people in the same blood group
201
features of aseptic surgery
operating theatres and wards cleaned, sterillised clothing worn, masks worn to prevents breathing in infection, everyone touching the patient wore gloves
202
what did koch do in 1878
discovered a steam sterilliser
203
what was Cerrel-dakin method
1917- sterilised salt solution was moved through the wound using tubes, was more effective at killing bacteria in casualty clearing stations
204
what would happen if the Carrel-Dakin method didn't work
surgery was developed to remove damaged and infected tissue. If this didn't work they had to amputate
205
what did Lewisohn do
found that adding sodium citrate to blood stopped it clotting, could be stored for a short time
206
what did Weil do
uses refrigerators to store blood for longer
207
what did Rous and Turner do
1916- added citrate glucose to blood - could be stored for even longer
208
what did Hope Robertson do
held the first blood bank with 22 units in preparation for the battle of Cambrai
209
Thomas splint detail
from 1915 - reduced death rate from broken limbs from 80% to 20%, because it kept the leg rigid which prevented blood loss
210
how did surgery advance in WW2
brain injures lead to development of new techniques and improved success rate. Large number of facial injuries led to improvements in plastic surgery
211
who led plastic surgery
Gillis who worked at the Queen's hospital
212
what were mobile x-ray units essential for
locating bullets and shrapnel before operating, they were used closer to the front line and their numbers increased as the war went on. Images weren't as clear as static machines but still prevented many deaths
213
